Various Modes Of Application Research Articles

Mechanical ordering of pigment crystallites in oil binder: can electron paramagnetic resonance reveal the gesture of an artist?

Is it possible to reconstruct the gesture of an ancient artist applying a paint layer, considering that the orientation distribution of crystallites of an inorganic pigment remains definitively imprinted on the support after drying of the layer? If the pigment contains paramagnetic transition metal ions whose magnetic interactions are themselves anisotropic, then the shape of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum should reflect the distribution of grain orientations. We have demonstrated this effect in the case of Egyptian blue CaCuSiO, a pigment used for at least 3 millennia in antiquity, by reconstructing the probability density of crystallite orientations under various modes of application, such as brush painting, dabbing and droplet deposition.

Application of Atomic Force Microscopy as Advanced Asphalt Testing Technology: A Comprehensive Review.

In the past three decades, researchers have engaged in the relationship between the composition, macro performance, and microstructure of asphalt. There are many research results in the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the microstructure and related mechanisms of asphalt. Based on previous studies, the performance of asphalt from its microstructure has been observed and analyzed, and different evaluation indices and modification methods have been proposed, providing guidance toward improving the performance of asphalt materials and benefiting potential applications. This review focuses on the typical application and analysis of AFM in the study of the aging regeneration and modification properties of asphalt. Additionally, this review introduces the history of the rheological and chemical testing of asphalt materials and the history of using AFM to investigate asphalt. Furthermore, this review introduces the basic principles of various modes of application of AFM in the microstructure of asphalt, providing a research direction for the further popularization and application of AFM in asphalt or other materials in the future. This review aims to provide a reference and direction for researchers to further popularize the application of AFM in asphalt and standardize the testing methods of AFM. This paper is also helpful in further exploring the relationship between the microstructure and macro performance of asphalt.

Role of MgO nanoparticles in the suppression of Meloidogyne incognita, infecting cowpea and improvement in plant growth and physiology

Root-knot disease, caused by Meloidogyne spp., alters histology as well as physiology of the roots thus influencing metabolism of vegetative and reproductive parts leading to huge losses in crop productivity. The experimental plant, Vigna unguiculata L. (cowpea of Fabaceae family) var. Gomti is an economically important pulse crop plant. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations (0, 25, 50 or 100 ppm) and various modes of applications (root dip, soil drench or foliar spray) of MgO nanoparticles on cowpea infected with M. incognita. The MgO nanoparticles were synthesized chemically and characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The scanning electron microscopy images of second stage juveniles of M. incognita treated with MgO nanoparticles (50 and 100 ppm) exhibited indentations, roughness and distortions in the cuticular surface, in comparison to the control untreated juveniles. MgO nanoparticles, in varying concentrations (50, 100 and 200 ppm), were dispensed into the plants by root dip, soil drench and foliar spray methods and their efficacy was assessed in terms of morphological characteristics, yield parameters and biochemical attributes of M. incognita infected plants. In planta trials revealed that 100 ppm dose of MgO nanoparticles, as root dip application, demonstrated reduced nematode fecundity, decreased number and smaller size of galls; enhanced plant growth, increased chlorophyll, carotenoid, seed protein, and root and shoot nitrogen contents. From these findings it could be inferred that MgO nanoparticles played twin roles, first as a nematicidal agent and the other as growth promotion inducer.

A review on Danti & its utility in various diseases.

In Kalpa Sthan of Charak Samhita detailed description of Pharmacokinetics of drugs, dosage forms and weights and measures are mentioned. Drugs useful for vaman and virechan are discussed with their synonyms, varieties, pharmacological actions, and various modes of application in different dosage forms. Baliospermum montanum is an important medicinal plant, found in southern- Western Ghats of India. It is commonly known as danti. The plant is a stout monoecious under shrub with many shoots from the base. In this article we have tried to cover a literature review on Danti and its utility in various diseases also in panchakarma procedures.

Efficacy of chlorantraniliprole 625g/L FS (Lumivia) for the management of stem borer and leaf folder in direct seeded rice

The major production constraint of rice in enhancing productivity is due to attack by pests. Rice stem borer and leaf folder are considered as economic pests and influence the yield if proper timely management practices are not adopted. In case of severe pest incidences the usage of insecticides is inevitable. Among various modes of application of insecticides, seed treatment is mostly advantageous as it is required in small amount and offers control of target pests and ensuing the establishment of healthy and vigorous plants. Hence, studies on efficacy pertaining to Chlorantraniliprole 625g/L FS (lumivia) at different concentrations along with check chemicals viz., cartap hydrochloride 4G and untreated control were evaluate at Agricultural Research Station, Vuyyuru during kharif, 2019 and rabi 2019-2020 to assess the efficacy of various test chemicals against stem borer and leaf folder infesting direct sown rice. The experimental trial was laid out with seven treatments that were replicated four times and treatments were imposed as seed dresser and broadcasted as direct sown rice. The data on per dead hearts and per cent leaf folder damaged leaves at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing were recorded for both rice variety (MTU 1061) and rice hybrid (28P67). The results revealed that, among various test chemicals the treatment T4 (Chlorantraniliprole 625g/L FS @ 90 g a.i./ha) had registered highest per cent reduction of stem borer with 76.71 & 68.60 in kharif and rabi seasons of study period for rice variety. With respect to rice hybrid the per cent reduction of stem borer incidence over control was 78.19 & 65.09 per cent in kharif and rabi, 2019-2020, respectively. Similarly, the leaf folder damaged leaves were also recorded least in T4 with 61.06 & 62.96 per cent reduction over control with respect to rice variety during kharif and rabi, 2019-2020, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for rice hybrid was 61.04 and 71.64 during kharif and rabi seasons, respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that chlorantraniliprole 625g/L FS @ 90 g a.i./ha@ (lumivia) is effective as seed dresser in suppressing stem borer and leaf folder in direct seeded rice with no phytotoxicity on rice crop and no adverse effects on natural enemies.

Evaluation of bio-formulations of fungal and bacterial biological control agents in combination with fungicide in different mode of application for integrated management of tomato wilt

Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) of tomato is one of the major factors for low productivity of the crop. Bio-control agents along with fungicides were evaluated in various modes of applications to develop an efficient wilt management module. Tomato seedling roots dipped in fungicide carbendazim and bioformulation of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride separately provided the lowest wilt incidence with the highest shoot and root lengths, plant dry weight, number and weight of fruits with statistically similar performance. Both T. harzianum and T. viride based soil application formulations showed similar performances. Further based on these results, seedling root dip and soil application of T. harzianum and T. viride separately and in combinations along with fungicides and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated. Combined application of PBP10G (T. harzianum) in soil and seedling root dip in a suspension of Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) + fungicide carboxin 37.5% + tetramethyl thiuram disulfide 37.5% (Vitavax power) provided the highest shoot length, fruit number and weight along with the lowest wilt incidence. The wilt incidence observed in the treatment was alike to that of T. harzianum (PBP10G) × T. viride (Pusa 5SD) + Vitavax power and T. viride (PBP10G) × T. harzianum (Pusa 5SD) + Vitavax power. Thus, the application of Trichoderma based formulations with fungicide Vitavax power not only reduced the incidence of wilt, but also enhanced the growth of plants and fruit yield. The module developed is entirely new and proved effective for tomato wilt management.

Energy conversion via metal nanolayers

Current approaches for electric power generation from nanoscale conducting or semiconducting layers in contact with moving aqueous droplets are promising as they show efficiencies of around 30%, yet even the most successful ones pose challenges regarding fabrication and scaling. Here, we report stable, all-inorganic single-element structures synthesized in a single step that generate electrical current when alternating salinity gradients flow along its surface in a liquid flow cell. Nanolayers of iron, vanadium, or nickel, 10 to 30 nm thin, produce open-circuit potentials of several tens of millivolt and current densities of several microA cm-2 at aqueous flow velocities of just a few cm s-1 The principle of operation is strongly sensitive to charge-carrier motion in the thermal oxide nanooverlayer that forms spontaneously in air and then self-terminates. Indeed, experiments suggest a role for intraoxide electron transfer for Fe, V, and Ni nanolayers, as their thermal oxides contain several metal-oxidation states, whereas controls using Al or Cr nanolayers, which self-terminate with oxides that are redox inactive under the experimental conditions, exhibit dramatically diminished performance. The nanolayers are shown to generate electrical current in various modes of application with moving liquids, including sliding liquid droplets, salinity gradients in a flowing liquid, and in the oscillatory motion of a liquid without a salinity gradient.

An overview of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in Alzheimer’s disease

Background. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent neurocognitive disorder. It affects 50% to 75% of the cases of dementia, and is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline that hinders behavior and functionality. Its etiology is still uncertain, and the efficiency of treatments is limited. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used as an alternative therapeutic strategy, but the clinical impact on Alzheimer’s disease has hardly been studied. Objective. To describe the effects of rTMS on cognition, the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and functionality, considering the various modes of application. Method. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and PsycInfo databases were consulted using key words relating to the topic of study. Articles published between 2006 and 2016 were selected. Results. The studies that have assessed the clinical effect of rTMS have used various parameters to stimulate and compare the different cortical areas, principally the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A variety of benefits have been proposed for patients with Alzheimer’s disease in cognitive domains such as language and episodic memory, as well as behavior and functionality in everyday activities. Discussion and conclusion. rTMS has been suggested as a possible treatment for AD, and the results indicate the need for further studies with different methodological designs and more participants, in addition to cognitive rehabilitation techniques. The objective is to identify the most efficient parameters for stimulation and to explore new cortical targets.

Reconfigurable Multiparameter Biosignal Acquisition SoC for Low Power Wearable Platform.

A low power and low noise reconfigurable analog front-end (AFE) system on a chip (SoC) for biosignal acquisition is presented. The presented AFE can be reconfigured for use in electropotential, bioimpedance, electrochemical, and photoelectrical modes. The advanced healthcare services based on multiparameter physiological biosignals can be easily implemented with these multimodal and highly reconfigurable features of the proposed system. The reconfigurable gain and input referred noise of the core instrumentation amplifier block are 25 dB to 52 dB, and 1 μVRMS, respectively. The power consumption of the analog blocks in one readout channel is less than 52 μW. The reconfigurable capability among various modes of applications including electrocardiogram, blood glucose concentration, respiration, and photoplethysmography are shown experimentally.

ChemInform Abstract: Involvement of Process Parameters and Various Modes of Application of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of Pharmaceutical Wastes — a Short Review

AbstractReview: 94 refs.

Involvement of process parameters and various modes of application of TiO2 nanoparticles in heterogeneous photocatalysis of pharmaceutical wastes – a short review

In recent years, the occurrence of persistent organic compounds in industrial as well as municipal effluents is becoming a serious threat to the environment. The detrimental effects can be minimized with the help of photocatalysis.

Enhanced Enlargement of Silicone Ocular Prostheses Achieved by Silicone Gel (MED-361)

Recently, silicone prostheses have been used instead of acrylic ocular prostheses. The authors sought to assess the ability of silicone gel to facilitate the growth of an ocular silicone prosthesis and to determine the best application modality to achieve maximal possible growth. Two ocular prostheses with similar baseline dimensions and contour were used for comparison of growth environment. One prosthesis was placed in an eyelid mold, while the other was placed in an open Petri dish. Silicone gel drops (MED-361; NuSil Technology, Carpinteria, CA, USA) were administered 3 times daily to both prostheses. Over the course of 41 days, an equal amount of enlargement occurred in all dimensions in both prostheses. Enlargement of a silicone prosthesis can be achieved by various modes of application of topical silicone gel.

Modeling of coating separation under thermomechanical loading in the beam approximation

The beam approximation is developed to solve some problems of fracture mechanics concerning the formation of separation of thin elastic coatings with allowance for the constraints acting on the connection boundaries and the influence of unsteady temperature actions. The separation end region is modeled by an elastic beam loaded by an external bending moment and by force factors from the connection with the base. This region is subjected to thermoelastic stresses caused by a sudden variation in the temperature of the surface or the adhesive layer. We estimate how the effective fracture strength of the adhesive joint varies for various modes of application of affecting factors, including variations in material properties with temperature and across the coating thickness; we also study buckling phenomena and the kinetics of local fracture processes in the end region. The results can be used when choosing the parameters of an adhesive joint so as to ensure a given effective adhesion fracture strength of the joint.

Integrating bioagents with plant extract, oil cake and fungicide in various modes of application for the better management of web blight of urdbean

Field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the integration of treatments based on a bioagent (Trichoderma viride), botanical (leaf extract and cake of Pongamia glabra), fungicide (carboxin) and Rhizobium sp. in various modes of applications for the management of web blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) and their influence on grain yield of urdbean (Vigna mungo [L.] Hepper). Modes of applications were soil treatment, seed treatment and foliar spray. Among 54 integrations evaluated, soil application of P. glabra cake (200 kg ha−1), seed treatment with integration of T. viride (2 g kg−1 seed), carboxin (1 g kg−1 seed) and Rhizobium sp. (25 g kg−1 seed), and foliar spray of P. glabra leaf extract (10%) were found superior as they increased seed germination by 31.6%, yield by 36.0% and reduced disease intensity by 94.8%, and also significantly enhanced plant height, root length and number of root nodules of urdbean. The same integration without corboxin was also effective and could be used in organic production of urdbean. The integration of any two modes of application was found superior over any one alone.

Evolution of the optical properties of Pb0.94Ba0.06Sc0.5Nb0.5O3 (PBSN-6) solid solution single crystals caused by a static electric field

The electric-field-induced variation of the optical properties (small-angle light scattering, birefringence) of PBSN-6 solid solutions was studied. It was found that in the absence of an electric field, the cubic nonpolar matrix contains, at temperatures below the dielectric permittivity maximum, spontaneously polarized regions of the ferroelectric phase not less than 104 A in size. It was shown that a weak electric field (∼0.4 kV/cm) is capable of inducing a kinetic phase transition to the ferroelectric state, with the temperature of this transformation depending on the sample heating rate. The destruction of the induced state was accompanied by a sharp peak in the temperature dependence of the small-angle light scattering intensity (indicating the percolation nature of the transition) and was independent of the sample heating rate. The boundaries of stability of the induced state in various modes of application of an external electric field were determined, and the E-T phase diagram was constructed.

Hydrogels and vascular grafts‐state of the art and beyond

AbstractVascular grafts represent significant part of implantable medical devices. While the autologous grafts utilizing saphenous veins are used exclusively in cardiac artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures and in peripheral indications, polymer‐based grafts are widely used to replace diseased vasculature with internal diameter above 6 mm. The PET yarn is either knitted or woven into tubes of controlled patterns and porosity. The PTFE tubes are expanded into porous conduits (ePTFE) and the polyurethanes are spun, wound, dipped and foamed to produce porosities most suited for the healing. This porosity causes the blood to leak through the graft wall or at anastomosis through the suture holes. Both the wall leakage and suture hole bleeding remain rather serious drawbacks. Currently, collagen, gelatin, albumin and their derivatives are used as sealants. Various modes of application and degree of crosslinking are utilized to control in vivo degradation and graft healing. Enhancement of graft patency via improvement of initial hemocompatibility could be achieved by application of bioactive coatings. Heparinized systems seem to dominate in this field but many new concepts are being investigated. Intraluminal endothelization via endothelial cells seeding and mediating biologicals will open significant potential for synthetic grafts with ID well below 6 mm. Porous biodegradable tubes could be used as temporary scaffold to attract and promote cell propagation and ingrowth, the true angiogenesis. High‐swelling hydrogels could play a significant role both as sealants and modifiers of graft bioperformance. This paper discusses concepts and potentials needed for patent “small caliber” graft.

Small caliber vascular grafts. Part I: state of the art.

Vascular grafts, devices designed to augment inefficiently functioning vascular systems, represent a significant part of implantable medical devices, with major participation in over a million vascular surgeries performed worldwide. By definition accepted in the art, a small caliber graft is a conduit with internal diameter (ID) of 6 mm or less; large caliber grafts start at ID of 7 mm. While the autologous grafts utilizing saphenous veins (SVG) and internal iliac, or mammary arteries are used exclusively in cardiac artery bypass grafts (CABG) procedures and preferentially in many peripheral indications, and while the use of grafts with biological origin did not proliferate, polymer-based artificial grafts of controlled patterns and porosity are prostheses of choice for the large caliber. The polyester (PET) yarn is knitted or woven into various porous patterns. The PTFE tubes are expanded into porous conduits (ePTFE). Although these technologies are used to produce the grafts with ID larger than 6 mm, the dominant principles are being applied to the development of small caliber graft. Polyurethanes are also evaluated for small caliber application. The grafts (regardless of the ID) produced by the above technologies are porous. This porosity, considered to be critical for proper healing and overall graft patency, causes the blood to leak through the graft wall or at anastomosis through the suture holes. Both the wall leakage and suture hole bleeding remain rather serious drawbacks. Currently, collagen, gelatin, albumin and their derivatives are used as sealants. Various modes of application and degrees of crosslinking are utilized to control in vivo degradation and graft healing. Other hydrogels, both natural and synthetic, could play significant roles as sealants and modifiers of the graft performance. Enhancement of graft patency via improvement of initial hemocompatibility could be achieved by application of bioactive coatings. Heparinized systems seem to dominate in this field, but many new concepts are being investigated. Intraluminal endothelialization via mediating biologicals could open significant potential for synthetic small caliber grafts. Furthermore, porous biodegradable tubes could be used as temporary scaffold to attract and promote cell propagation and ingrowth, the true angiogenesis. Part I of this series discusses the "S.O.T.A" of the small caliber graft. The following parts will discuss concepts needed for development of truly patent small caliber grafts and will report on our progress in the development of biodurable and pulsatile grafts for vascular access, peripheral, and potentially for CABG indications.

Anticlastogenicity in cultured mammalian cells

Basic and applied research on anticlastogenecity has not only revealed valuable evidence on the mechanisms governing the induction of chromosomal aberrations by environmental mutagens, but also contributed effective ideas on a practical employment of this knowledge for the protection of individuals at risk. Considering the basic role played by chromosomal anomalies in oncogenesis, additional weight must be attributed to studies on anticlastogenicity. The employment of human cells in this kind of study dates back to 1969/70, while classical mammalian cell systems were used only later on. Various modes of application of both clastogens and anticlastogens (AC) were examined, but simultaneous addition to the cultures of both reagents was the most favored way. A wide spectrum of cytogenetic endpoints can be studied, but differences can be demonstrated with regard to efficacy of inhibitors on different types of cytogenetic changes, e.g., open breaks vs. rearrangements, but also vs. SCEs. Depending on their mode of influence on this spectrum, ACs can be arranged in various categories which are of practical importance, for instance, with regard to their oncogenic potential. A wide variety of factors was shown to influence AC action, e.g., time and mode of application of the test substances, physiologic and metabolic features of the cell types studied, type and mechanism of the clastogen used, etc. The addition of S9 mix can drastically change the patterns of efficacy of the ACs. The combined application of two or more ACs, as far as investigated, apparently neither potentiates nor even merely adds their effects.

A simple contactless method for the study of superconductivity and critical shielding currents

A technique for detecting superconductivity in small samples of high temperature superconductor is described. The sample is placed within the inductor of a Colpitts oscillator. The precise quantity of feedback is finely adjusted to maintain oscillation at a set amplitude. The presence of superconductivity is detected through a small but sudden change in frequency and an increase in the gain required to maintain oscillations. The value of critical shielding current may also be estimated in these experiments. The various modes of application of the technique are illustrated by typical experimental results.

Concentration profile in plasma after transdermal drug delivery

The plasma profile of the drug concentration after transdermal delivery was stimulated on the basis of a dynamic mathematical model. The skin was assumed to be a bilayer membrane which consists of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis. A conventional multi-compartment model was also assumed to describe the drug elimination/distribution in the body. The effects of the skin permeation kinetics as well as the body elimination/distribution on the plasma profile of the drug concentration were analyzed under various modes of application for the drug delivery system.