Various Methods Of Production Research Articles

Millet production, challenges, and opportunities in the Asia-pacific region: a comprehensive review

Global warming, water scarcity, population growth, rising food prices, urbanization, and other socio-economic factors pose significant threats to agriculture and food security in the 21st century. This situation is particularly grave for low-income individuals in the Asia-Pacific region. To tackle this challenge and eradicate hunger and poverty, it is imperative for scientists to explore alternative food sources, covering all stages from production through processing to consumption. Cereal grains serve as a crucial food source and hold substantial importance in human diets. Therefore, revamping the food system becomes crucial to achieve food and nutritional security. A pragmatic approach toward reaching this goal involves ensuring universal access to affordable, wholesome, and nourishing food through the utilization of millets—nutrient-dense grains (often referred to as Nutri-cereals) that offer a rich array of vital macronutrients, micronutrients, carbohydrates, protein, dietary fiber, lipids, and phytochemicals. Leveraging these grains holds the potential to significantly alleviate the challenges of food insecurity and malnutrition. Millet, a drought-resistant grain, constitutes a primary source of carbohydrates and proteins for populations residing in semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. Given its crucial contribution to national food security and potential health advantages, there is a growing focus among food scientists. Additionally, the United Nations designated 2023 as the International Year of Millet, underscoring its importance. This article delves into various methods of production and processing, highlighting opportunities to enhance the production and nutritional qualities of millet. We attribute millets to inadequate rainfall distribution, poor crop management high prices of farm inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides and low adoption of improved varieties by the farmers. It also outlines the constraints, challenges, and future prospects associated with promoting millet as a viable food source for the burgeoning population. Despite the promise that millets hold, they have not received adequate research attention. Therefore, increased research efforts on integrating genomics in genome-wide marker-trait association are imperative, encompassing germplasm collection, protection, evaluation, consumption patterns, development of high-yielding cultivars, processing techniques, and policy interventions. Such initiatives are necessary to bolster the cultivation of millets and harness their potential to address the escalating global food challenge.

A Review on Composite Material Reinforced With Natural Fibers

Abstract: Materials plays vital role for survival of any manufacturing industry. Conventional materials are replaced by composite material because of their high specific strength, strong damping capacity and high specific modulus. In modern era, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites came into light because of promising properties of natural fibers such as light weight, water resistance, high impact strength, environment friendly etc. In this study, different types of natural fibers that can be used as reinforcement in polymer composite are discussed. Various methods of production and steps involved in processing of natural fiber reinforced composite are presented. Then, mechanical and tribological properties of these composites are reviewed and presented. The different applications of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite are also discussed.

A Review of Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete Based on Slag

Abstract: The studies on Lightweight Geopolymer concrete (LGC) are leading-edge in the development of sustainable and ecofriendly concrete. Attempts were being made to develop LGC by various methods of production. This paper reviews about previously published research work on lightweight geopolymer concrete and the observations to the material binders - an alternate to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by the utilization of industrial by-products, alkaline activator solution, foaming agents, chemical expansive agents, lightweight aggregate, production methods, and their physical and mechanical properties. The main focus is to investigate pore size formation, density, compressive strength and curing conditions. From the review it is found that the stabilization of foam and the control of efflorescence are the two challenging problems faced by the industry for the mass production of lightweight geopolymer foam concrete. Furthermore, topics for future work in this field were suggested.

Studies on Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete

The studies on Lightweight Geopolymer concrete (LGC) are leading-edge in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly concrete. Attempts were being made to develop LGC by various methods of production. This paper reviews about previously published research work on lightweight geopolymer concrete and the observations to the material binders - an alternate to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by the utilization of industrial by-products, alkaline activator solution, foaming agents, chemical expansive agents, lightweight aggregate, production methods, and their physical and mechanical properties. The main focus is to investigate pore size formation, density, compressive strength and curing conditions. From the review it is found that the stabilization of foam and the control of efflorescence are the two challenging problems faced by the industry for the mass production of lightweight geopolymer foam concrete. Furthermore, topics for future work in this field were suggested.

Recent Advancements in Biotechnological Applications of Laccase as a Multifunctional Enzyme

Biotechnological and industrial processes involve applications of various microorganisms and enzymes, and laccase, as a multifunctional enzyme, is admired for its role in degrading a variety of substances. Laccase is a copper-containing oxidase enzyme that is usually found in insects, plants, and microorganisms including fungi and archaea. Several phenolic substrates are oxidized by laccases, which results in crosslinking. Various research work and industrial solutions have identified the true potential of laccases to degrade various aromatic polymers, and their plausible application in bioremediation and other industries is entirely conceivable. This review focuses on laccases as a multifunctional enzyme and provides an overview of its natural origin, catalytic mechanism, and various methods of production. Further, we discuss the various applications of laccase in the biotechnological arena. We observed that laccase can degrade and detoxify various synthetic compounds. The broad substrate specificity of the same makes it worthy for different fields of industrial applications such as food and bioremediation technology, textile and paper technology, biosensors and nanobiotechnology, biofuel, and various other applications, which are described in this paper. These recent developments in the application of laccase show the multifunctional role of laccase in industrial biotechnology and provide an outlook of laccase as a multifunctional enzyme at the forefront of biotechnology.

«Экономическая клеточка» или «молекула ДНК?»: согласование «Капитала» Маркса с клеточной теорией и современной геномикой

Creating a general model of the economy, “providing a holistic knowledge of the economic system” (AD Nekipelov) is an urgent problem. The paper considers the possibility of using the subject and method of Marx’s “The Capital” in order to build a common model. The subject is an entity of relations within capitalist mode of production of life rather than wealth. The scientific method of ascending not from the abstract but from the simplest concrete to the complex concrete led to the discovery of an “economic cell”. Cell theory has influenced both “The Capital” and the understanding of history as a “linear sequence of stages”. The subject of the general model is relations that ensure the reproduction of life in a market economy. The method is consistent with genomics. Two factors of the product are the minimum set of “genes” of an “economic DNA molecule”. The cell is totipotent, i.e. possesses a complete stock of genetic material but in different cells the same genes are in an active or repressed state. Alignment with genomics allows us to build a model of modern market economy, to reconsider the linear sequence and put forward the hypothesis of “totipotency of various methods of production”, the activation of those methods that contribute to the reproduction of the life of society as a whole.

Анализ технологических методов и оборудования для формирования клеесварных соединений в машиностроении (патентный обзор)

Various methods for production of nondetachable glue-welded joints are considered. The technologies for producing glue-welded joints using the anodizing, the sealing of oxide films, as well as their reinforcement during the implementation of the manufacturing process are described. The analysis results of constructions of welding equipment used to perform contact welding are presented.

Review of the use of microorganisms in geotechnical engineering applications

Until recently, engineers either ignored or neglected the role of microorganisms in geotechnical engineering. The microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) research technique is an innovative and relatively green technology which consists in a biological process through which microorganisms react with minerals (calcium source and cementation reagent) to produce calcite (CaCO3) as a byproduct that modifies and improves the engineering properties of soil. Laboratory and field results obtained from various studies are promising and viable, suggesting potential for various engineering applications. This research technique has also been considered to be useful in many engineering applications such as improvement of construction materials, cementation of porous media, improvement in strength and stiffness of engineering soils, hydraulic control of engineering facilities (waste containment), liquefaction, and erosion mitigation. In this review, the various methods of production of calcium carbonates (calcite), the role played by bacteria, various state-of-the-art procedures that have evolved in this research area, as well as ongoing studies are reported. Furthermore, the use of the MICP technique in remediation of contaminants and other environmental concerns is also presented. The advantages and challenges (in form of undesired byproducts) of this research technique are highlighted herein.

A review on natural fiber reinforced composites

Materials plays important role for survival of any manufacturing industry. Composite materials replace the conventional materials because of their high specific strength, strong damping capacity and high specific modulus. In modern era, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites came into light because of promising properties of natural fibers such as light weight, water resistance, high impact strength, environment friendly etc. In this study, different types of natural fibers that can be used as reinforcement in polymer composite are discussed. Various methods of production and steps involved in processing of natural fiber reinforced composite are presented. Then, mechanical and tribological properties of these composites are reviewed and presented. The different applications of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite are also discussed.

Production of d-Lactate from Avocado Seed Hydrolysates by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli JU15

Agroindustry residues can be used to produce valuable chemicals such as lactic acid, which is a primary chemical platform with many industrial applications. Biotechnological processes are the main approach of lactic acid production; however, culture media has an important impact on their costs. As a result, researchers are exploring various methods of production that use residual or waste biomass as raw materials, most of which are rich in lignocellulose. Nevertheless, starch and micronutrients such as those contained in avocado seeds stand out as promising feedstock for the bioprocess as well. In this study, the lactogenic Escherichia coli strain JU15 was evaluated for producing d-lactate using an avocado seed hydrolysate medium in a controlled stirred-tank bioreactor. The highest lactic acid concentration achieved was 37.8 g L−1 using 120 g L−1 as the content of initial reducing sugars. The results showed that d-lactate can be produced from avocado seed, which hydrolysates to 0.52 g L−1 h−1 using the engineered E. coli JU15. This study may serve as a starting point to further develop bioprocesses for producing metabolites using avocado seed hydrolysates.

Paper Materials Based on Heat Resistant and Flame Resistant Fiber

Information on technical purpose paper based on heat-resistant synthetic fiber is analyzed. Various methods of production are considered. The properties of the obtained samples of heat-resistant paper are described.

Material properties of historic parchment: A reference collection survey

Historic parchment is a complex biological material, and due to various methods of production or inks used, unknown environmental histories of objects and heterogeneous nature of animal skin, it represents a particular analytical challenge. Due to the number of variables it is likely that patterns in degradation of these historic objects can only be revealed by surveying the material properties of a significant number of real objects. In this work, a sacrificial collection of ca. 100 historic parchments (fifteenth to twentieth century) was characterized using a range of techniques available to conservation practitioners that can usefully be used to reliably and rapidly characterize parchment. We focused on micro-destructive methods, such as shrinkage temperature (Ts), as the most widely used indicator of parchment degradation. Lipid content, roughness, and ink pH were additionally measured, while a limited number of samples containing iron gall ink were also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM-EDX, to explore the distribution of ink components. Even in the absence of detailed environmental histories, it is possible to acknowledge the significance of the effect of iron gall ink and its acidity, and of lipids on parchment degradation, as measured using Ts. This research reports valuable reference data, while the collection remains accessible for further research.

Regional behaviour among late Neanderthal groups in Western Europe: A comparative assessment of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tool variability

Population dynamics between and within Pleistocene groups are vital to understanding wider behavioural processes like social transmission and cultural variation. The late Middle Palaeolithic (MIS 5d-3, ca. 115,000–35,000 BP [years before present]) permits a novel, data-driven assessment of these concepts through a unique record: bifacial tools made by classic Neanderthals. Previously, studies of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tools were hampered by a convoluted plethora of competing terms, types and regional entities. This paper presents a large-scale intercomparison of this tool type, and bridges typo-technological and spatio-temporal data from across Western Europe (Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Germany).Results indicate a high level of variation among individual bifacial tools and assemblages. Each bifacial tool concept is correlated with various methods of production, resulting in large degrees of morphological variation. Despite such variation, a distinct three-fold, macro-regional pattern was identified: the Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition (MTA) in the southwest dominated by handaxes, the Keilmessergruppen (KMG) in the northeast typified by backed and leaf-shaped bifacial tools, and, finally a new unit, the Mousterian with Bifacial Tools (MBT), geographically situated between these two major entities, and characterised by a wider variety of bifacial tools.Differing local conditions, such as raw material or function, are not sufficient to explain this observed macro-regional tripartite. Instead, the MTA and KMG can be viewed as two distinct cultural traditions, where the production of a specific bifacial tool concept was passed on over generations. Conversely, the MBT is interpreted as a border zone where highly mobile groups of Neanderthals from both the east (KMG) and west (MTA) interacted.Principally, this study presents an archaeological contribution to behavioural concepts such as regionality, culture, social transmission and population dynamics. It illustrates the interpretive potential of large-scale lithic studies, and more specifically the presence of regionalised cultural behaviour amongst late Neanderthal groups in Western Europe.

Technical Challenges and Progress in Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition of Polysilicon

Various methods for production of polysilicon have been proposed for lowering the production cost and energy consumption, and enhancing productivity, which are critical for industrial applications. The fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition (FBCVD) method is a most promising alternative to conventional ones, but the homogeneous reaction of silane in FBCVD results in unwanted formation of fines, which will affect the product quality and output. There are some other problems, such as heating degeneration due to undesired polysilicon deposition on the walls of the reactor and the heater. This article mainly reviews the technological development on FBCVD of polycrystalline silicon and the research status for solving the above problems. It also identifies a number of challenges to tackle and principles should be followed in the design of a FBCVD reactor.

Production of Carbon Nanotubes by Different Routes-A Review

Carbon Nanotubes are one the most important materials of future. Discovered in 1991, they have reached a stage of attracting the interests of many companies world wide for their large scale production. They possess remarkable electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal and chemical properties, which make them a perfect “fit” for many engineering applications. In this paper various methods of production of carbon nanotubes are discussed outlining their capabilities, efficiencies and possible exploitation as economic large scale production methods. Chemical vapor disposition (CVD) is proposed as a potential method for economic large scale production of carbon nanotubes due to its relative simplicity of operation, process control, energy efficiency, raw materials used, capability to scale up as large unit operation, high yield and purity.

On oxidative degradation of parchment and its non-destructive characterisation and dating

Historic parchment is an extremely complex ma- terial, not only due to the various methods of production used and various past environmental histories of objects, but also due to its inhomogeneous structure. Many traditional methods of characterisation are empirical, but useful since they have gained recognition by the end-users. In this pa- per, we investigated the shrinkage temperature of collagen and the influence of lipids contained in parchment on the measurements. While the content of lipids does not seem to significantly affect shrinkage temperature measurements themselves, it strongly affects the decrease of shrinkage tem- perature of collagen during degradation, and thus its thermo- mechanical properties. This confirms the high importance of lipid peroxidation during degradation of parchment. While shrinkage temperature determination is a micro- destructive method, we also demonstrated that it is possible

Fracture behavior of thixoformed A356 alloy produced by SIMA process

There are various methods for production of thixoforming stock. One of these methods is strain induced melt activation (SIMA) process. In the present study, the effect of thixoforming process on morphological properties of silicon particles that affect fracture mode of A356 alloy was investigated. Microstructure and fracture surfaces of thixoformed samples were investigated by image analyzing technique and scanning electron microscopy. A new combination parameter, called silicon particle appearance (SPA) index, was introduced. SPA index approximates the collective effects of silicon particles morphological characteristics on microstructure transparency of alloy in crossing the dislocation. It is suggested that samples with lower SPA index have superior mechanical properties, especially tensile elongation, and consequently intergranular fracture mode. On the contrary, samples with higher SPA index have inferior mechanical properties and fracture path tends to propagate along the cell boundaries leading to transgranular fracture.

Preparation and Spectral Characterization of Novel Species in Matrices

A review of matrix-isolation experiments performed in this laboratory for the past thirteen years (1992-2004) is given; the work emphasizes the preparation and spectral characterization of novel species of atmospheric interest, and the significance of detection of some species is discussed. A previous review (J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1992, 39, 503) covers work from 1981 to 1991. Various methods for production of novel species, including reaction in the gaseous phase, laser photolysis of a single precursor in situ, reaction of a molecule with an atom or radical in a matrix cage and reaction of a molecule with an electronically excited molecule, are discussed. The effect of secondary photolysis on products is illustrated with formation of various conformers of HOONO from photolysis of HNO 3 . The advantage of investigating electronic transitions that are difficult to observe in the gaseous phase and the mode and site selectivity ofphotodissociation for species in a matrix cage are also discussed. New developments involving use of p-H 2 as a matrix host, including the introduction of a pulse-deposition method for use at ∼5 K and the exploration of internal rotation of larger molecules in solid p-H 2 , are also presented.

Processing of nanostructured TiNi-shape memory alloys: Methods, structures, properties, application

In recent years nanostructured materials have been the subjects of intensive research due to their superior physical and mechanical properties. The present study is a review of our own works on the processing and investigation of nanostructured TiNi-based shape memory alloys. Various methods of production have been developed, which can be classified into three groups, based on their approaches: i - superrapid solidification (melt quenching), ii - severe plastic deformation, and iii - combinations of the deformation and thermal treatments. Influence of alloying, different mechanical-thermal treatments on mechanical properties of alloys (shape memory effects, superelasticity, superplasticity, strengthening and so on), critical temperature and sequence of martensitic transformations was studied. Peculiarities of pretransition states and phase transitions in alloys, microstructure and morphology of martensitic phases at the transitions B2↔B19', B2↔R, B2↔B19, B2↔R↔B19', B2↔B19↔B19' were investigated in detail by TEM, X-ray diffraction, measurements of ρ(T), X(T).

Cyclic crack resistance of aluminum alloys in the crack origin and growth stages

of strength and crack resistance, which accordingly determine the load ratio and reliability of increased-survlvability structures. In the case of industrial aluminum alloys an increase in their freedom from the impurities iron and silicon [i], selection of optimum heat treat cycles [2, 3], various methods of production of semifinished products [4, 5], etc. effectively serve this purpose. In selection of materials for increased-survivability structures according to the principle of damage tolerance preference is given to materials with a low crack growth rate and a high fracture toughness in static and cyclic loading, which makes it possible to increase the life and periods of control inspection of parts with cracks. At the same time, for example, for sealed shells, fuel tanks, etc. the life of a part is determined by the period until the origin of a crack, that is, the characteristics of crack resistance in the stages of both crack origin and growth are necessary. However, in the literature there is practically no data on the resistance of materials to crack origin, which is the result of method difficulties [6]. This question becomes even more pressing for the following reason. Certain investigators assume that there is a basic difference between the characteristics of crack resistance of materials in the stages of origin and development of a crack although results obtained recently [7] indicate a direct relationship between them. In this work an investigation was made of the influence of chemical composition (freedom from impurities), heat treat cycles (aging), and preliminary plastic deformation (cold working) on the resistance to fatigue crack origin and development in a number of production aluminum alloys, and the relationship between the characteristics of cyclic crack resistance of materials in these stages of fatigue failure was considered.