Various Levels Of Nitrogen Fertilization Research Articles

Nitrogen Fertilization in a Faba Bean-Wheat Intercropping System Can Alleviate the Autotoxic Effects in Faba Bean.

Continuous cultivation of the faba bean will lead to its autotoxicity. Faba bean-wheat intercropping can effectively alleviate the autotoxicity of the faba bean. In order to investigate the autotoxicity of water extracts of various parts of the faba bean, we prepared water extracts of various parts of the faba bean, such as the roots, stems, leaves, and rhizosphere soil. The results showed various parts of the faba bean significantly inhibited the germination of faba bean seeds. The main autotoxins in these parts were analyzed using HPLC. Six autotoxins, namely, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, and cinnamic acid, were identified. The exogenous addition of these six autotoxins significantly inhibited the germination of faba bean seeds in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the autotoxin content and the aboveground dry weight of the faba bean in a faba bean-wheat intercropping system. The application of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the faba bean-wheat intercropping system could significantly reduce the content of autotoxins and increase the aboveground dry weight in faba bean, particularly at the N2 level (90 kg/hm2). The above results showed that the water extracts of faba bean roots, stems, leaves, and rhizosphere soil inhibited faba bean seed germination. The autotoxicity in faba bean under continuous cropping could be caused by p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, and cinnamic acid. The autotoxic effects in the faba bean were effectively mitigated by the application of nitrogen fertilizer in a faba bean-wheat intercropping system.

Variance Components of Some Quantitative Characters in 16 Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) influenced by Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels

Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development of a new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Based on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yield components using genetic variances. To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive genes more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (𝑟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL NITROGEN FERTILIZER LEVEL AND HUMIC ACID RATE ON Gladiolus grandiflorus PRODUCTIVITY

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Science, Arish University, Egypt, during two successive seasons 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 to study the effect of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg fed-1) in combination with different rates of humic acid (0,150, 250 and 350 ppm) as a foliar spray on plant growth, flowering characteristics, corms and cormels characteristics and chemical constituents. The obtained results cleared that using 200 kg fed-1 nitrogen in urea forms with 350 mg l-1 humic acid as a foliar spray gave the maximum value in each of vegetative growth parameters, flowering characteristics, diameter of corms, weight of cormel, and chemical constituents (N,P and K) content in leaves. However, a non-significant variation was observed in the treatment 200 kg fed-1 nitrogen with the three concentrations of humic acid for weight of corms and No. of cormels in plants in most cases. While, plants grown without nitrogen and humic acid (control) gave the minimum values in all parameters.

English

We previously demonstrated that providing potato plants with an optimum nitrogen supply (in the form of urea; 135 kg hm-2) produces high crop yields and increased resistance to late blight. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses have not been well characterized. In this study, we examined the effects of various levels of nitrogen fertilization (four levels: N1, 45 kg hm-2, N2: 90 kg hm-2, N3: 135 kg hm-2 and N4: 180 kg hm-2) on soil bacterial growth, community diversity and soil enzyme activity. We found that application of the optimum amount of nitrogen promoted maximum levels of bacterial growth and community diversity development compared with the other treatments. In addition, the highest activities were detected for soil enzymes such as urease, invertase and acid phosphatase (but not catalase) under N3 conditions but not under N1, N2 or N4 conditions. These results suggest that proper nitrogen application provides soil microbes with optimum conditions for development. Thus, the optimum growth of rhizobacteria conferred by N3 treatment appears to be responsible for achieving the highest yields and strongest pathogen resistance in potato plants exposed to Phytophthora infestans. Key words: Late blight, potato plant, rhizobacteria, soil enzyme, urea fertilizer.

Reaction of soil fungi and other microorganisms to various levels of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.)

Reaction of soil fungi and other microorganisms to various levels of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.)

The interactive effects humic acid application and several of nitrogen fertilizer on remobilization star wheat

In order to study the effect of the application of Humic acid and different levels of nitrogen on remobilization, production, and yield of star wheat a field experiment was carried out in the region of Viss in the form of split plot and randomized complete block design with four replications in crop year of 2011-2012. Main plots included various levels of nitrogen fertilizer (N0=50, N1=100, and N3=150 kgNha-1) and subplots included the application of Humic acid (H0= lack of Humic acid, H1=foliar spraying at stem elongation stage, H2=foliar spraying at reproductive stage).Results indicated that the effect of nitrogen and Humic acid on leaf area index, grain yield, rate of remobilization, share of remobilization, rate of photosynthesis and share of photosynthesis was significant. The highest amounts of leaf area index, grain yield, remobilization rate, current photosynthesis rate and share were obtained in treatment of 150 kgNha-1. The highest leaf area index, grain yield, remobilization rate, current photosynthesis rate and share were obtained at foliar spraying at reproductive stage. In examining the interactive effect of nitrogen and humic acid on leaf area index, remobilization rate, remobilization rate and share, the difference was significant. Also, at level of 150kgNha-1 the difference was significant for grain yield and current photosynthesis share at foliar spraying at reproductive stage but the difference was not significant at level of 100 kgNha -1 at foliar spraying at stem elongation stage. Therefore, for economical benefits, the application of 100 kgNha-1 along with humic acid foliar spraying at stem elongation stem is recommended.

The effect of Bacillus sp. OSU-142 inoculation at various levels of nitrogen fertilization on growth, tuber distribution and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield response of potato to inoculation with Bacillus sp. OSU-142 at three levels of N fertilization (0, 120, and 240 kg ha-1) under field conditions in Ahlat District of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey in 2006 and 2007. Tuber inoculation with Bacillus sp. OSU-142 significantly affected yield and yield components in both years. Tuber yields and yield components were higher at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the inoculated plots as compared to the control. However, beneficial effect of Bacillus sp. OSU-142 on tuber yield was noted at 120 kg N ha-1, possibly indicating either more effective ofinoculation in the low-N input agriculture or an interaction of Bacillus sp.OSU-142 with higher yielding seasonal conditions. In general, more response to inoculation was observed in the absence of major crop growth limitations, suggesting the complementary contribution of the Bacillus sp.OSU-142 treatment to more efficiently developing higher yielding potato. Key words: Bacillus sp., PGPR, N fertilizer, potato, yield.

Yield response of wheat and barley to inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at various levels of nitrogen fertilization

AbstractThe yield response of a wheat (Kirik) and a barley (Tokak 157/37) cultivar to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp246 and Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 was studied in relation to three levels of N fertilization (0, 40, and 80 kg ha–1) under field conditions in Erzurum, Turkey, in 1999 and 2000. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 significantly affected yield and yield components, both in wheat and barley. On average of years and N doses, inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 increased spike number per m2, grain number per spike, grain yield, and crude protein content by 7.2, 5.9, 14.7, and 4.1 % in wheat and by 6.6, 8.1, 17.5, and 5.1 % in barley, respectively, as compared to control. Inoculation with Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 significantly increased kernel number per spike in wheat, but no significant effect was determined in the other characteristics. Grain yields and yield components were also higher at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the inoculated plots as compared to the control. However, these increases diminished at high fertilizer levels. These results suggest that application of the growth promoting bacteria A. brasilense Sp246 may have the potential to be used as a biofertilizer for spring wheat and barley cultivation in organic and low‐N input agriculture.

Growth and yield responses of a Nepalese spring wheat cultivar to the inoculation with Nepalese Azospirillum spp at various levels of nitrogen fertilization

The Azospirillum 10SW used in our experiments was isolated from roots of wheat growing in nitrogen-poor soil of a hilly region of Nepal, where inorganic nitrogen fertilizers were never used. The main objectives of this work were to assess the effects of inorganic nitrogen fertilization in the yield responses of wheat grown in association with the bacteria. The in vitro experiments were done in laboratory, whereas the pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse. The nitrogenase activities of in vitro grown Azospirillum were repressed by nitrate. The magnitude of repression was lower when the bacteria were growing in association with wheat. The number of roots per plant was increased significantly in inoculated plants irrespective of the nitrate concentration of the medium. Inoculation with Azospirillum 10SW also increased the yield of wheat grown in pots with medium levels of nitrogen fertilization. These data show the possibility of inoculation of this Azospirillum spp. in combination with nitrogen fertilizer to improve the yield of wheat. Azospirillum inoculation enhanced the development of roots and shoots in the early growth stages of wheat. It may be one of the factors responsible for the yield increases.

Suitable Level of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Plants in Relation to Growth, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Uptake and Accumulation of Free Amino Acids.

The physiological responses of pot-grown tea plants to various levels of nitrogen fertilizer were investigated to determine the suitable level of nitrogen for tea plants. Defining an arbitrary unit of nitrogen application as 1 N plot (200 mgN pot-1 year-1, corresponding to 10 kgN 10a-1 year-1), experimental plots from 0 to 27 N were prepared using ammonium sulphate. The plants exhibited symptoms of nitrogen deficiency below 3 N plots. High photosynthetic activity and favorable growth were observed from 6 to 12 N plots. Tip-burn of mature leaves and inhibition of photosynthesis were first detected at the level of 15 N plot. At the level of more than 18 N plots, the falling of mature leaves, depression of root respiration and death of some plants occurred. Based on these results, the critical level for growth and yield was determined to be 6 N plot. Nitrogen uptake increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen applied, while the capacity of uptake gradually saturated. The recovery rate of applied nitrogen declined linearly with the increase in nitrogen dressing. The concentration of free amino acids in the first flush shoots increased in an unlimited manner with the increase in nitrogtn dressing. However, the absolute amounts in the new shoots were greatest in 9 to 15 N plots due to the inhibition of new shoot growth in heavily manured plots. Thus, with respect to the accumulation of free amino acids, the critical level for leaf quality is estimated to be around 12 N plot. The theanine content in the first flush shoots increased up to 9 N plot. Thereafter, a high content of arginine was detected, implying disorder in the nitrogen metabolism. These results demonstrate that the critical level of nitrogen for leaf quality is very close to the toxic level and is twofold greater than that for growth and yield.

Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat using the Danish simulation model DAISY

A dynamic simulation model for the soil plant system is described. The model includes a number of main modules, viz., a hydrological model including a submodel for soil water dynamics, a soil temperature model, a soil nitrogen model including a submodel for soil organic matter dynamics, and a crop model including a submodel for nitrogen uptake. The soil part of the model has a one-dimensional vertical structure. The soil profile is divided into layers on the basis of physical and chemical soil characteristics. The simulation model was used to simulate soil nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat grown at two locations at various levels of nitrogen fertilization. The simulated results were compared to experimental data including concentration of inorganic nitrogen in soil, crop yield, and nitrogen accumulated in the aboveground part of the crop. Based on this validation it is concluded that the overall performance of the model is satisfactory although some minor adjustments of the model may prove to be necessary.

Yield response of a common spring wheat cultivar to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense at various levels of nitrogen fertilization

The yield response of a common spring wheat cultivar,Triticum aestivum, to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense was studied at four levels of N fertilization. Plant yield increased due to the inoculation treatment only at medium and high levels of N fertilization, with a maximum yield increase of about 8.0 per cent at the highest level (approximately 1.0 g of pure N per plant). Yield increase was mostly due to an increase in the number of grains per spike, and at the highest level of fertilization, also due to a higher number of spikes per plant. At all N levels, the inoculation caused an increase of 0.5–1.4 per cent in the number of fertile spikelets per main spike.

The influence of nitrogen nutrition on the sensitivity of tomato plants to culture filtrates of Fusarium and to fusaric acid

High (420 and 630 ppm) and to a lesser extent very low (70 ppm) levels of fertilization with nitrate-nitrogen decreased the sensitivity of tomato plants to fusaric acid as well as to culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici R1. There was a positive correlation between the external symptoms produced (chlorosis, necrosis and epinasty) and the concentration of the toxin or culture filtrate used which varied with the nitrogen regime under which plants were grown. Leakage of electrolytes, from leaf discs of plants grown with various levels of nitrogen fertilization, was measured in the presence of fusaric acid. Membranes of cells from plants grown at high doses of nitrate-nitrogen were less sensitive to the toxin, and the variation in reaction of cells from plants grown with different levels of nitrate-nitrogen appeared to be directly correlated with the resistance of such plants to infection with F. oxysporum f sp. lycopersici. The decreased susceptibility of tissue to fungal infection is probably the consequence of the reduced sensitivity of the host plant membranes to toxic substances produced by the fungus. The importance of this type of non-specific resistance in pathogenesis is discussed.

Effects on Must and Wine Composition, Rates of Fermentation, and Wine Quality of Nitrogen Fertilization ofVitis ViniferaVar. Thompson Seedless Grapevines

Thompson Seedless vines were treated for three years with various levels of nitrogen fertilizer. The vineyard had not been fertilized for over seven years preceding. The clarified grape juice was analyzed for various components. The rates of fermentation, concentration of esters, and wine quality were dependent on the level of nitrogen fertilization. Fertilization with 112 kg N/ha (100 lb-N/acre) was sufficient for the juice to have a rapid fermentation and the wine to be of good quality. Juice from vines not fertilized fermented more slowly, resulted in wines of poorer quality, and was deficient in a number of chemical components.

Evaluation of effects of controlled atmosphere storage on roots of sugarbeets grown at various levels of nitrogen fertilizer

Evaluation of effects of controlled atmosphere storage on roots of sugarbeets grown at various levels of nitrogen fertilizer

Statistical Studies on Various Characteristics of Crop Plant : IV. Varietal differences of a morphological characteristic of rice plants when three plant-spacing at various levels of nitrogen fertilizer put together

According to the previous reported line (2, 3, 4), studies on the varietal differences in morphological characteristics of rice were carried out. In this paper, a morphological characteristic was estimated by principal component analysis using all the data of three plant-spacings at high-nitrogen level and non-nitrogen level. The result at standard nitrogen level was already reported in the previous paper (4). The present results Were as follows: (1) A morphological characteristic of each variety at each nitrogen level can be shown by two principal components which are indices of the morphological characteristic. These indices were as follows: High-nitrogen level: X1= 0.445x1+0.314x2+0.288x3+0.361x4+0.500x5+0.490x6, X2= -0.339x1+0.422x2+0.638x3+0.529x4-0.056x5-0.131x6, Non-nitrogen level: X1= 0.462x1+0.262x2+0.273x3+0.341x4+0.531x5+0.514x6, X2= -0.306x1+0.515x2+0.585x3+0.538x4-0.053x5-0.078x6 (2) The meaning of these indices was not changed by the levels of nitrogen application, even if the result of previous report (4) was considered together. The first index is concerned chiefly with the yield of an individual plant, and the second index is concerned chiefly with the plant type whether it is a long culm, heavy panicle one, or a short culm, high tillering one. (3) The plant type showed by the second index varied with plant-spacing at each nitrogen level, and these variations could be classified into three types as mentioned in the previous paper (4).

Influence of Drainage on the Growth of Rice Plant in Rice Field : II) Relation between irrigation methods and the growth and yield of rice at various levels of nitrogen fertilization and sowing density

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various irrigation methods on the growth and yield of rice plant in direct sowing cultivation. The field experiment involving three irrigation treatments, two levels of nitrogen fertilization and four levels of sowing density was established in 1962. Because of practical consideration in applying irrigation water, the irrigatin treatments were located in separate block. The nitrogen and sowing treatments were randomized in a split plot design with nitrogen levels as the main plot and sowing density as subplot. The replication was three. The irrigation treatments involed three plots of early irrigation, late irrigation and interval irrigation. In the early irrigation plot, the water had been kept 5 cm deep since early tillering stage of rice plant. The late irrigation plot was kept dry during tillering stage of plant, and irrigation was begun when the plant reached young ear formation stage. The interval irrigation plot was applied 5 cm of water in depth at an interval of 7 days. The nitrogen plots were divided into two, that is 0.6 kg and 1.2 kg-N per are. The levels of sowing density were 10, 25, 50 and 100 hills per m2. The results obtained are as follows. 1) The amounts of NH3-N in soil in the plots of both late irrigation and interval irrigation were smaller than that in the plots of early irrigation. The amounts of NO3-N in soil generally were trace, except the case of late irrigation kept dry through the tillering period of plant. It seems that the decrease of available nitrogen in the late irrigation and interval irrigation plots are caused by the leaching of NO3-N and the denitrification resulting from the alternation of oxidation and reduction of soil by irrigation and rainfall. 2) The treatments of late irrigation and interval irrigation indicated the increased activity of root, as measured by means of α-Naptylamine, over the early irrigation. The root activity in the high density (100 hills/m2) was lower than that in low density (10 hills/m2). The root weights per unit area in the late irrigation and interval irrigation plots were lighter than that in the early irrigation plot. The treatment of high density indicated the increased weight of root. 3) The grain yields in the late irrigation and interval irrigation plots were about 10 % less than that in the early irrigation plot, while there was little difference between the former two. The grain and total weight at harvest generally increased as the sowing density increased. The highest yield of all treatments was obtained in the plot with early irrigation, heavy nitrogen fertilization and high sowing density combined. The yield data obtained were fitted with rectangular hyperbola equation of the general form: y=x/a+bx where y is the estimated grain or total weight at harvest in kg per are, x is sowing density, and a and b is a coefficient, respectively. The values of two coefficients in both the late irrigation anb interval irrigation are higher than that in the early irrigation, and heavy dose of nitrogen decreased the values of coefficients. It is therefore concluded that the early irrigation method with heavier nitrogen fertilization and higher sowing density is effective for getting high yield of rice.

A Comparison of the Nutritive Value of Alfalfa Hay with Brome Grass and Reed Canary Grass Hays at Various Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization

Brome grass hays grown with 25, 125, and 225 pounds of nitrogen per acre, and reed canary grass hays grown with 0, 100, and 200 pounds of nitrogen per acre, were compared to alfalfa hay in two total collection digestion trials using 4 lambs each, to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the digestibility of the hays. Both total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) were determined and compared as to their quantitative relationship. Increasing nitrogen fertilization caused an increase in the protein content from 7.9 to 15.2% in the brome grass hays and from 12.6 to 20.1% in the reed canary grass hays. At the higher levels of nitrogen fertilization on brome grass there was also an increase in the gross energy and ether extract content while the fiber and nitrogen-free extract decreased. No similar trend of the crude components was observed with the reed canary grasses, which may be due to the several variables encountered in the production of these hays. A statistically significant increase of the apparent digestibility of protein with increasing nitrogen fertilization was observed with both grass species. Energy digestion coefficients are also increased at the higher levels of fertilization in the case of brome grass. These differences were less marked and not significant between all levels. The fiber digestion coefficients of all grass hays were considerably higher than those of alfalfa hay. The correlation coefficients between TDN and DE were + 0.95 for the brome grass trial and + 0.87 for the reed canary grass trial and significant at the 1% level of probability. This indicated the close relationship of the two methods of feed evaluation. Regression equations between TDN and DE were Y = 189.82 + 42.87 X for the brome grass trial, and Y = 758.42 + 32.98 X for the reed canary grass trial, where Y is DE in Calories per gram and X is the TDN percentage of the hay.

Nitrogen Gains and Losses in the Growth of Legume and Nonlegume Cover Crops at Various Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization

Nitrogen Gains and Losses in the Growth of Legume and Nonlegume Cover Crops at Various Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization