Various Levels Of Concentration Research Articles

Comparison of the Formaldehyde Content in Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Fish Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

ABSTRACT Because Goa is a favorite destination for international and national tourism, there is a great demand for seafood there. Formalin (30–40% of formaldehyde, FA) can be added as a preservative to many fishery products to extend shelf life. To access the risk of exposure to FA content, Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) was chosen and analyzed with Nash reagent using two different techniques: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The study revealed FA at various levels of concentration (mg/kg). Higher exposure to FA content was found in fish and ice water from wholesale market samples using both methods. The FA content was 19.26 ± 0.84 mg/kg in fresh fish, 39.37 ± 0.93 mg/kg in wholesale market fish, and 32.95 ± 1.05 mg/kg in retail market fish using spectrophotometry, whereas it was 4.00 ± 0.15 mg/kg, 31.05 ± 0.18 mg/kg, and 31.64 ± 0.26 mg/kg in fresh fish, wholesale market, and retail market fish, respectively, using HPLC analysis.

The production of citric-acid from Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruits through the fermentation process using Aspergillus niger

The aimed of this study was to evaluate the quality of citric acid products made from bilimbi fruits by fermentation method using Aspergillus niger as inoculum at various levels of concentration (3%, 6%, and 9%) and fermentation time (1, 3, 5, and 7 days). The citric acid obtained was then analysed their quality including yield, total sugar content, and citric acid content. There is significantly different of citric acid content as affected by the interaction of inoculum concentration and fermentation period, but no significantly different effect on yield and total sugar of fermentation product. The best fermentation condition for citric acid production from bilimbi fruit juice was 6% inoculum concentration with 5 days fermentation. At this condition the citric acid concentration was 3.33%.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TINGKAT KONSENTRASI PUPUK URINE KELINCI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) PADA VARIETAS YANG BERBEDA

This research aimed to know the effect of giving urine concentrations of rabbits and different varieties on the growth and yield of maize. The research was conducted on land owned by CV Hardian Cipocok Jaya District Serang City Banten Province from November 2019 until February 2020. The research used a Randomized Completely Block Design with two factors. The first factor was the concentration of rabbit urine fertilizer which consisted of three levels, namely: 20 ppm, 30 ppm, and 40 ppm. The second factor was the variety which consisted of 3 levels, namely indurata, pulut and black aztec. The result showed that rabbit urine fertilizer with a concentration of 30 ppm showed better results on plant height parameters aged 14 days after planting (28.11 cm), 21 days after planting (46.33 cm), 28 days after planting (71.22 cm), 35 days after planting ( 103.24 cm), 42 days after planting (131.87 cm), 49 days after planting (154.37 cm), the number of leaves 14 days after planting (2.89 pieces) and the number of leaves at 21 days after planting (4.22 strands). Indurata variety showed better results on the parameter of the number of leaves aged 14 days after planting (2.67 pieces). There was no interaction between treatment rabbit urine fertilizer at various levels of concentration with various varieties of maize except for plant height parameters aged 14 days after planting and 21 days after planting and the number of leaves aged 14 days after planting and 21 days after planting.

Phytochemical Analysis and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aerial Parts of Trichodesma indicum

This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical analysis, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of various solvent (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water) extract obtained from Trichodesma indicum aerial parts. The physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard reported methods. Successive solvent extraction was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol by the Soxhlet method, followed by maceration with water. Qualitative phytochemical screening was done using standard procedures. The extracts were analyzed for its total phenolic and total flavonoid contents by Folin - ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride colorimetric methods. For the extracts, antioxidant activity was screened using three different methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay, Nitricoxide assay, and Superoxide dismutase assay. Ascorbic acid has been used for antioxidant activity as a positive control. The percentage of inhibition was measured at various levels of concentration. The total ash, water-soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, sulfated ash, and the moisture content of the powdered drug was found to be 15.30, 07.50, 03.99, 21.00, 05.00%w/w. The qualitative phytochemicals found in the extracts are carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content of the extracts was found in the sequence of ethyl acetate > n-hexane > ethanol > aqueous. All the extracts demonstrated significant concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH assay, Nitric oxide assay, and Superoxide dismutase assay. The findings indicated that all solvent extracts of Trichodesma indicum have promising antioxidant activity and that could be the presence of phytochemicals present in the extract.

Penanganan berbagai Tingkat Kelengketan pada Alat gelas di Laboratorium dari Pengaruh Basa kuat Larutan NaOH beserta Ujinya

As PLP (Educational Laboratory Institution) or other laboratory personnel for their daily work, they are very closely related to the tools and materials in the laboratory scope, and cannot be separated from laboratory equipment in the form of instruments or glassware. The problem here is that there are times when we encounter glassware in the scope of a laboratory whose faucet is closed or the faucet cannot be opened because it is sticky, and on average it is used after using NaOH base solution. That is why we are here to try to do a test to find out how much the stickiness of a device made from glass raw materials. By using variable various levels of concentration of NaOH solution with different time periods. As a decay the detergent solution is also used in various levels of concentration and heating. . From the data of the stickiness level test results using variable concentrations of NaOH solution and detergent solution will get the results that with the increasing concentration of NaOH solution, the stickiness will also be stronger. Likewise with the passage of time the longer the NaOH solution comes into contact with materials made of glass, the harder it will become and the stickiness will also be stronger so that it will be more difficult to be released. while on a strong adhesiveness will be more effective when using the immersion method at a temperature of 60-70 ° C.

Regression and Arima to measure the wave length effect on percentage adsorbed on Stronsium Titanate

Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) which belongs to the ferroelectric material is very sensitive to wavelength. Therefore research on the effect of wavelengths on light absorbed by strontium titanate is very important.The results showed that the wavelength affected to the percentage adsorbed by the Strontium Titanate Trioxide linearly at various levels of concentration of Rudenium Oxide. The addition of the ARIMA Error model can improve the accuracy of the model.

SUPERFICIAL ANTICANDIDOSIC ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF COMBRETUM RACEMOSUM P. BEAUV. (COMBRETACEAE) EXTRACTS

This preliminary work consists in evaluating the superficial anticandidic activity of the leaves of Combretum racemosum P. Beauv in humans. To this end, we first demonstrated bioactive compounds of five (5) crude extracts (aqueous and hydro-organic 70%) from C. racemosum. Then, and finally, we have separately evaluated the superficial anticandidic activity of these extracts on Candida albicans, a species of genus Candida, mostly encountered in superficial human candidiasis. C. albicans was found to be sensitive to the five extracts tested. This partly justifies the use of C. racemosum in traditional medical practice against superficial microbial diseases. For these extracts, the Inhibitory Minimum Concentrations (MIC) recorded ranged from 7.8125 mg/mL to 62.550 mg/mL; While Fungicide Minimum Concentrations (CMF) range from 31.25 ± 0.00 mg/mL to 62.550 mg/mL. Concentrations for Fifty Percent Inhibition (IC 50 ) range from 0.930 mg/mL to 3.861 mg/mL. The hydroethanolic macerated extract 70% (Eeth 70%) is the most active fraction on C. albicans (CMF = 7.8125 ± 0.00 mg/mL, IC 50 = 0.941 ± 0.009 mg/mL) compared to the total of the five crude extracts tested. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the five crude extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids steroids and tannins (catechics and gallics) at various levels of concentration in our study. Eeth 70%, the most active extract in our work, contains in medium concentrations the same active ingredients cited above. Finally, we note that the hydroethanolic macerated extract 70% is the most active fractions in this work. It may, however, subject to toxicological studies, be used in the treatment of theskin, the cutaneous appendages and the mucous membranes in humans. Keywords : Combretum racemosum, phytochemical screening, superficial anticandidic

Challenges During Surface-Facility-Project Implementation for a Full-Field Polymer Flood

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 181615, “Challenges During Execution, Construction, and Operational-Readiness Phase of Surface Facilities in a Full-Field Polymer-Flood Project,” by Santosh Mohanram, Premashis Bhaumik, SPE, and Shagun Jain, SPE, Cairn India, prepared for the 2016 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dubai, 26–28 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper presents key challenges in surface-facilities project implementation during the construction and operational-readiness phase of a project and presents results from full-field implementation. The key areas discussed are operational difference in the available technologies for concentrated-polymer dissolution, transfer of viscous polymer mother solution with minimal viscosity loss, efficacy of the pumping facility with high-viscosity non-Newtonian liquid, and supply-chain strategy. Introduction Because of positive responses from an enhanced-oil-recovery pilot, a full-field polymer-flood development plan was implemented in the Mangala field in India. Selecting the right facility design was of paramount importance once the pilot study confirmed the benefits of polymer flood over waterflood. A multilayered pattern drive with 129 injectors in an intense brownfield execution poses immense challenges for facility engineering. Thus, the world’s largest polymer- injection plant was built, primarily by scaling up the pilot. New Facility The current facility setup consists of remote well pads with both producing and injection wells connected with the production-fluid and injection-water network. A central polymer-preparation facility was constructed to prepare the concentrated polymer solution, called the mother solution, at various levels of concentration. The concentrated polymer solution is transferred from the central polymer facility to the well pads through pipeline distribution. Once at the well pads, the concentrated polymer solution is diluted with injection water at a specific ratio and injected into the individual wells. Key Challenges Technologies for Concentrated-Polymer Dissolution. The industry has only two standard technologies for dissolving polymer into water—the eductor-type units and slicing/mixing units. Conventional eductors work on the Venturi principle and allow for the mixing of the polymer powder and water up to certain concentrations. Slicing units, on the other hand, reduce the polymer particle size with a cutting head, reducing the polymer particle to a uniform size and allowing for significantly higher polymer concentrations without affecting the polymer molecular weight. In recent years, the slicing-unit design has become more compact and capable of producing highly concentrated polymer mother solution with less sensitivity to flow variation.

Permeability enhancement of Escherichia coli by single-walled carbon nanotube treatment.

This research investigated the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as an additive to increase the permeability of a bacterial cell wall. Recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) that expressed β-lactamase were exposed to SWNTs under various levels of concentration and agitation. Activity of β-lactamase in the culture fluid and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the amount of released protein, and visually examine the permeability enhancement of the cells. It was found that β-lactamase release in the culture fluid occurred in a dose-dependent manner with treatment by SWNTs and was also dependent on agitation rate. Based on TEM, this treatment successfully caused an increase in permeability without significant damage to the cell wall. Consequently, SWNTs can be used as an enhancement agent to cause the release of intracellular proteins. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:654-657, 2017.

18. POTENSI EKSTRAK AIR DAUN SERNAI (Wedelia biflora) SEBAGAI ANTINYERI PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus) The Potency of Wedelia biflora Leaf Water Extract as Pain killer on Mice (Mus musculus)

The purpose of this research was to find out the potency of Wedelia biflora water extract as pain killer. Completely randomized design (CDR) was used in this study. A total of 30 mice (Mus musculus) were divided into five treatment groups. Mice in group 1 (P0) were administered with mefenamat (positive control) and mice group 2 (P1) were only given aquadest (negative control). Mice in another3 groups (P2, P3, and P4) were administered with Wedelia biflora water extract with the concentration of 100, 75, and 50%, respectively. The painful response time was done using hot plate method and observed at 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, whereas abdominal writhing method was applied to count the total of writhing. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan. Result showed that Wedelia biflora water extract with various levels of concentration were affect significantly (P0.05) compared to negative control but no significant different (P0.05) with positive control. The analgesic potency showed significant effect (P0.05) at concentration of 100 and 75% compared to negative control, but no significant different (P0.05) compare to positive control on both hot plate methods and abdominal writhing method, whereas 50% concentration showed analgesic potency (P0.05) only on hot plate method. In conclusion, Wedelia biflora water extract is potential as analgesic on mouse and shows no significant different with mefenamat. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Key words: analgesik, Wedelia biflora, painful, total of writhe

Accurate Quantification of Saccharin Using Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (ID-LC/MS)

Saccharin is a commonly used artificial sweetener in foodstuffs. However, for its carcinogenic dispute, it has beenregulated by government bodies. In this study, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) was introduced for the accuratequantification of saccharin. To employ ID-LC/MS, we obtained its isotope analogue, 13C1−sodium saccharin, by customized synthesis. Samples were spiked with 13C1-sodium saccharin and analyzed with LC/MS in negative mode. Chromatographic conditionswere optimized for the adequate chromatographic retention and separation of saccharin with a C18 column. MS was operatedwith electrospray ionization by the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode of [M − H]− for saccharin (m/z 182) and [M − Na]− forits isotope analogue (m/z 183). To validate the ID-LC/MS method for accurate measurement, we prepared a batch of a candidatematerial by sortifying quasi−tea−drinks with saccharin and analyzed samples gravimetrically fortified in various levels of concentration. The repeatability and reproducibility of this method was tested by analyzing the reference material. Result show thatID-LC/MS is a reliable method for the quantitative analysis of saccharin.

Nanosilver Finishing of Composite Materials for EMSE

In this work, copper core yarn (cotton sheath) was made into a plain fabric and treated with nanosilver particles. Copper (diameter 0.09 mm) was used as core material for producing Dref II core yarn with resultant count of 295 tex and core/sheath ratio 16/84. The cotton material is used as sheath. The Dref II friction spinning was used to produce the copper core yarn. In order to improve the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of copper core yarn woven fabrics by nanosilver finishing, the copper core yarn (cotton sheath) was made into a plain fabric and treated by nanosilver particles with various levels of concentration, temperature, and curing time through Box-Behnken design. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness values for different applying conditions were measured and analyzed, and are discussed in this paper.

An assessment of selected trace elements in intertidal surface sediments collected from the Peninsular Malaysia

Concentrations of 11 trace elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, Pb, and U) were determined in the intertidal surface sediments of Peninsular Malaysia. The average trace element concentrations are ranked as follows: Zn>V>As>Cr>Pb>Cu>Ni>Co>U>g>Cd. Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQGs) employed in present study are the Australia and New Zealand joint guideline (ANZECC/ARMCANZ), and the Hong Kong authorities. From the pooled data, none of these trace elements have the average concentration above the ISQG-high values. However, As and Ag average concentrations were over the ISQG-low values. Some elements were found to have the average concentration above the ISQG-high and/or ISQG-low in certain locations, including Kampung Pasir Putih (JPP), Lumut Port (ALP), Kuala Perai (PKP), Port Dickson (NPD), and others. The lowest and highest concentrations in a specific sampling location and maritime area varied among the elements, variations that were greatly affected by natural and anthropogenic activities in a given area. For each trace element, there were various levels of concentration among the sampling locations and maritime areas. These patterns indicated pollutant sources of an element for each area perhaps derived from nearby areas and did not widely distributed to other locations. It is necessary for Malaysia to develop an ISQG for effective quick screening and evaluation of the coastal environment of Peninsular Malaysia.

The international imperfect banking systems: the Israeli case

PurposeThe banking system has a huge impact on a nation's economic environment. A concentrated banking system has a negative impact on the economy. Therefore, the research in this paper has two main goals: to explore the main factors that impact the level of concentration in the banking system; and to demonstrate how a reform in a banking system can reduce the negative impact of high levels of concentration.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 42 nations was used with various levels of concentration in their banking system to examine factors influencing bank concentration. Logit and OLS regressions were conducted to highlight the impact of the independent variables on the level of concentration in those nations. The latest Israeli reforms in the banking system were used to illustrate how reforms reduce concentration.FindingsThe empirical results concluded that economic freedom had a positive impact on the level of concentration. It was also found that cultural variables had an impact on the concentration level. Finally, analyzing the banking sector in Israel, it was found that the reform did decrease the level of concentration of the banking system.Originality/valueThe innovation of this paper is that it adds Hofstede's cultural variables as explanatory variables for the level of concentration in the banking system. It also highlights the role of public regulation for achieving efficiency in the banking sector by using the example of Israeli banking reforms.

WHAT ARE YOU READING?

For someone who reads most of the time—on the train, in the library, at the dentist's—this is not an easy question to answer. Reading occurs at various levels of concentration; for me, focus is determined by the environment as much as the book. And what I'm reading now or in the past few years is not psychologically defining, I suspect, any more than what happens to be on my iPod is: both are subject to randomness, convenience, and passing attraction. Roland Barthes said he divided his reading in two branches: for work he read at the desk; for pleasure, on the bed. That's a bit too dichotomized as it leaves out the armchair and the waiting room, and I usually fall asleep while reading on the bed, but the basic idea is fair enough. A different place for different reading.

The full evaporation technique: A promising alternative for residual solvents analysis in solid samples

The static headspace technique is the most common approach to residual solvent analysis in pharmaceutical and environmental matrices. This paper presents an alternative tool where the volatile impurities are released from the matrix by working directly on a small amount of sample at a high equilibration temperature: the so-called Full Evaporation Technique (FET). The capability of this method was evaluated on a mixture of nine solvents, which belong to Class 3 in the classification of the European Pharmacopoeia Agency for residual solvents, at various levels of concentration: ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol, methyl acetate, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-butanol. Data on linearity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity are reported. Use of an internal standard proved to be necessary when using such a method. The method is then successfully applied to the analysis of solvent traces in permethylated beta-cyclodextrin.

Characteristics of GaAs-based concentrator cells

GaAs-based cells, including GaAs single-junction cells, AlGaAs/GaAs two-junction cells, and InGaP/GaAs two-junction cells grown on GaAs substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are examined in various levels of concentration and backside cooling temperature. All types of cells have shown boost of efficiency in low and medium ranges of concentration. The cell efficiencies obtained are 31.5% at 20-suns of AM1.5 for InGaP/GaAs tandem cell, and 29.2% at 7-suns of AM1.5 for AlGaAs/GaAs tandem cell, respectively. The GaAs single-junction cell is also examined as the reference. A new equivalent circuit model reveals that increase of apparent leakage current is responsible for a rapid efficiency drop in the high-concentration region. It is possible to improve it by reducing contact resistance and using uniform concentrated illumination.

Residue‐Free Reactive Ion Etching of Silicon Carbide in Fluorinated Plasmas: II .

We have previously reported the residue‐free reactive ion etching (RIE) of in /, /, /, and/ mixtures with additive. The minimum concentration for residue prevention was found to vary with the content of each gas plasma and from gas to gas. In this paper, we report on the reactive ion etching of in the same gas plasmas. The etch rate and etched surface morphology under different etching conditions are presented. A similar pattern of minimum concentrations for the residue‐free RIE of is obtained. This indicates that the process involving additive in the fluorinated plasma could be applied to other polytypes. A residue‐free etching surface can be obtained without the additive only in pure plasma. Other plasma conditions do need various levels of concentration in the plasma to obtain a clean etched surface. In both 3C‐ and the etch rate decreases as the concentration increases. No etching undercut was found for with Al as etching mask. A graphite sheet covering the powered electrode also produced residue‐free RIE but suffers from undesirable side effects. A comparison of minimum levels for residue‐free etching of 3C‐ and in different plasmas is discussed.

Micropropogation of <i>Cucurbita maxima</i> Duch. through Shoot Tip Culture

Micropropagation of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) was achieved using shoot tip of in vitro grown seed derived plants of two cultivars namely, Bikrompuri and Baromasi of Bangladesh. The excised shoot tips were cultured on MS medium containing KIN, BA, NAA at various levels of concentration and combination for shoot induction and proliferation, and best response was found at 3.0 mg/l of BA. Shoots were rooted most effectively in ½ MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA. Bikrompuri was found more responsive than Baromasi for rapid clonal propagation. Key words: Micropropagation, Direct organogenesis, Shoot tip, Pumpkin DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3742 J. bio-sci. 16: 59-65, 2008

Polymerization on the surface of cellulose sheets: Formation of an impermeable film

AbstractPolymerization by interfacial polycondensation was explored as a means of preparing materials of superior printability in the form of paper sandwiched between 2 sheets of polymer film and intimately attached to them. Reaction systems forming polyesters, polyurethanes, and polyureas were found to be unsatisfactory, because either the reactions weretooslow, or the polymers were weakand tacky. Nine combinations of diamines and diacid chlorides yielded promising polyamide films and were tested at various levels of concentration in a specially designed apparatus. Since papers containing either size or residual lignin were unsuitable for this coating system, Whatman No. 4 filter paper, representing a pure cellulose paper, was used as the substrate. As measured by air, water, and oil resistance, the best coated papers were from poly(1,6‐hexanediamine sebacamide), poly(1,6‐hexanediamine azelamide), poly(1,4‐bisaminomethylcyclohexane sebacamide), and poly(m‐xylylenediamine sebacamide). Some qualitative correlations were found between the physical properties of coated papers and the concentrations of the reactants, but the results were too variable to permit formal statistical analysis. Electron micrographs indicated that the strongest combinations were obtained when the polymer conformed closely to the fibers at the surface of the paper.