Various Kinds Of Fungi Research Articles

Understanding the Diversity, Evolution, Ecology, and Applications of Mycoviruses.

Mycoviruses are widely distributed among various kinds of fungi. Over the past 10 years, more novel mycoviruses have been discovered with the use of high-throughput sequencing techniques, and research on mycoviruses has made fantastic progress, promoting our understanding of the diversity, classification, evolution, and ecology of the entire virosphere. Mycoviruses affect the biological and ecological functions of their hosts, for example, by suppressing or improving hosts' virulence and reproduction ability, and subsequently affect the microbiological community where their hosts live; hence, we may develop mycoviruses to regulate the health of environments, plants, animals, and human beings. In this review, we introduce recently discovered mycoviruses from fungi of humans, animals, plants, and environments, and their diversity, evolution, and ecological characteristics. We also present the potential application of mycoviruses by describing the latest progress on using mycoviruses to control plant diseases. Finally, we discuss the main issues facing mycovirus research in the future.

Evaluation of the mycotoxin patulin on cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human glioblastoma cells and investigation of protective effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various kinds of fungi that can induce disease in humans. The fungal species Penicillium expansum produces patulin (C7H6O4), a polyketide lactone mycotoxin found in fruits. Patulin is classified as noncarcinogen; however, recently, it has been associated with harmful effects on the central nervous system. Patulin's toxic action has been established in various brain models; however, its effect on human glioblastoma remains elusive. This study explores whether patulin induces cytotoxicity through oxidative stress in DBTRG-05MG human glioblastoma cells. This study also evaluates whether the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) protects against patulin-induced cytotoxicity. In DBTRG-05MG cells, patulin concentration (10–60 μM) dependently induced cytotoxicity. Concerning oxidative stress, patulin (10 and 20 μM) increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) but depleted reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and regulated the expressions of antioxidant-related proteins (Nrf2 and HO-1). Furthermore, patulin induced cytotoxicity via modulation of apoptosis-related protein expressions (Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3). These cytotoxic responses were partially reversed via pretreatment with NAC (10 μM). In summary, these data help us understand the toxicology of patulin in human glioblastoma and evaluate whether NAC could clinically reduce patulin-affected brain damage.

POTENTIAL MARINE-DERIVED FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SPONGE IN PRODUCE NEW AND BENEFICIAL COMPOUNDS

Marine organisms are a source of natural products and produce compounds with a molecular structure that is unique and useful. Thousands of new compounds have biological activitity for anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial. This compounds isolated from various marine organism, including from marine-derived fungi. Investigation of chemical compounds from marine-derived fungi isolated from sponge has increased steadily, indicating the important role of marine-derived fungi in the discovery of drug compounds. The sponge has produced various kinds of fungi, which have reported to provide a variety of pharmacologically active metabolites and structurally diverse. Study literature showed that many fungal genera isolated from the marine sponge dominated the genus Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Phoma, and Fusarium. The high proportion of genera and new compounds showed that the fungi isolated from the sponge could develop.

Chemical precipitation of sulfur nanoparticles from aqueous solutions

Process of formation and coarsening of sulfur nanoparticles deposited from aqueous solutions of calcium and sodium polysulfides and sodium thiosulfate and from solutions of elementary sulfur in a mixture of hydrazine hydrate and monoethanolamine was considered. The sulfur nanoparticles were characterized with a laser analyzer of particle sizes, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron probe microscopy. It was shown that the sizes of primary particles strongly depend on the concentration of an acid and on the molar ratio between the sulfur-containing solutions and the acid. The antifungal effects of sulfur with nano- and micrometer dimensions were compared. The experimental results demonstrated a strong antifungal effect of sulfur nanoparticles on various kinds of fungi.

New Antifungal Antibiotics, Bacillopeptins and Fusaricidins

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

古紙から造った炭の物性ときのこ栽培への利用

This paper presents the changes of behavior and the characteristics of used paper carbonized at various temperatures up to 1, 000°C, and utilization of charcoal made from used paper, as a cultivation material for mushroom growing. The weight of the used paper decreased when heated, mainly in the temperature range from 250°C to 400°C. The used paper shrunk around the similar temperature. However, the temperature that shrinkage started was 20°C higher than the temperature that weight decrease started. The charcoal made from used paper had two types of pores, pores between fibers and pores in fibers. Pores between fibers were created at temperatures of less than 400°C, which was evident after the remarkable weight decreases had finished. Bulk density influenced the formation of the pore between fibers. Pore volume and pore diameter decreased with increased bulk density. Pleuroutus ostreatus was able to be cultivated on charcoal made from used paper. The occurrence of fruit bodies and the mycelial growth in the charcoal was greater in charcoal that had a low bulk density and high moisture content. Therefore, charcoal made from used paper is a good medium for cultivating various kinds of fungi.

New antifungal antibiotics, bacillopeptins and fusaricidins

We isolated four strains of bacteria producing antifungal antibiotics from the rhizosphere of garlic with basal rot caused by the plant pathogenic fungal strain Fusarium oxysporum. Among them, Bacillus subtilis FR-2 was found to produce new antifungal antibiotics, named bacillopeptins A, B, and C. Their structures have been determined by 1D and 2D NMR and MS experiments, and amino acid analysis coupled with chiral HPLC, to be cyclic lipopeptides each containing a long-chain beta-amino acid. Another bacterial strain, Bacillus polymyxa KT-8, was shown to produce new antifungal antibiotics named fusaricidins A, B, C, and D which are more potent than bacillopeptins in their antimicrobial activity. The structures of the fusaricidins have been elucidated similarly as bacillopeptins to be cyclic hexadepsipeptides all containing 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid as a side chain. Fusaricidins strongly inhibit the growth of various kinds of fungi and moreover surprisingly show strong inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Micrococcus luteus.

Fungal contamination of oil paintings in Japan

Japan's climate, with several months of high temperatures, and high humidity, is well suited to the growth of various kinds of fungi. They grow not only on food, wood, and textiles, but also on paintings. We have examined a variety of instances of deterioration caused by the growth of fungi on paintings and have isolated and identified more than a hundred of these fungi. Of these, the typical ones are Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium. Since 1982 we have studied a fungicide-containing varnish to test its ability to inhibit fungal growth. The varnish, made from synthetic resin containing Vinyzene, a fungicide, was sprayed on about 100 paint samples. Annual observations have confirmed that it has a fungicidal effect. This paper reports on the effect of the Vinyzene-containing varnish on paint and its utility as a fungicide.

Air-borne fungi in Barcelona City (Spain). I. A two-year study (1976-1978).

Quantitative and qualitative studies were made of the fungi of the air in Barcelona City. The genera Cladosporium and Alternaria formed two of the most important components of the fungus population studied during a two-year period running from January 1976 through January 1978. Penicillium species formed the 16.3% of the total colonies while Aspergillus species represented only the 2.8%. The occurrence of the genera was greatly affected by climatic conditions. An attempt was made to summariza the data of various kinds of fungi on a volumetric basis. Most of the fungi reported here have been identified as far as genera.

麥角菌に關する研究

(1) 麥角菌500餘株に就てそれらのSphacelia世代形態を吟味した。(2) 供試の全菌株ともKIRCHHOFFの提示したような發育状態をとり得るということを確認した。(3) KIRCHHOFFの提案に從うならば麥角菌の培養基上における發育状態は9種類の發育型に分けられるということ,及びこれらの發育型が生物學的に本質的なものとそうでないものとに分られるということを認めた。(4) Sphaceliaが培養基上で生物學的に本質的な發育を辿る限りはそれに菌株によつて明確な形態的特徴が見出されるということを認めた。(5) Sphaceliaの形態的特徴に基いて供試の500餘の菌株を5群16種類に類別した。この類別は分生胞子の大さの差異に基いて得られた類別(1)と菌株において全く一致している。 終りに臨み,終始御懇篤な卸指導と御鞭撻とを賜わつた武田二郎,三木孝造,桑田智の三博士に謝意を表する。また御懇篤な御指導を仰いだ朝比奈泰彦,中澤亮治の兩先生及び坂口謹一郎先生に厚く感謝する。

Damages to Rice Crops Caused by a Wind Storm, with Special Reference to a Typhoon that Visited Kansai District, Japan. Part I.Damages to Rice Crops Caused by a Wind Storm, with Special Reference to a Typhoon that Visited Kansai District, Japan. Part III. Effect of Silica on the Damage Caused by a Violent Wind on Rice Grains during their Development

It is interesting to note that investigations conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Aichi Prefecture in connection with the problem of the Effects of continuous manuring on soil fertility, the rice grains on plants supplied with compost suffered less damage from violent wind than plants fed with other kinds of fertilizers (Table 1, Fig. 1). This report deals with the factors that led to the reduction in damage in fields where compost fertilizing was in vogue, the results being briefly summarized as follows:- (1) It was observed that fungi were playng a more important role in the mechanism of such damage than frictional injuries to the grains. Sixteen species of saprophytes and parasites were isolated from the damaged grains. It is believed that wind damage is caused by friction of the wind and impact, associated with accelerated evaporation and dehydration. These are the primary mechanical injuries to the plant and grain, followed by invasions of various kinds of fungi, thus increasing the damage. (2) It was further observed that continuous application of compost helped tissue development and the mechanical building up of the rice plant body. In the epidermal tissue, compost fertilizing promoted the development of silicated cells (Fig. 3), thus almost doubling the analytical quantity of the silica content in the plant compared with those from fields in which compost fertilizing was not used (Table 2). Moreover, it was found that silica generally excites the various physiological activities of the rice plant. (3) Since many of the pathogenetic fungi on rice plant are of the cuticular infecting type, silicification of the epidermal tissues is especially advantageous as protection against fungal invasion. (4) It is thus concluded that rice plants supplied with silica (i. e. compost) suffer less from wind damage, owing not only to its physiologically healthy conditions of growth, but also because of its mechanically resistant construction against penetration and multiplication of infections fungi.