Various Intensities Of Physical Activity Research Articles

Effect of walkability on the physical activity of hemodialysis patients: a multicenter study

IntroductionPhysical activity is an important prognostic factor in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Walkability also affects physical activity. This study aimed to examine the effects of walkability on the physical activity of patients undergoing hemodialysis.MethodsThis multicenter study included 372 outpatients (69.1 ± 11.9 years, 229 males) undergoing hemodialysis at eight facilities in Japan. Patients were classified into two groups according to the walk score (WS) at home: WS ≥ 50 (walkable area group) and WS < 50 (car-dependent area group). The effects of WS on total physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and walking that was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were examined.ResultsIn the multivariate analysis, WS ≥ 50 was positively associated with walking (β = 0.129, p = 0.013) and negatively associated with MVPA (β = −0.102, p = 0.045). Subgroup analysis stratified by the age of 65 years showed similar results in both groups.ConclusionsWalkability is associated with various intensities of physical activity in Japanese patients undergoing hemodialysis. Exercise management should take into account the characteristics of physical activity, depending on the residential area.Trial registration: UMIN, UMIN000050089. Registered 2023/01/20, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000057060.

The effects of sports lessons on emotions in the primary school

Aim&#x0D; Investigate the effect of various intensities of physical activity (PA) on subsequent positive and negative emotions of fourth- to sixth-grade students.&#x0D; Background&#x0D; PA can positively affect children’s mood and emotions and this has previously been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which PA promotes mental health, including cognitive function and well-being (the psychosocial hypothesis, Lubans et al., 2016). In particular, moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) activity have been found to positively affect emotions in children and adolescents (e.g. Bourke et al., 2021; Dunton et al., 2014), with positive emotions more strongly affected by acute PA than negative ones (Bourke et al., 2021).&#x0D; Method&#x0D; Seventy-seven children in fourth to sixth grade from four primary schools in Oxfordshire (United Kingdom) took part in six physical education (PE) lessons. PE lessons varied in their targeted intensity (low, medium, and high) and complexity (each intensity once at low and once at high complexity). During the classroom lesson before and after each physical education lesson, participants reported their emotional state three times via an app on tablets, by rating eight emotions on a 5-point Likert scale.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Both positive and negative emotions during PE predicted emotions in the classroom after PE. Greater PE lesson enjoyment led to increased positive emotions during PE, and more positive emotions were reported in the classroom after PE when lessons were higher in MPA. VPA led to decreased positive emotions during PE. On the other hand, negative emotions at the end of PE or in the classroom after PE were not affected by moderate (MPA) or vigorous (VPA) PA during PE, or the participants’ enjoyment of the PE lesson. Light PA did not have any significant effect on negative or positive emotions during or after PE. PA intensity did not affect PE lesson enjoyment.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Negative emotions were not affected by any PA intensity. Positive emotions responded differently depending on PA intensity. Independent of intensity, PE lesson enjoyment strongly improved positive emotions.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A., &amp; Craike, M. (2021). A systematic review of the within-person association between physical activity and affect in children’s and adolescents’ daily lives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, Article 101825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101825&#x0D; Dunton, G. F., Huh, J., Leventhal, A. M., Riggs, N., Hedeker, D., Spruijt-Metz, D., &amp; Pentz, M. A. (2014). Momentary assessment of affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in children. Health Psychology, 33(3), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032640&#x0D; Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., &amp; Biddle, S. (2016). Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics, 138(3), 1642–1656. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1642

Energy Expenditure Estimation in Children, Adolescents and Adults by Using a Respiratory Magnetometer Plethysmography System and a Deep Learning Model.

Purpose: Energy expenditure is a key parameter in quantifying physical activity. Traditional methods are limited because they are expensive and cumbersome. Additional portable and cheaper devices are developed to estimate energy expenditure to overcome this problem. It is essential to verify the accuracy of these devices. This study aims to validate the accuracy of energy expenditure estimation by a respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system in children, adolescents and adults using a deep learning model. Methods: Twenty-three healthy subjects in three groups (nine adults (A), eight post-pubertal (PP) males and six pubertal (P) females) first sat or stood for six minutes and then performed a maximal graded test on a bicycle ergometer until exhaustion. We measured energy expenditure, oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 and maximal oxygen uptake. The respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system measured four chest and abdomen distances using magnetometers sensors. We trained the models to predict energy expenditure based on the temporal convolutional networks model. Results: The respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system provided accurate energy expenditure estimation in groups A (R2 = 0.98), PP (R2 = 0.98) and P (R2 = 0.97). The temporal convolutional networks model efficiently estimates energy expenditure under sitting, standing and high levels of exercise intensities. Conclusion: Our results proved the respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system’s effectiveness in estimating energy expenditure for different age populations across various intensities of physical activity.

Physical activity and sedentary behavior as multimorbidity discriminators among elderly Brazilians: a cross-sectional study.

Associations between behaviors and individual chronic diseases have been demonstrated. However, the relationship between time spent on sedentary behavior and multimorbidity remains less clear. To identify the predictive power of various intensities of physical activity versus sedentary behavior, as discriminatory factors for cardiometabolic multimorbidity (cardiovascular diseases and diabetes) in the elderly. Cross-sectional study in different residential census tracts and residential households in Florianópolis (SC). The participants were 425 elderly people (65% women) from the EpiFloripa Aging study in 2014. Sociodemographic variables and self-reported incidence of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes were obtained via a questionnaire. Light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB) were measured using accelerometers. The analyses were stratified according to sex and included a diagnosis for interpretation. Behaviors were taken into consideration if their predictive power in terms of area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was greater than 0.50. The time cutoff point was defined from sensitivity and specificity. For older adult men with diabetes, the predictive value of MVPA for absence of multi-morbidity was an area of 0.75 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.538-0.962), and a cutoff of 17 minutes per day. Older adult women with diabetes had an area of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.524-0.866) and a cutoff of 10 minutes per day. LPA and SB did not present predictive values. The time spent on MVPA is a predictor of absence of multimorbidity in elderly people with diabetes, for both sexes.

Content validity and test–retest reliability with principal component analysis of the translated Malay four-item version of Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire

PurposeThis study aimed to develop the construct validity for the Malay version of the Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire (PPAQ) by adapting the original questionnaire to suit the local context.Design/methodology/approachThe PPAQ was adopted and translated into the Malay language and modified to reach good content agreement among a panel of experts. A total of 65 participants aged 22–55 years old, fluent and literate in the Malay language were selected. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate construct validity. Reliability of this adapted instrument was analyzed according to types of variables.FindingsThe panel of experts reached a consensus that the final four items chosen in the adapted Malay version of PPAQ were valid and supported by a good content validity index (CVI). In total, two domains consonant with the operational domain definition were identified by PCA. Based on scores from intensity and duration of exercise, the study further divided the group into who were physically active and those who chose the unstructured physical activity. Relative reliability after a 14-day interval demonstrated moderate strength of agreement with an acceptable range of measurement error.Research limitations/implicationsPPAQ has been used worldwide but was less familiar in the local context. The Malay-four item PPAQ will provide the locally validated version of physical activity questionnaire. In addition, the authors have improved the original PPAQ by dividing the question items into two distinct domains which will effectively identify those who are physically active and those who are involved in unplanned exercise. Nevertheless, further research is recommended in bigger and heterogeneous samples along with a number of reliability tests.Practical implicationsTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to assess internal structure of the four-item version of PPAQ. This analysis successfully identified two components with eigenvalue more than one in the Malay four-item PPAQ. Based on this, the authors were able to separate pool of population into two groups, which are physically active and unplanned exercise (involved in unstructured exercise). The ability of the validated questionnaire to divide the population into various intensities of physical activity is a novel one, which may be useful in many public health studies where high intensity of physical activity; hence, greater energy expenditure is associated with increased longevity, better health benefit and improved cognitive function.Social implicationsIn addition, the second domain “unplanned exercise” was successfully grouped together. Implication of the unplanned exercise component is to identify pool of population with active lifestyle awareness and choose the unstructured exercise instead of vigorous and formal exercising. Even though the amount of intensity and duration of incidental exercise does not reach recommended public health recommendation, it has been proven that preferred healthier lifestyle is positively associated with better cognition in later life.Originality/valueThe adapted Malay version of PPAQ has sound psychometric properties and could assist in differentiating groups of population based on their physical activity.

Activity Tracker-Based Metrics as Digital Markers of Cardiometabolic Health in Working Adults: Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundGreater adoption of wearable devices with multiple sensors may enhance personalized health monitoring, facilitate early detection of some diseases, and further scale up population health screening. However, few studies have explored the utility of data from wearable fitness trackers in cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk prediction.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the associations between a range of activity metrics derived from a wearable consumer-grade fitness tracker and major modifiable biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease in a working-age population.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 83 working adults. Participants wore Fitbit Charge 2 for 21 consecutive days and went through a health assessment, including fasting blood tests. The following clinical biomarkers were collected: BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood glucose. We used a range of wearable-derived metrics based on steps, heart rate (HR), and energy expenditure, including measures of stability of circadian activity rhythms, sedentary time, and time spent at various intensities of physical activity. Spearman rank correlation was used for preliminary analysis. Multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounders was used to determine the extent to which each metric of activity was associated with continuous clinical biomarkers. In addition, pairwise multiple regression was used to investigate the significance and mutual dependence of activity metrics when two or more of them had significant association with the same outcome from the previous step of the analysis.ResultsThe participants were predominantly middle aged (mean age 44.3 years, SD 12), Chinese (62/83, 75%), and male (64/83, 77%). Blood biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease (HDL cholesterol and TGs) were significantly associated with steps-based activity metrics independent of age, gender, ethnicity, education, and shift work, whereas body composition biomarkers (BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio) were significantly associated with energy expenditure–based and HR-based metrics when adjusted for the same confounders. Steps-based interdaily stability of circadian activity rhythm was strongly associated with HDL (beta=5.4 per 10% change; 95% CI 1.8 to 9.0; P=.005) and TG (beta=−27.7 per 10% change; 95% CI −48.4 to −7.0; P=.01). Average daily steps were negatively associated with TG (beta=−6.8 per 1000 steps; 95% CI −13.0 to −0.6; P=.04). The difference between average HR and resting HR was significantly associated with BMI (beta=−.5; 95% CI −1.0 to −0.1; P=.01) and waist circumference (beta=−1.3; 95% CI −2.4 to −0.2; P=.03).ConclusionsWearable consumer-grade fitness trackers can provide acceptably accurate and meaningful information, which might be used in the risk prediction of cardiometabolic disease. Our results showed the beneficial effects of stable daily patterns of locomotor activity for cardiometabolic health. Study findings should be further replicated with larger population studies.

Moderate intensity physical activity associates with CSF biomarkers in a cohort at risk for Alzheimer's disease

IntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration, evidence of which may be detected in vivo via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling. Physical activity (PA) has emerged as a possible modifier of these AD-related pathological changes. Consequently, the aim of this study was to cross-sectionally examine the relationship between objectively measured PA and CSF levels of Aβ42 and tau in asymptomatic late-middle-aged adults at risk for AD. MethodsEighty-five cognitively healthy late-middle-aged adults (age = 64.31 years, 61.2% female) from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention participated in this study. They wore an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) for one week to record free-living PA, yielding measures of sedentariness and various intensities of PA (i.e., light, moderate, and vigorous). They also underwent lumbar puncture to collect CSF, from which Aβ42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau were immunoassayed. Regression analyses were used to examine the association between accelerometer measures and CSF biomarkers, adjusting for age, sex, and other relevant covariates. ResultsEngagement in moderate PA was associated with higher Aβ42 (P = .008), lower total tau/Aβ42 (P = .006), and lower phosphorylated tau/Aβ42 (P = .030). In contrast, neither light nor vigorous PA was associated with any of the biomarkers. Increased sedentariness was associated with reduced Aβ42 (P = .014). DiscussionsIn this cohort, moderate PA, but not light or vigorous, was associated with a favorable AD biomarker profile, while sedentariness was associated with greater Aβ burden. These findings suggest that a physically active lifestyle may play a protective role against the development of AD.

Associations between physical activity and health-related fitness: Differences across childhood

The purpose of this study is to evaluate associations between physical activity (PA) intensities to aspects of health-related physical fitness (HRPF) across childhood (4-11 years). A sample of 160 children, including 4-5 years (n=55), 7-8 years (n=60), and 10-11 years (n=45) old, participated in this study. Five day PA levels (light, moderate, and vigorous) were measured using accelerometry. HRPF was assessed using curl-ups (abdominal strength/endurance), pushups (upper body strength/endurance), PACER (cardiorespiratory fitness) and grip strength. Hierarchical and linear multiple regression analysis quantified associations between HRPF components and PA levels across childhood. After controlling for BMI and age, cardiorespiratory fitness accounted for 3% of variation in vigorous in PA in 4-11 year-old children and significantly predicted 23% of variance in vigorous PA in late childhood. No other statistically significant associations between any aspect of fitness and any PA intensities were noted across age groups. These results support other research suggesting cardiorespiratory fitness may be the only aspects of HRPF that is related to various intensities of PA (as assessed via accelerometry), across childhood. An important implication of this study is that physical education should provide an equal emphasis on developing PA habits and HRPF as both are independently associated with health in childhood.

MODERATE INTENSITY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CSF BIOMARKERS IN PRECLINICAL ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is characterized by the presence of amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Physical activity (PA) has emerged as a possible modifier of these pathological changes associated with AD. Consequently, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between objectively-measured PA and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ42 and tau in asymptomatic late-middle-aged adults at risk for AD. Fifty cognitively healthy late-middle-aged adults (age=63.17 years, 68.0% female) from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention participated in this study. They wore an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) for one week to record free-living PA. Accelerometer data yielded measures of sedentariness and various intensities of PA (i.e., light, moderate, and vigorous, determined according to well-established standards). Participants also underwent lumbar puncture for collection of CSF, from which Aβ42, total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) were immunoassayed. We additionally computed tau-to-Aβ42 ratios. Regression analyses were utilized to examine the association between sedentariness/PA and CSF biomarkers, while adjusting for age, sex, apolipoprotein ε4 status, and interval between CSF collection and accelerometer data. Sedentariness was significantly associated with reduced Aβ42 (p=.023) and increased p-tau/Aβ42 (p=.018). Furthermore, engagement in moderate-intensity PA was significantly associated with higher Aβ42 (p=.002), lower t-tau/Aβ42 (p=.001), and lower p-tau/Aβ42 (p=.002). In contrast, neither light- nor vigorous-intensity PA was significantly associated with any of the biomarkers. The relationship between moderate-intensity PA and CSF biomarkers persisted (p=.009 for Aβ42; p=.008 for t-tau/Aβ42; and p=.003 for p-tau/Aβ42) even after accounting for time spent in light- and vigorous-intensity PA categories. In this cohort of late-middle-aged adults at risk for AD, sedentariness was associated with greater AD pathophysiology, while moderate-intensity PA was associated with a favorable biomarker profile. These findings are consistent with previous studies that suggest a physically active lifestyle may play a protective role against the development of AD.

Response of Long-Term Memory to Molecular Changes of BDNF in Hippocampus in Various Intensities of Physical Activity

Objective: To analyze the physiological response of long-term memory (LTM) to the molecular changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus by the treatment of various intensities of physical activity. Methods: Subjects were 7–8 week old male Wistar rats weighed between 201–250 grams. This study was an experimental study with pre-(day-1) and post-(day-14) design. Molecular changes reflected by the changes in the expression of mRNA and protein of BDNF in the hippocampus. Treatment of physical activity on the subjects was running on the Animal Treadmill by grouping of the physical activity: light intensity at a speed of 10 m/min, moderate intensity at a speed of 20 m/min and heavy intensity at a speed of 30 m/min. The treatment’s duration was 30 minutes.Then, analysis of data on pre (day-1) and post (day-14) which were: LTM response based on travel time swimming test, the expression of mRNA (Ct) and protein (%) of BDNF in hippocampus based on RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results: The results showed that moderate intensity group caused the better physiological and molecular responses than the other groups, as follows: travel time (0.6260 vs 0.7270 vs 0.9400 vs. 1.4000 seconds (p<0.05)), mRNA BDNF expression (17.2320 vs 18.8800 vs 19.7540 vs 20.7750 Ct (p<0.05)), and hippocampal BDNF protein expression. Conclusions: The study conclude that the moderate intensity is the best physical activity to improve LTM as showed by the BDNF mRNA expression as well as BDNF protein in hippocampus. Keywords: Intensity, long-term memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, hippocampus DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v4n2.839

Martial Arts and Metabolic Diseases.

Different forms of martial arts are practiced worldwide, each with various intensities of physical activity. These disciplines are potentially an effective exercise therapy for metabolic diseases. Tai chi is the most well-studied style of martial arts and has shown evidence of its effect on metabolic diseases; however, little evidence is available regarding the association between other styles of martial arts and metabolic health. To summarize and evaluate the effects of martial arts on metabolic diseases, eligible articles were searched by using Pubmed. To date, systematic reviews provide no definite conclusion on the effectiveness of tai chi for treating metabolic diseases because of a small numbers of subjects, short durations of clinical trials, and some biases involved in testing. However, there are several clinical studies on subjects with metabolic diseases, which show that tai chi improves obesity, glycemic control, blood pressure control, and lipid profiles. Currently, some limited evidence suggests that other martial arts, such as kung fu and karate, may be beneficial for body composition, glycemic control, and arterial stiffness. To clarify the effectiveness of martial arts for treating metabolic diseases, well-designed prospective studies, preferably with a larger number of subjects and of longer duration, are warranted.

Impact of Physical Activity on Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance: A Study of Community-dwelling Diabetic Patients in Eastern China.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of various intensities of physical activity with glycemic control and insulin resistance in eastern China. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in eastern China. The subjects included 604 community-dwelling people. The participants were classified as insufficiently active (IA); sufficiently active (SA) and very active (VA) according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Related social, biological, lifestyle factors and clinical characteristics were recorded and used as potential confounders. Results The cohort of 604 type 2 diabetes patients were classified according to the activity level: 107 subjects who were classified as IA, 329 met the criteria for SA, and the rest were VA. The proportion of obese patients, smokers, patients with hypertension, and the body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c protein (HbA1c), and 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2hPG) were significantly lower in the SA and VA groups than in the IA group (p<0.05 or 0.01). The SA group had lower levels of fasting blood glucose (FPG) and HOMA-IR than the IA and VA groups (p<0.05 or 0.01). HOMA-IR was positively correlated with FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, waist circumference and BMI. HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with the total walking activity (p<0.05). After adjusting for FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, waist circumference and BMI among the groups, a partial correlation analysis showed a correlation between HOMA-IR and the total walking activity. Conclusion Physical activity is a significant factor regarding glycemic control and insulin sensitivity, although SA and walking may be superior to VA for ameliorating insulin sensitivity.

Health Promotion Through Primary Care: Enhancing Self-Management With Activity Prescription and mHealth

Background: It is well established in the literature that regular participation in physical activity is effective for chronic disease management and prevention. Remote monitoring technologies (ie, mHealth) hold promise for engaging patients in self-management of many chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of an mHealth study with tailored physical activity prescription targeting changes in various intensities of physical activity (eg, exercise, sedentary behavior, or both) for improving physiological and behavioral markers of lifestyle-related disease risk. Methods: Forty-five older adults (aged 55–75 years; mean age 63 ± 5 years) were randomly assigned to receive a personal activity program targeting changes to either daily exercise, sedentary behavior, or both. All participants received an mHealth technology kit including smartphone, blood pressure monitor, glucometer, and pedometer. Participants engaged in physical activity programming at home during the 12-week intervention period and submitted physical activity (steps/day), blood pressure (mm Hg), body weight (kg), and blood glucose (mmol/L) measures remotely using study-provided devices. Results: There were no differences between groups at baseline (P > 0.05). The intervention had a significant effect (F(10 488) = 2.947, P = 0.001, ηP2 = 0.057), with similar changes across all groups for physical activity, body weight, and blood pressure (P > 0.05). Changes in blood glucose were significantly different between groups, with groups prescribed high-intensity activity (ie, exercise) demonstrating greater reductions in blood glucose than the group prescribed changes to sedentary behavior alone (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Findings demonstrate the utility of pairing mHealth technologies with activity prescription for prevention of lifestyle-related chronic diseases among an at-risk group of older men and women. Results support the novel approach of prescribing changes to sedentary behaviors (alone, and in conjunction with exercise) to reduce risk of developing lifestyle-related chronic conditions.

Year-Round Effectiveness of Physical Activity Counseling on Subjective Well-Being: A Self-Determination Approach Among Flemish Sedentary Adults

This study evaluated the year-round effectiveness of need-supportive physical activity counseling on various dimensions of subjective well-being. Flemish adults who did not attain the recommended level of physical activity were assigned to an intervention (n = 92) or a control condition (n = 34). Participants of the intervention condition received a four-month physical activity coaching based on the Self-Determination Theory. The coaching was limited to five individual contact moments with a bachelor in kinesiology specializing in health-related physical activity counseling. Self-reports on various intensities of physical activity and physical and psychological well-being were completed before (i.e. pre-test), immediately after (i.e. post-test) and 1 year after (i.e. follow-up-test) the intervention. Repeated measurements ANOVAs showed significant time by condition interaction effects with respect to physical well-being. More specifically, physical well-being significantly increased in the intervention condition from pre- to post-test and from pre- to follow-up-test, whereas no changes occurred in the control condition. Bootstrapping mediation analyses revealed that the changes in physical well-being were mediated by changes in strenuous intensity physical activity. The findings demonstrate the year-round effectiveness of need-supportive physical activity counseling with a limited number of contact moments on (physical) well-being and suggest its potential as a public health initiative.

Different modalities of exercise to reduce visceral fat mass and cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome: the RESOLVE* randomized trial

Opinions differ over the exercise modalities that best limit cardiovascular risk (CVR) resulting from visceral obesity in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). As little is known about the combined effects of resistance and endurance training at high volumes under sound nutritional conditions, we aimed to analyze the impact of various intensities of physical activity on visceral fat and CVR in individuals with MetS. 100 participants, aged 50-70 years, underwent a diet restriction (protein intake 1.2g/kg/day) with a high exercise volume (15-20 h/week). They were randomized to three training groups: moderate-resistance-moderate-endurance (re), high-resistance-moderate-endurance (Re), or moderate-resistance-high-endurance (rE). A one-year at-home follow-up (M12) commenced with a three-week residential program (Day 0 to Day 21). We measured the change in visceral fat and body composition by DXA, MetS parameters, fitness, the Framingham score and carotid-intima-media-thickness. 78 participants completed the program. At D21, visceral fat loss was highest in Re (-18%, p<.0001) and higher in rE than re (-12% vs. -7%, p<.0001). Similarly, from M3, visceral fat decreased more in high-intensity-groups to reach a visceral fat loss of -21.5% (Re) and -21.1% (rE)>-13.0% (re) at M12 (p<.001). CVR, MetS parameters and fitness improved in all groups. Visceral fat loss correlated with changes in MetS parameters. Increased intensity in high volume training is efficient in improving visceral fat loss and carotid-intima-media-thickness, and is realistic in community dwelling, moderately obese individuals. High-intensity-resistance training induced a faster visceral fat loss, and thus the potential of resistance training should not be undervalued (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00917917).

Abstract P143: Vigorous Physical Activity and 3-year Changes in Weight and Other Cardiometabolic Parameters in Youth: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Few data exist describing the temporal association between the time spent within various intensities of physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic health outcomes in youth. Study Hypotheses: In contrast to light- or moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) Vigorous- intensity PA would be associated with a reduced risk incident overweight and high normal blood pressure and (2) time spent in vigorous-intensity but not moderate- or light-intensity PA would be associated with cardiometabolic risk factors two years following baseline measurements. Design and Methods: This was a 3-year prospective cohort study of objectively-measured PA (Actical) in 315 youth aged 9 to-17 yrs of age studied in 14 schools. The primary exposure variable was PA intensity. The main outcomes measures were incident overweght status and high normal blood pressure. Secondary outcomes included disproportionate weight gain (annual change in body mass index Z score), waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2 max) at the three year time point. Results: After three year follow-up, increasing time spent in any of the three PA intensities was not associated with incident overweight or incident high normal blood pressure. Compared to the lowest quartile, waist circumference [β = -0.04 95% CI = -0.07 to -0.01; p trend &lt;0.01) and SBP [β = -3.08 95% CI = -6.79 to 0.64; p trend = 0.05] were lower in boys while VO 2 max was significantly higher [43.3 (39.6-46.4) vs 50.2 (43.8-52.9) mL/kg/min; p trend &lt;0.01] in both boys and girls in the highest quartile of vigorous PA. These trends were not observed or reversed across quartiles of moderate- and light-intensity PA. Conclusions: Increasing time spent in vigorous-intensity PA at 12 years of age was associated with a more favorable cardiometabolic profile two years later. Similar trends were not evident for lower intensity PA. Experimental trials are needed to determine if these associations are causal in nature.

Combined effects of food and exercise on anaphylaxis

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIAn) is induced by different types and various intensities of physical activity, and is distinct from food allergies. It has been shown that consumption of allergenic food followed by exercise causes FDEIAn symptoms. Intake of allergenic food or medication before exercise is a major predisposing factor for FDEIAn. Urticaria and severe allergic reactions are general symptoms of FDEIAn. Dermatological tests and serum IgE assays are the typical prescreening methods, and have been used for several decades. However, these screening tests are not sufficient for detecting or preventing FDEIAn. It has been found that exercise may stimulate the release of mediators from IgE-dependent mast cells that can result in FDEIAn when a certain threshold level has been exceeded. Mast cell degradation might be a major factor to induce FDEIAn but this has not been determined. A number of foods have been reported to be involved in the onset of FDEIAn including wheat, eggs, chicken, shrimp, shellfish, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. It is also known that aspirin increases the occurrence of type I allergy symptoms when combined with specific foods. Moreover, high intensity and frequent exercise are more likely to provoke an attack than low intensity and less frequent exercise. In this paper, we present the current views of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying FDEIAn within the context of exercise immunology. We also present a detailed FDEIAn definition along with etiologic factors and medical treatment for cholinergic urticaria (UC) and exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA).

Validation of the Vivago Wrist-Worn accelerometer in the assessment of physical activity

BackgroundMost accelerometers are worn around the waist (hip or lower back) to assess habitual physical activity. Wrist-worn accelerometers may be an alternative to the waist-worn monitors and may improve compliance in studies with prolonged wear. The aim of this study was to validate the Vivago® Wrist-Worn Accelerometer at various intensities of physical activity (PA) in adults.MethodsTwenty-one healthy adults aged 20–34 years were recruited for the study. Accelerometer data and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured at sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous levels of PA.ResultsActivity categories and accelerometer counts were: sedentary, 0–15 counts·min−1; light, 16–40 counts·min−1; moderate, 41–85 counts·min−1; and vigorous activity, >; 85 counts·min−1. ANOVA repeated measures was used to determine the relationship between accelerometry data output and oxygen consumption (r = .89; p <; .001). The Bland and Altman method showed good agreement in the assessment of energy expenditure between the indirect calorimetry and the data obtained by the accelerometer.ConclusionsResults of the study suggest that the Vivago® wrist-worn accelerometer is a valid measure of PA at varying levels of intensity. The study has also defined threshold values at 4 intensities and hence te Vivago® accelerometer may be used to quantify PA in free living conditions among adults. This device has possible application in treating a variety of important health concerns.

A Catalog of Rules, Variables, and Definitions Applied to Accelerometer Data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2006

IntroductionThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) included accelerometry in the 2003–2006 data collection cycles. Researchers have used these data since their release in 2007, but the data have not been consistently treated, examined, or reported. The objective of this study was to aggregate data from studies using NHANES accelerometry data and to catalogue study decision rules, derived variables, and cut point definitions to facilitate a more uniform approach to these data.MethodsWe conducted a PubMed search of English-language articles published (or indicated as forthcoming) from January 2007 through December 2011. Our initial search yielded 74 articles, plus 1 article that was not indexed in PubMed. After excluding 21 articles, we extracted and tabulated details on 54 studies to permit comparison among studies.ResultsThe 54 articles represented various descriptive, methodological, and inferential analyses. Although some decision rules for treating data (eg, criteria for minimal wear-time) were consistently applied, cut point definitions used for accelerometer-derived variables (eg, time spent in various intensities of physical activity) were especially diverse.ConclusionUnique research questions may require equally unique analytical approaches; some inconsistency in approaches must be tolerated if scientific discovery is to be encouraged. This catalog provides a starting point for researchers to consider relevant and/or comparable accelerometer decision rules, derived variables, and cut point definitions for their own research questions.

The effect of various intensities of physical activity and chronic inflammation in men and women by diabetes status in a national sample

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been shown to be inversely associated with C-reactive protein (CRP); however, the association between light intensity physical activity (LPA), and CRP is unknown. Our findings suggest that focusing on increasing MVPA, relative to LPA, may have a greater impact on inflammation regardless of diabetes status.