Various Forms Of Sexual Harassment Research Articles

Representation of Forms of Sexual Harassment in Women Through Film in the Perspective of Muted Group Theory

Sexual harassment is a serious issue that takes many forms, such as exploitation, coercion, or sexual abuse without consent. This type of harassment is a form of gender injustice that can manifest in various forms of marginalization and subordination towards women. Women can feel restricted in their ability to express themselves freely due to the dominance of men in society. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of cases of sexual harassment of women in society. This has prompted film directors to address the issue in their works, such as the film Virgin the Series. This research aims to analyze the representation of sexual harassment towards women in this film, which is available on the Disney+Hotstar application, using the perspective of muted group theory. The theoretical framework used in this study includes the concept of representation by Stuart Hall, the concept of sexual abuse, adolescence, and women, as well as Roland Barthes's semiotic theory and the grand theory of silence (The Muted Group Theory). The researchers utilized a qualitative research method and applied Roland Barthes's semiotics approach to analyze the text and visuals in this film. The findings indicate that the film portrays various forms of sexual harassment toward women, such as physical, oral, non-verbal, gestural, visual, and psychological harassment. These depictions further strengthen the position of women as subordinates, as explained by the muted group theory

Sexual harassment in public transport among female university students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Background: Globally, women and girls are subjected to various forms of sexual harassment while using public transport daily.
 Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexual harassment and identify different forms and associated risk factors among female university students who use public transport in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study design using a questionnaire was employed to collect data. Data were collected from female first-year undergraduate students, who use public transport and are aged 18 years and above studying at the University of Dar es Salaam and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. 
 Results: The overall prevalence of sexual harassment on public transport was 88%. Study participants reported the highest levels of sexual harassment (91%). Verbal harassment was the most common form of sexual harassment (95%), and being called names such as baby, sweet, honey or love was reported by most students (78%). Factors associated with sexual harassment on public transport were: overcrowded vehicles (AOR=2.90, 95% CI: 0.09-4.50) and use of public transport as a form of transport (AOR=4.54, 95% CI: 0.40-8.90).
 Conclusion: The study findings highlight the need for the implementation of plausible interventions on the issue of sexual harassment through awareness campaigns and the implementation of modern surveillance and reporting systems in public spaces.

Sexual Harassment through Social Media Review from Electronic Transaction Information Law

<p><span lang="IN">The purpose of this study is to find out: first, the modus operandi of the perpetrator in committing sexual harassment on social media. Second, to find out the formulation of the offense in Article 27 paragraph (1) of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Transaction Information (ITE) reaching out to forms of sexual harassment on social media. The research uses normative research with a statutory approach. The results of the study conclude, First, there are at least 3 (three) modus operandi in general: a) by sending text or images with negative content to the victim; b) spamming or writing inappropriate comments in the victim's comment field or social media; c) by approaching the opposite sex who is the target (victim). Approaching the opposite sex who is being targeted is generally accompanied by threats or rewards. Second, in relation to Article 27 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law, it cannot reach various forms of sexual harassment through social media and prevent the birth of new forms of similar crimes through social media. This is because these provisions do not meet the elements of lex certa and lex scripta, namely that a law must contain elements of both actions, conditions and consequences. In addition, a law must be strict, firm, clear and not contain various interpretations</span></p>

Experiences of female journalists in Zimbabwean male-dominated newsrooms

Baseline surveys on the gender distribution in Zimbabwe’s media industry indicate a male dominance in newsrooms in general, as well as in media leadership positions. This gender disparity reflects the persistence of patriarchy and heteronormative beliefs in the Zimbabwean society, despite the country’s constitution upholding gender mainstreaming and principles of equality. However, thereis a dearth of systematic academic studies exploring the experiences, aspirations and attitudes of female journalists in these macho newsrooms. The article is theoretically guided by Raewyn Connell’s hegemonic masculinity theory. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively selected female Zimbabwean journalists to discuss their experiences and struggles in such environments. Findings indicate that gender remains an unresolved question in Zimbabwe. Due to alleged unprofessional conduct by some male journalists, Zimbabwean newsrooms resemble phallocentric and misogynistic “carnivals”. Women experience and battle against various forms of sexual harassment despite the presence of mechanisms to protect victims. Despite this violence, female journalists persevere and also find ways of speaking back to power.

Pelecehan Seksual Melalui Media Sosial Ditinjau Dari Pasal 27 Ayat (1) Undang-Undang Tentang Informasi Transaksi Elektronik

The purpose of this study is to identify: first, the modus operandi of the perpetrator in committing sexual harassment on social media. Second, the formulation of the offense in Article 27 paragraph (1) of Law Number 19 of 2016 on amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Transaction Information (ITE) that reaches out to forms of sexual harassment on social media. The research uses normative research with a statutory approach. The results of the study concluded that First, there are at least 3 (three) modus operandi in general: a) by sending text, or images with negative content to the victim; b) spamming or writing inappropriate comments in the victim's comment field or social media; c) by approaching the opposite sex who is the target (victim). Approaching the targeted opposite sex accompanied by threats or rewards. Second, in relation to Article 27 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law, it must not reach various forms of sexual harassment through social media and prevent the birth of new forms of similar crimes through social media. This is because the provisions do not meet the elements of lex certa and lex scripta, namely that a law must contain elements of both actions, circumstances and consequences. In addition, a law must be strict, firm, clear and not contain various interpretations.

Connecting survivors to therapeutic support and criminal justice through informal reporting options: an analysis of sexual violence reports made to a digital reporting tool in Australia

ABSTRACT This article analyses the content of 483 reports of sexual violence, including rape, sexual assault, child sexual abuse and various forms of sexual harassment, made to a digital reporting tool (DRT) developed by a rape crisis centre in Melbourne, Australia. These written digital reports were made in a confidential and informal capacity, with all de-identified reports distributed to relevant policing jurisdictions to support intelligence gathering. Based on an analysis of the de-identified reports, this article suggests the DRT functioned as an important gateway in connecting survivors with appropriate therapeutic support when disclosing sexual violence and had a demonstrable capacity to provide the police with information for intelligence gathering. There was also scope for survivors to make formal reports should they wish to do so. However, further research with police, sexual violence support services and survivors is needed to develop a full understanding of the potential of informal sexual violence reporting options.

Sexual Harassment in Workplace: A Literature Review

Sexual harassment in the workplace is one of the many difficulties that employees face. It negatively affects people of both genders, though prominently females. This study will work towards extending on existing studies by taking into consideration both the male and female employees and delve into understanding the affects sexual harassment in the workplace has on their mental health and working performance of those affected. In addition, the study aims to further our understanding of the various forms of sexual harassment that occur in the workplace, and to explore both the factors that may lead to its increased occurrence and measures that could help prevent it from occurring. For this purpose, a study of literature review will be carried out. The study will provide an understanding of how sexual harassment in workplace impacts both physical and mental health of employees, and preventive measures against it. Hence, it may help in attaining knowledge that may help develop the programs against workplace sexual harassment.It believe and hope that by increasing the knowledge in this field of study would contribute towards increased awareness and development of programs that could help against workplace related sexual harassment.

Uniting Against the Tides: Filipino ‘Shefarers’ Organising Against Sexual Harassment

In the Philippines, seafaring has been associated with men since the sixteenth century. However, in the 1990s, Filipino women started to enter this male-dominated world. But it has not been smooth sailing. Based on interviews with Filipino women seafarers, this article shows how they have experienced various forms of sexual harassment from their male colleagues and senior officers. Women seafarers who have been victims of sexual harassment have been unable to file complaints against their aggressor/s because of technical difficulties in pursuing a case, especially when the incidents happen on board international ships and the perpetrators are foreign nationals. This article discusses how a group of Filipino women seafarers have decided to organise to fight sexual harassment. With the setting up of a women’s committee of the male-dominated seafarers’ union, women ‘shefarers’ have started talking about verbal and physical sexual harassment in order to raise awareness of the problem.

“Newsrooms need the metoo movement.” Sexism and the press in Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria

ABSTRACT The metoo and timesup movements aim to raise awareness of several gender inequalities across many sectors in many countries. In newsrooms, issues include sexist attitudes, gendered norms, and various forms of sexual harassment and abuse. This survey focused on news personnel from Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria to identify ambivalent sexism, perceptions of newsroom equality, and personal experiences of sexual harassment. Nigerian participants had the highest levels of hostile (antipathy for women) and benevolent (belief in traditional gendered roles) sexism. Overall, men had higher levels of hostile sexism and perceived newsroom equality. Experienced newsroom sexual harassment was: 77.5% of women and 29.7% of men in Kenya, 57.5% of women and 11.4% of men in South Africa, and 38.1% of women and 10% of men in Nigeria.

Adolescents’ Perception of the Threat of Sexual Harassment: The Development of an Index

ABSTRACT In Egypt female adolescents are on a daily basis victims of various forms of sexual harassment as young females are unable to justify their feelings, thoughts and behaviors toward such violent and hostile activities. Therefore, this study develops an adolescents’ sexual harassment index (ASHI), which measures female adolescents’ perception of the threat of sexual harassment based on cultural, environmental and societal aspects. A total of 874 adolescents age 17–18 in Egypt participated in a survey consisting of 65 items of 7 variables: threat of SH, exposure, society awareness, child’s characteristics, social engagement, religiosity and the effect of the media. Using factor analysis with oblimn rotation, the analysis explained 42.38 percent of the variation in the study variables, leading to a four-factors solution: society awareness, interpersonal characteristics, personal engagement and sense of self and reality.

Prevalence of Sexual Harassments and Their Association with Psychological Distress among Pharma College Female Students, Southern, Ethiopia: 2018

Background: a number of studies conducted on sexual harassment focused on general magnitude rather than the specific details of the various forms of sexual harassment and their effect on psychological health. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the various forms of sexual harassment and their association with psychological distress among Pharma College female students. Methods and Materials: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among female students of Pharma College from 01/06/2018 to 30/08/2018G.C. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to recruit 385 students. A pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire was used. After collection the data was checked for completeness, cleaned, coded, entered and was analyzed using SPSS-21 version software. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, and standard deviations was used to describe findings. The presence of association between dependent and independent variables was assessed using Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Associations of independent variable with p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The prevalence rates of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments were 22.1%, 38.4% and 17.1%, respectively, while the prevalence rate of psychological distress among students who had experienced sexual harassment was 36.3%. The multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that students monthly income <500 were 2 times more likely to be physically [adjusted OR = 4.787, 95% CI = (2.127, 10.773)] and verbally [(adjusted OR = 4.151, 95% CI= (2.246, 7.671] harassed than those in monthly income 500-999. Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of various forms of sexual harassment were higher and strongly associated with psychological distress. Important implications for college officials and policy makers including creating harassment free institution have been drawn. Otherwise, female students tend to dropout and their academic achievements suffer a lot as a result of psychological distress; and the government’s effort for realizing the gender parity in education would be compromised. Keywords: Verbal sexual harassment, Nonverbal sexual harassment, Physical sexual harassment and Psychological distress. DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-7-05 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Prevalence of Sexual Harassments and Their Association with Psychological Distress Among Pharma College Female Students, Southern, Ethiopia; 2018

Background: a number of studies conducted on sexual harassment focused on general magnitude rather than the specific details of the various forms of sexual harassment and their effect on psychological health. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the various forms of sexual harassment and their association with psychological distress among Pharma College female students. Methods and Materials: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among female students of Pharma College from 01/06/2018 to 30/08/2018G.C. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to recruit 385 students. A pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire was used. After collection the data was checked for completeness, cleaned, coded, entered and was analyzed using SPSS-21 version software. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, and standard deviations was used to describe findings. The presence of association between dependent and independent variables was assessed using Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Associations of independent variable with p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The prevalence rates of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments were 22.1%, 38.4% and 17.1%, respectively, while the prevalence rate of psychological distress among students who had experienced sexual harassment was 36.3%. The multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that students monthly income <500 were 2 times more likely to be physically [adjusted OR = 4.787, 95% CI = (2.127, 10.773)] and verbally [(adjusted OR = 4.151, 95% CI= (2.246, 7.671] harassed than those in monthly income 500-999. Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of various forms of sexual harassment were higher and strongly associated with psychological distress. Important implications for college officials and policy makers including creating harassment free institution have been drawn. Otherwise, female students tend to dropout and their academic achievements suffer a lot as a result of psychological distress; and the government's effort for realizing the gender parity in education would be compromised. Funding Statement: The research is done as part of routine work and their is no funding to do research work. Declaration of Interests: Their is no competing interest of declaration for this research. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical clearance and approval for the study was obtained from HCHS research ethical review committee and an official letter of cooperation was written to the respective departments.

Sexual Harassment among University Students within University of Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya.

Sexual harassment (SH) has been defined asa non-consensual and unwelcome sexual behaviour that affects lives of the victims.Approximately 50% of all women in the United States at some time or other experiencesome type of sexual harassment, either in the workplace or in academic environments. SH has been identified as the most frequent form of “sexual victimization” and as a category of violence against women. SH has also been described as a form of social control exerted by men to “keep women in their place.” The Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) Beijing Declaration (UN documents, 2004) included SH in its category of “physical, sexual, and psychological” violence against women. This study which adopted a purposive descriptive research design involving 100 University of Eldoretstudents whose data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules revealed that about half of the interviewed students had experienced various forms of sexual harassment without their consent. The harassments included rude sexual jokes, showing/passing pornographic materials, indecent gestures, attitudes, behaviours, insults and touches resulting in discrimination against the victims by violating their rights physiologically, sexually and physically. Like many other institutions of Higher Learning, University of Eldoret has no policy guidelines to assist institution managers in handling sexual harassment issues. ABBREVIATIONS andACRONYMS UoE University of Eldoret SH Sexual Harassment EOCEducational Opportunity Centre AAUW American Association of University Women UGC Uasin Gishu County HOD Head of Department SG Secretary-General FWCW Fourth World Conference on Women

Prevalence of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments and their association with psychological distress among Jimma University female students: a cross-sectional study.

A number of studies conducted on sexual harassment focused on general magnitude rather than specific details of the various forms of sexual harassment and their effect on psychological health. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence rates of the various forms of sexual harassments and their associations with psychological distress among Jimma University female students. Three hundred and eighty five (385) female participants were selected from all colleges using stratified and systematic sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire consisting of items on the various forms of sexual harassment and psychological distress was administered. The prevalence rates of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments were 78.2%, 90.4% and 80.0%, respectively, while the prevalence rate of psychological distress among students who had experienced sexual harassment was 63.0%. The multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that students who were physically [adjusted OR = 3.950, 95% CI = (1.979, 7.884)] and nonverbally [(adjusted OR = 12.099, 95% CI= (5.190, 28.205] harassed were 4 and 12 times more likely to experience psychological distress, respectively, adjusted for all other variables. The prevalence of various forms of sexual harassment were higher and strongly associated with psychological distress. Important implications for University officials and policy makers including creating harassment free University have been drawn. Otherwise, female students tend to dropout and their academic achievements suffer a lot as a result of psychological distress; and the government's effort for realizing the gender parity in education would be compromised.

Equality between Men and Women: Challenges to Croatian Legislation

Reform of the Croatian legal system and the adjustment of its legislation to European Union (EU) law is one of the main conditions for the Republic of Croatia to be able to join the Union. This paper analyses the existing requirements for gender equality inside the EU, the current situation in the applicant countries and the existing problems and challenges for states that are only on the way towards European integration. In the Republic of Croatia gender equality is not guaranteed to a sufficient extent, which has resulted in negative public reactions from NGOs and organisations for the protection of human rights and the rights of women. In addition, individuals are exposed everyday to various forms of sexual harassment in the workplace, in schools, universities and public places. So far, except at the constitutional level, no kind of legal approach has been adopted to guarantee gender equality or freedom of sexual orientation, which is an obligation of Croatia according to international treaties and SAA.

Sexual Harassment at Work Place

Sexual harassment is not an epidemic, it is pandemic - an everyday, everywhere occurrence.Women through centuries have been perceived to be, and therefore are socially conditioned from an early age to be subordinate to men. Sexual harassment may take diverse and varied forms. Though sexual harassment has been a fact of life since humans first inhabited the earth, it has only recently been acknowledged to be a serious and a real problem particularly at the place of work. The practice of sexual harassment is century’s old- at least if we define sexual harassment as unwanted sexual relations imposed by superiors on sub-ordinates at work. This article discusses in detail the origin, various forms of sexual harassment, myths and realities attached to it, its impact on the victim and finally suggests remedies under various laws.

Power and Play: Gender and Sexuality Issues in Sport and Physical Activity

This exploration of gender and sexuality issues in sport identifies barriers to female participation that still remain despite the widely legislated equality of access to sport and physical activity. Various forms of sexual harassment, homophobia and abuse experienced by girls and women in sport and recreational contexts pose formidable barriers both to full female participation and to women's potential to develop and define sport in woman-centered terms.

The Power and Reasons behind Sexual Harassment: An Employer's Guide to Solutions

This article applies the models of achieved, ascribed and situational power to describe various forms of sexual harassment. Seven specific reasons for sexual harassment are discussed with specific proposals for effective employer responses to each type of harassment.