Various Conditions Of Storage Research Articles

Contents of cannabinoids in commercial hemp seed oil capsules in Korea

As the hemp-related products became available for health purposes, various products from different countries were imported into Korea. To regulate the products, Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) allows the products with a content of less than 10 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(△9-THC) and 20 mg/kg of cannabidiol (CBD) in hemp seed oils. In this study, the cannabinoids, △9-THC, CBD, CBN, CBG, and △8-THC were analyzed by LC-MS/MS in 25 hemp seed oil capsules to confirm the products meet the content criteria of △9-THC and CBD. Also, the difference in the ratio of cannabinoids contents between manufacturing countries were investigated. It was noted that the cannabinoid contents were varied by the procuring countries. The freshness of oils was tested in samples by the ratio of [CBN]/[△9-THC]. The result of this study will be utilized to monitor the stability of oils under various conditions of storage in the future. Twenty-five products of soft capsule-type hemp seed oil (1 domestic product and 24 foreign products) were purchased online. 1 g of hemp seed oil was taken from each 25 products, and then mixed with methanol. The mixture was extracted using QuEChERs and then injected into LC-MS/MS. Validations of accuracy, precision, recovery and carry-over were performed. △9-THC, CBD, CBN, CBG, and △8-THC were well resolved in this condition by LC-MS/MS. The validation results were satisfied with accuracy, precision, recovery, and carry-over. The contents of △9-THC in 25 samples ranged from 0.155 to 4.333 mg/kg, 0.089 to 15.141 mg/kg for CBD, 0.028 to 1.783 mg/kg for CBN, and 0.021 to 0.355 mg/kg for CBG. △8-THC was detected 0.443 mg/kg in only one sample. The ratios of [△9-THC] + [CBN]:[CBD] were investigated to see the difference of contents between producing countries and the result revealed big gap from 0.07 to 27.91 in 25 samples. The oils from the United States ( n = 6) showed the ratio of 8.13 to 27.9, Canada ( n = 9) 0.18 to 0.35, The Netherlands ( n = 2) 0.27 and 3.95, 3.95 to 15.65 from New Zealand ( n = 3), 0.07 and 0.27 from Germany ( n = 2), 0.21 from Italy ( n = 1), 0.24 from Finland ( n = 1), and 0.26 from South Korea ( n = 1). The ratio of [CBN]/[△9-THC] was performed to determine the freshness of oils. The range of 4 to 255 was observed in 25 samples indicating a significant difference between samples, but not producing countries. One sample which contained 0.443 mg/kg of △8-THC showed much higher CBN than any other samples. △9-THC, CBD, CBN, △8-THC and CBG were measured in 25 hemp seed oil capsules. All of them met the Korean standard of hemp seed oils for the contents of △9-THC and CBD. △8-THC was detected in only one sample. The ratio of [△9-THC] + [CBN]:[CBD revealed the differences of contents in producing countries showing higher ratio in oils from the USA than Canada. The determination of freshness indicated the importance of storage by the big difference of ratios regardless of producing countries. It was concluded that the stability study is needed to monitor the cannabinoids contents under various conditions.

Changes in the Grape Cane Stilbene Content under Various Conditions of Storage

Wine-making produces a variety of biological wastes, such as grape canes, leaves, stems, shoots, etc. These materials constitute attractive sources of biological substances, such as stilbenes (stil...

The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices

AbstractThe objective of the study was to identify suitable additives stabilizing standard solutions of ascorbic acid (AA) that would not cause interference in the analytical process with the use of voltammetry in the determination of the AA content in food products. In addition, the effect of various conditions of storage of selected fruit juices and drinks on the concentration of vitamin C was studied. The study demonstrated that AA degradation was inhibited the most effectively by tartaric acid and its optimum concentration was set to 200 mg L-1. Analysis of selected fruit juices stored in various temperature conditions confirmed that an elevation of temperature and extension of the time of storage caused a decrease in the content of vitamin C in the analyzed samples, while closing the packages caused a limitation of the changes in concentration of this vitamin. On the basis of literature data and of the results obtained in the present study it can be concluded that fruit juices should be stored at a temperature lower than room temperature to retain their nutritive value.

Stability and compatibility of recombinant adeno-associated virus under conditions commonly encountered in human gene therapy trials.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are rapidly becoming the first choice for human gene therapy studies, as clinical efficacy has been demonstrated in several human trials and proof-of-concept data have been demonstrated for correction of many others. When moving into human use under the auspices of an FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) application, it is necessary to demonstrate the stability of vector material under various conditions of storage, dilution, and administration when used in humans. Limited data are currently available in the literature regarding vector compatibility and stability, leading most IND sponsors to repeat all necessary studies. The current study addresses this issue with an rAAV vector (rAAV1-CB-chAATmyc) containing AAV2-inverted terminal repeat sequences packaged into an AAV1 capsid. Aliquots of vector were exposed to a variety of temperatures, diluents, container constituents, and other environmental conditions, and its functional biological activity (after these various treatments) was assessed by measuring transgene expression after intramuscular injection in mice. rAAV was found to be remarkably stable at temperatures ranging from 4°C to 55°C (with only partial loss of potency after 20 min at 70°C), at pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.5, after contact with mouse or human serum (with or without complement depletion) or with gadolinium and after contact with glass, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, and stainless steel. The only exposure resulting in near-total loss of vector activity (10,000-fold loss) was UV exposure for 10 min. The stability of rAAV1 preparations bodes well for future dissemination of this therapeutic modality.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ФЕНОЛЬНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ В ЛИСТЬЯХ ОЛЬХИ ЧЕРНОЙ ПОД ДЕЙСТВИЕМ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ

The quantitative content of ellagic acid and hyperoside in the leaves of Black alder under various conditions of storage were studied. Data about maintenance change of active components in powdered (2000 microns) and leaves of Black alder which were stored at interval of temperature from 20 to 60 °С and humidity of herbal substances from 9 to 25%. The samples were analyzed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results of this study indicate that herbal substances are stable at room temperature (20 °C) and low humidity for 36 months. Destructions hyperoside are amplified with increase in temperature of storage and humidity of herbal substances. The maintenance of ellagic acid increases in the first year of storage in several times, and then decreases. The chemical kinetic data of the changes in the content analytical markers used to quantify the markers may be useful for phytopharmaceutical industry to produce efficacious and stable the herbal substances and the medicinal preparations.

Crioscopic research yeast dough with herbal raw material

The production of frozen semifinished products made of dough is constantly increasing every year. Examinations of structural state and biological activity of water in dough and their changing under various conditions of storage and treatment play a great role in solving practical problems concerning the increase of the quality and safety of frozen semifinished products, as well as in creating conditions of healthy lifestyle.Based on this, the appropriateness of adding potato, put through various modes of preliminary preparation, to the formulation of frozen dough products for improving rheological properties of dough and extending the storage life of semifinished products was suggested and experimentally substantiated. The influence of the above mentioned techniques on basic thermophysical properties of yeastleavened dough was studied, namely the change of moisture crystallization and melting range in the investigated samples, chilled moisture content and dough behavior while freezing. Herewith, it was experimentally proved that excluding the proof phase of dough products before freezing allows minimizing all possible enzymatic, microbiological and oxidizing processes in dough.In addition, rationality and efficiency of using lowtemperature treatment of yeastleavened dough semifinished products for extending their storage life was scientifically grounded and proved.

Design and Evaluation of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) of Nimodipine

The ability of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) to improve solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble calcium channel blocker, nimodipine (NM) was evaluated in the present investigation. Solubility of NM in various oils, surfactants and cosurfactants was determined. The influence of the ratio of oil to surfactant + cosurfactant, pH of aqueous phase on mean globule size of resulting emulsions was studied by means of photon correlation spectroscopy. The NM loaded SEDDS selected for the in vitro and in vivo studies exhibited globule size less than 180 nm. In vitro dissolution studies indicated that NM loaded SEDDS could release complete amount of NM irrespective of the pH of the dissolution media. Pharmacokinetics of NM suspension, NM oily solution, NM micellar solution and NM SEDDS were evaluated and compared in rabbits. Relative bioavailability of NM in SEDDS was significantly higher than all the other formulations. NM loaded SEDDS were subjected to various conditions of storage as per ICH guidelines for 3 months. NM SEDDS successfully withstood the stability testing.

The influence of storage conditions on delta amino levulinic acid induced toxicity and phototoxicity in vitro

Delta amino levulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) represents one of the most prominent advances in PDT. ALA itself or its derivatives are marketed for a variety of clinical indications. Despite the development of clinical applications, experimental ALA results are very heterogeneous and experimentally used parameters are still not standardized. This suggests that some problems remain unsolved that are likely to impair experiments to be performed but also that clinical results obtained could be greatly improved. Frequently unmentioned or imprecise data concern solvents, pH of ALA solutions, storage time, ALA degradation or ALA efficacy. In addition, diversity of experimental model is huge while capabilities of ALA transformation into PpIX are known to vary from one cell to the other. Thus, the aim of the present paper was to quantify the level of ALA degradation or changes in ALA efficacy using one single cell line without presuming of the mechanisms and determine the conditions of storage inducing the best transformation into PpIX and/or cell phototoxicity. We added ALA diluted in water, PBS or RPMI to C6 cells, a murine brain tumour cell line that can be used in vivo as an orthotopic graft. We measured in cells used as tools for final bio efficacy estimation, both the induced fluorescence and phototoxicity in various conditions of storage before use chosen to be as close as possible to the real lab conditions. Water had been found to better preserve ALA than, respectively, PBS and RPMI and this for any temperature or storage durations. The lowest temperature and the shortest duration for storage used had also been shown to better preserve ALA-induced fluorescence and phototoxicity. The fact that these properties were found to be better preserved in 7.4 buffered solvent could be in relationship with a fast ALA condensation occurring at neutral or lightly acidic pH modifying its availability for an optimal transformation into PpIX.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COATING TREATMENTS ON THE QUALITY OF MANGO FRUIT

AbstractEight coating formulations were evaluated for beneficial effects on the shelf‐life of mangoes (cvs. Kent, Tommy Atkins, and Lirfa) harvested at different maturity stages. Four coatings were then selected for further study under various conditions of storage including ambient (19–22C and56–60% RH) and simulated commercial (12C and 80% RH) storage. The four coating formulations contained carnauba wax, shellac, zein, and/or cellulose derivatives. All coatings reduced the respiratory rate, the development of external and internal color, and all but carnauba wax retarded the loss of firmness. Changes in acids were also delayed in all coated mangoes. Based on these parameters, fruit maturation was estimated to have been delayed by a few days compared with uncoated fruit. Shellac and cellulose‐based coatings, however, caused elevated levels of ethanol, although this did not lead to significant flavor differences from the control (uncoated fruit) in sensory tests. Only the carnauba wax coating was an effective water loss barrier under conditions of high RH.

Advances in cooled semen technology

In the horse industry, milk or milk-based extenders are used routinely for dilution and storage of semen cooled to 4–8 °C. Although artificial insemination (AI) with chilled and transported semen has been in use for several years, pregnancy rates are still low and variable related to variable semen quality of stallions. Over the years, a variety of extenders have been proposed for cooling, storage and transport of stallion semen. Fractionation of milk by microfiltration, ultrafiltration, diafiltration and freeze-drying techniques has allowed preparation of purified milk fractions in order to test them on stallion sperm survival. Finally, a high protective fraction, native phosphocaseinate (NPPC), was identified. A new extender, INRA96, based on modified Hanks’ salts, supplemented with NPPC was then developed for use with cooled/stored semen. Four experiments were conducted to compare INRA96 and milk-based extenders under various conditions of storage. The diluted semen was maintained under aerobic conditions when stored at 15 °C, and anaerobic conditions when stored at 4 °C. In experiment 1, split ejaculates from 13 stallions were diluted either in INRA96 extender then stored at 15 °C or diluted in Kenney or INRA82 extenders and then stored at 4 °C for 24 h, until insemination. In experiment 2, semen from two stallions was extended in INRA96 then inseminated immediately or stored at 15 °C for 3 days until insemination. In experiment 3, semen from three stallions was diluted in INRA96 then stored at 15 or 4 °C for 24 h until insemination, finally, in experiment 4, split ejaculates from four stallions were diluted in INRA96 or E– Z Mixin extenders then stored at 4 °C for 24 h until insemination. Experiment 1 demonstrated that at 15 °C, INRA96 extender significantly improved pregnancy rate per cycle compared to Kenney or INRA82 extenders at 4 °C after 24 h of storage (57%, n=178 versus 40%, n=171, respectively; P<0.01). Experiment 2 showed that semen stored at 15 °C for 3 days can achieve pregnancy at a fertility rate per cycle of 48% ( n=52) compared to 68% ( n=50, immediate insemination, P=0.06). Experiment 3 demonstrated that INRA96 extender can be as efficient at 15 °C (54%, n=37) as at 4 °C (54%, n=35) after 24 h of storage. Finally, experiment 4 showed that INRA96 extender used at 4 °C (59%, n=39) seems to improve fertility per cycle compared to E– Z Mixin at 4 °C (49%, n=39, P=0.25), but this result has to be confirmed. These results demonstrate that semen diluted in INRA96 extender and stored at 15 °C can be an alternative to semen diluted in milk-based extenders and stored at 4 °C for “poor cooler” stallions. Furthermore, INRA96 extender can be as efficient at 15 °C as at 4 °C, for preserving sperm motility and fertility.

Stability of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII in canine cryoprecipitate under various conditions of storage

The stability of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen in canine cryoprecipitate obtained from seven greyhound donors was determined after storage under various conditions, including twice freezing at −70°C and thawing at 37°C, slow thawing at 4°C, refreezing the slowly thawed cryoprecipitate at −20°C and thawing at 37°C and maintaining the thawed cryoprecipitate at room temperature for 24 hours. The results indicated that factor VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen were effectively concentrated during the initial cryoprecipitation procedure. The cryoprecipitate which had been thawed and refrozen under the above conditions maintained factor VIII activities and concentrations of von Willebrand factor antigen similar to those in the original thawed cryoprecipitate. Furthermore, there was no significant loss of either of the coagulation factors in cryoprecipitate which was thawed in a warm water bath and stored for 24 hours at room temperature.

Stability of n−3 fatty acids in human fat tissue aspirates during storage

The content of n-3 (omega 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat tissue is an indicator of their long-term consumption. Therefore, a method for determining n-3 fatty acids in human fat tissue microbiopsies was validated and the stability of n-3 fatty acids in biopsies was checked under various conditions of storage. Methyl esters were prepared from 25 to 35 mg adipose tissue and separated by capillary gas chromatography. Recovery of added eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was 98-105%. The change after storage of fat samples at room temperature or at 4, -20, or -80 degrees C for 3 mo averaged +3.3% for EPA and +2.1% for DHA, with no effect of temperature. Storage at +20 or -80 degrees C for 7 mo yielded no perceptible change in EPA, DHA, or five other n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EPA and DHA concentrations in adipose tissue aspirates are remarkably stable and deserve attention as biomarkers in epidemiological studies.

Water-based epoxy materials: properties of curing agents and film-forming properties

The structural changes of polyamino-amide and polyamino-imidazoline, used as curing agents for water-based epoxy materials (WBEM), have been examined under various conditions of storage. Additionally, epoxy emulsion stabilization and film-forming in WBEM needed special research to set the limits of material utility. Infrared analysis, potentiometric titration and viscometric data obtained for some curing agents for WBEM, commercial polyamino-amide and the derived polyamino-imidazoline compounds, prove that during prolonged storage (from 1 to 140 days) these products can hydrolyse to yield free amines and carboxyl groups. The reaction mechanisms are suggested. The results include considerations for further development of epoxy compositions and a study of film-forming properties.

Stability of pilocarpine hydrochloride and pilocarpine nitrate ophthalmic solutions submitted by U.S. hospitals

The stability of pilocarpine hydrochloride and pilocarpine nitrate ophthalmic solutions stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary drug stability program, FDA selected 252 samples (representing 11 manufacturers) from pharmacies representing an adequate cross section of the country. The samples were analyzed for strength, identification, pH, and isopilocarpine and pilocarpic acid impurities. All samples of pilocarpine nitrate met USP requirements. Eight samples of pilocarpine hydrochloride had tablets that exceeded the USP upper limit for strength. All of these samples were in 1- and 2-mL bottles. The amount of isopilocarpine found ranged from 1 to 6.4%, and the amount of pilocarpic acid from 1.5 to 10.1%. Although pilocarpine salts in ophthalmic solution decompose into isopilocarpine and pilocarpic acid under various conditions of storage, an amount of pilocarpine is maintained that is within the compendial limits. However, there is a problem of evaporation from some of the 1- and 2-mL containers in which this product is supplied.

On the stability of salivary progesterone under various conditions of storage

The concentrations of progesterone in saliva of women exhibited significant decreases when the fluid was stored in plastic vials for 3 days at room temperature or 37 C. The addition of antibiotics or a variety of metabolic poisons to the saliva prior to storage did not prevent the progesterone decrement. However, the addition of albumin (2 g/dl) was protective, suggesting that the protein impeded adsorption of salivary progesterone by the plastic container. Saliva could be maintained at 37 C for 3 days in glass vials or at −20 C in plastic containers for indefinite periods without loss of progesterone titers. These data indicate that a patient under luteal function assessment may collect saliva samples in glass vials at regular intervals during the latter half of her cycle and store them in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator until shipment by mail to the laboratory for progesterone assay. With special care, plastic vials charged with albumin may also be used.

The effects of storage conditions on the stability of carbon monoxide in postmortem blood.

The stability of carbon monoxide (CO) in blood was studied under various conditions of storage using both spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) methods of analysis. Changes (losses) in percent carbon monoxide saturation occurred under some conditions but not under others. Various mechanisms for CO losses are considered and one (passive diffusion of CO gas) best explains these observations. Losses of up to 60% of the original saturation occurred when blood was kept in uncapped containers at room temperature for 2 1/2 weeks or at 4 degrees C for 3 weeks. However, no changes occurred when blood was kept in tightly sealed containers for at least 4 months at either temperature.

Hypothermic Storage and Cryopreservation of Cartilage

Osteochondral autografts of femoral condyles in dogs were frozen at different cooling velocities after exposure to either glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide to determine the freezing regimen best suited for preservation of intact cartilage. Autografts were also subjected to hypothermic storage in tissue culture media for ascertainment of how long they can be stored under these conditions. Autografts maintained in vitro under various conditions of storage were examined after transplantation. Autografts were chosen for this portion of the investigation in order to study the effects of storage uncomplicated by immunologic interactions. No differences were found between the cryoprotective actions of glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide. The freezing rate that produced the least damage in the cartilage was 2 degrees/min. Cartilage survived ten days of hypothermic storage in tissue culture medium. Allografts frozen by the standard method of glycerolization and cooling at 1 degree/min were also studied. These showed eventual loss of chondrocytes and conversion of hyaline cartilage to fibrocartilage.

Stabilities of some constituents of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) plasma under various conditions of storage.

The stability of various marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) plasma constituents was investigated after storage at room temperature, 4 degrees C, and -20 degrees C. The method of sequential analysis ensured that the between-run bias of the methods of analysis used was drastically reduced, and the definitions of stability were linked to the imprecision of these methods. Optimal conditions for storage for as long as 48 h depended on the analyte being measured. Room temperature was optimal for cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase; 4 degrees C for protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase; and -20 degrees C for glutathione reductase and alkaline phosphatase. For aspartate amino-transferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, either 4 degrees C or -20 degrees C would be suitable. Reasons are advanced for some conflicting reports in the published work, and we emphasize the need to investigate each analyte and species separately.

Retention of fluorescent antigenicity of virus-infected cells on spotslides under various conditions of storage

Ten well, epoxy-coated spotslides containing arbo- and arenavirus-infected cells were tested as determined by fluorescent methods for the retention of antigenicity after storage in a nitrogen atmosphere at various temperatures and times. In most cases antigen stability was maintained at −70 or −20°C for periods exceeding 1–3 years. Antigen deterioration was greatest at ambient temperature, and less so at 4° C.

Preservation of inorganic arsenic species at microgram levels in water samples

A preservation study was carried out to determine the stability of inorganic species of arsenic as arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) in distilled and natural waters for a duration of 125 d. Various conditions of storage, such as pH, level of arsenic, type of container material and size of container, were studied. It was found that arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) are satisfactorily preserved for this time in both distilled and natural water samples at 1 and 10 µg l–1 levels at room temperature if they are stored in polyethylene or Pyrex bottles with 0.2%V/V sulphuric acid.