Various Concentrations Of Ethanol Extract Research Articles

The effect of ethanol extract of <i>Cosmos caudatus</i> leaves on the percentage of the cell cycle in <i>Candida albicans</i> culture

Candidiasis is a common fungal gynecological disease among humans. The use of antifungal agents, such as Fluconazole, has been reported to increase resistance to candidiasis by 7%. This study aimed to investigate the effect of antifungal flavonoids from Cosmos caudatus leaf extract on the cell cycle percentage in C. albicans culture. This research employed a true experimental post-test only with a control group design. The C. albicans isolate was obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory under the code C. albicans SV-1148. The isolates were cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB). The sample group was divided into a negative control group, a positive control group with fluconazole (60 µg/ml), and a treatment group with various concentrations of ethanol extract from Kenikir leaves (C. caudatus Kunth.) - 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and combinations (20% ethanol extract from Kenikirleaves + 30 µg/ml Fluconazole). This study revealed a reduction in the percentage of cell cycles in the S phase (DNA synthesis) in the treatment group receiving ethanol extract from Kenikir leaves (C. caudatus Kunth.) and the combination treatment group compared to the negative control group. The study suggests that this decrease in the percentage of cell cycles results from DNA damage caused by the presence of flavonoids in Kenikir leaves (C. caudatus Kunth.). Kenikirleaves (C. caudatus Kunth.) have the potential to decrease the percentage of S-phase cell cycles (DNA synthesis) in the culture of C. albicans. This research demonstrates that Kenikir leaves (C. caudatus Kunth.) contain natural flavonoids with antifungal properties and have the potential to be used as an alternative medicine for candidiasis in humans. It is hoped that incorporating Kenikir as a food ingredient can serve as an alternative prevention and treatment approach for candidiasis.

Uji aktivitas antioksidan dan sitotoksik ekstrak daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas)

Background: antioxidants play an important role in preventing cell damage and generating inhibition of signalling pathways of cancer, aging and various diseases. Several extracts, oils, and herbal formulations were shown to be important Antioxidant agents for preventing cell damage. Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas) leaves. were a common natural Antioxidant phytochemical screening of Jatropha leaves that contained flavonoids, where flavonoids acted as antioxidants.Objectives: this study aims to determine the Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves using the DPPH and shrimp larvae method, respectively.Methods: the design in this study was quasi-experimental, using various concentrations of ethanol extract and vitamin C (comparison control) in inhibiting free radicals and each Concentration was repeated three repetitions. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Chemistry FMIPA Palangka Raya University and Chemistry Education FKIP Halu Oleo University in 2022. The ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves weighing 60 grams was extracted using the Soxhletion method to obtain 1.667 grams of thick ethanol extract. Phytochemical characterization was further conducted by tube method, Antioxidant tests by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and cytotoxic test assessed by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The data analysis used the One Way Anova statistical test and continued with post hoc Tamhane at 95% Cl.Results: the results showed that Jatropha curcas L. leaves contained several secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, polyphenols and tannins. Furthermore, the Antioxidant activity test of ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas L leaves and control (vitamin C) provided IC50 of 32.83 ± 0.09 (μg/mL) and 8.78 ± 0.21 (μg/mL), respectively. Another finding found that ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves contained active compounds that were toxic to shrimp larvae with LC50 of 427 ppm. Based on the One Way Anova test, each Concentration had a significant difference in the percentage of radical scavenging (p= 0,05). The Concentration of 160 ppm is the most effective in radical scavenging.Conclusion: we concluded that the ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves showed strong Antioxidant activity and potential as an anticancer agent

Ethanol extract of soursop leaves inhibits acid production and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dental caries and dental plaque are the most popular global oral health problems. The primary step of dental caries is characterized by damage of tooth surfaces affected by acids which are by-products of sugar metabolism by a cariogenic bacteria. One of the cariogenic bacteria is Streptococcus mutans. Annona muricata is traditionally applied as an herbal remedy for various illnesses and has been recognized in a previous study as an antimicrobial agent. The aim of this study was to investigate acid production and adhesion of ethanol extract of Soursop on Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Soursop leaf extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. The extracts obtained were tested at various concentrations. To examine the effect of ethanol extract of Soursop on acid production by S. mutans, the pH of the culture was determined using a pH meter. Inhibition of adhesion of S. mutans to the saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) discs was quantified using colony counting on TYS20B agar plates. Results: The pH of S. mutans cultures in the presence of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf at various concentrations was higher than negative control, but there were no differences in pH value between the various concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf. Adhesion of S. mutans to S-HA discs was inhibited by various concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf. Adhesion decreased with increasing concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf, but there was not significant difference in colony count between the various concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf. Conclusions: Ethanol extract of Soursop leaf attenuates the acid production and adhesion of S. mutans to hydroxyapatite discs. Keywords: Soursop (Annona muricata); Streptococcus mutans; acid production; adhesion

The Effect of Various Concentrations of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Paederia foetida L. on the Growth of Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Bacterial infection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the cause of gastrointestinal disorders in humans has increased their prevalence. Treatment using natural ingredients can be a choice of therapy because of the minimal side effects. One of the rare plants believed by the community as an antibacterial is stinking vin’e known as the ‘leaf fart’. The purpose of this research is for knowing the activity of the ethanol extract of Paederia foetida L can affect the growth of E.coli. The serial diffusion disc method is being used as the antibacterial activity test. The concentration of this extract are 10%, 20%, 40%, 80%, 100% with positive control (ciprofloxacin) and negative control (aqua dest). The inhibition zone diameter characterized the effect of Extract on bacterial growth were 6.16 mm of the concentration 10%, 6.667 mm of the concentration 20%, 7.10 mm of the concentration 40 %, 7.78 mm of the concentration 80%, and 10.03 mm of the concentration 100%. As for the negative control has no effect. The study stated that the higher concentration of antibacterial agent used, the greater the inhibition zone formed. Based on the result of the analysis of the data by using the One-Way ANOVA Test showed a probability value (p) = 0.000 or value (p) < 0.05, that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The conclusion is that the Extract of stinking vin’e has an antibacterial effect on the growth of E.coli.
 Keywords: Antibacterial, E.coli, Extract of Sembukan leaf

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tapak Kuda (Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis

This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Tapak Kuda (Ipomoea pes-caprae) against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The method used was Kirby-Bauer for the antibacterial test with various concentrations of ethanolic extract of I. pes-caprae leaf extract: 5 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 35 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL, with five replications. The antibiotic clindamycin was used as a positive control, while DMSO was a negative control. The results showed that after 24 hours of incubation, the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth was demonstrated by the experimental and the positive control groups, while the negative control did not show the zone of inhibition. The diameter of the largest inhibition zone (11.40 mm) was at a 50 mg/mL test concentration, which was indicated as a strong category. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of the leaves of I. pes-caprae can inhibit the growth of S. epidermidis at all test concentrations.
 Keywords: Antibacterial, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Staphylococcus epidermidis

Ethanol Extract Emulgel 96% Brokatul Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) as Antioxidant

Bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, and gamma oryzanol are contained in rice bran, which is a byproduct of the rice milling process. Gamma oryzanol in bran has high antioxidant activity, hence it can ward off free radicals. Previous studies have shown this antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 0.591. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of various concentrations of ethanol extract of 96% brown rice bran in an emulgel preparation. The brown rice bran was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Furthermore, it was made in an emulgel preparation with 3 variations in concentration, namely 0.591 (F2); 1 (F3); 1.5 (F4). Determination of antioxidant activity was carried out by the DPPH method and compared with emulgel without extract (F1). The results obtained showed that the F4 extract 1.5% had better activity than the other preparations with an value of 108.3224 µg/mL and AAI 1.4561. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 96% ethanol extract emulgel preparation of brown rice bran has moderate antioxidant activity and its AAI value range falls into the range of strong antioxidant activity.

Radical Scavenging Activity and Quercetin Content of Muntingia calabura L. Leaves Extracted by Various Ethanol Concentration

Muntingia calabura is broadly cultivated and has become a common roadside tree in Indonesia that is known as "Kersen," or cherry. The current study aimed to determine the activities of the phytochemical constituent (i.e., phenolic and flavonoid total contents) with various concentrations of ethanolic extract of M. calabura leaves (EEMC) to determine the best one and the in vitro antioxidant activities and quercetin content using TLC Densitometry. The extraction was carried out by maceration with various concentrations of ethanol (96% v/v; 70% v/v and 50% v/v) to obtain the ethanolic extract of Muntingia calabura, L leaves. The determination of Quercetin was conducted by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) densitometry, and the total phenolic was analyzed with reagent Folin-Ciocalteu while the flavonoid content we identified by applying the colorimetric method. The antioxidant capacity was measured using the radical scavenging assay of 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The phytochemical study showed that phenolics, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids were present in all EEMC. The extract obtained by 96% ethanol showed the highest total antioxidant activity, reducing power and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. The same extract also exhibited the highest flavonoid content. However, the extract obtained by 70% ethanol showed the phenolic content, and the highest quercetin content was obtained by using 50% ethanol. The result from the EEMC analysis indicated that Muntingia calabura leaf extract contains essential bioactive compounds and shows potential as a source of antioxidants in M. calabura which uses 96% ethanol solvent and has the highest quercetin content in M calabura using 50% ethanol solvent.

Effects of Ethanol Extract of Bridelia ferruginea (W.) on the Haematological and Histopathological Parameters in Swiss Albino Rats Infected with Salmonella typhi

Aims: To study the effects of ethanol stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea on the hematological and histopathological parameters in Swiss albino rats infected with Salmonella typhi. 
 Study Design: Experimental design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Between January, 2018 and June, 2018.
 Methodology: Fresh stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea was collected, dried, powered, and extracted using 70% ethanol. Twenty – seven rats of the same age between 90 -120 g in weight were selected and divided into 9 groups containing three each. The infectivity dose (ID) was determined with the clinical S. typhi. The dose of the B. ferruginea stem bark extract (50-5000 mg/kg) used in this study was administered orally for 7 days. At the end of the treatment period, the rats fasted overnight. Then blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for haematological studies and thereafter sacrificed. Organs (liver and kidney) were excised for relative organ weight analysis and histopathological studies.
 Results: The infectious dose (ID) of S. typhi on experimental rats in this study was 3.2x106cfu/ml. The weights of liver and kidney in all groups under observation slightly increases (treated with ciprofloxacin and ethanol extract) when compared to the control(uninfected) except for the infected/treated where the weight was significantly reduced. However, The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Haemoglobin (Hb) of rats treated with a higher dose of the ethanol (5000mg/ml) extract increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared to the control(uninfected) while the infected but not treated reduced significantly(p<0.05) when compared with the uninfected, infected and treated with Ciprofloxacin and extract groups. The infected and untreated group has the highest reduction in red blood cell counts(RBC) with 3.40 g/l respectively which were significantly different at p when compared to other treatment groups while a non-significant decrease was observed in the Red Blood Cell (RBC) of rats administered with various concentrations of ethanol extract and ciprofloxacin after treatment. White Blood Cells (WBC) of rats given the extract significantly reduced when compared with the control (un-infected) group while there was no significant difference in the lymphocyte count of rat administered the extract of B. ferruginea and ciprofloxacin. Neutrophils of rats in all groups significantly increased (p<0.05). However, the monocyte and eosinophil level were not significantly different from the control. There was dilation of sinusoids depletion separating the hepatic cord in place lined by kupffer cells and not necrosis with possible deposition of immunological materials observed in the liver of rats infected/treated with the extract at various concentrations. Similarly, there were loss of bowman capsule, severe karyolysis and several tubular drainages with possible deposition of immunological materials in the glomeruli basement of the kidney after treatment with the extract of B. ferruginea. 
 Conclusion: The stem bark ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea can be found relatively safe. However, excessive use might be toxic to the to the kidney and the liver.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ROSEMARY LEAF (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) AGAINST Candida albicans

Background: This study was a preliminary study aimed to investigating the in vitro activity of rosmarinic acid contained on Rosemary leaves (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) on the Candida albicans. Rosmarinic acid can be an inhibitor of the RTPase enzyme in the fungus Candida albicans. Objective: This study is expected to provide information in the development of science about the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Rosemary leave (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) againsts C.albicans. The recent research was an laboratory experimental. Experiments on an ethanol extract of Rosemary leaves (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) and post-test design of the control group. Methods: The extraction method used in this study was a multilevel extraction method. The antifungal activity testing method uses discs and MIC methods. Replication was done six times at two concentration namely, 80% (b/v) and 100% for each measurement. Results: The data analysis was carried out using SPSS with 95% of confidence level with the Kruskal Wallis analysis then completed with the Mann Whitney U test. The results of the MIC experiment showed all the various concentrations of ethanol extract performed Candida albicans growth on the surface of the media. Extract with 80% (b/v) concentration showed greater antifungal activity. Furthermore the MIC was shown by 80% (b/v) concentration of the ethanol extract of Rosemary leaves against Candida albicans. The test results of the antifungal activity of the Rosemary leaf ethanol extract showed the presence of inhibitory diameter in the ethanol extract of the Rosemary leaf concentration of 80% (b/v) with a mean ± SD of 10.6 ± 0.57735 and RSD of 5.774%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has an inhibitory effect on the fungus Candida albicans at a concentration of 80% (b / v)
 Keywords: Antifungal activity, Candida albicans, Rosemary, RTPase, ethanol extract

Anti‐adipogenic Activity of Terminalia pallida

Obesity rates are rising globally, with 1.5 billion overweight and 500 million obese worldwide. According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, almost 2/3rds of the United States population is either overweight or obese. Growing obesity rates in children and adolescents makes the obesity pandemic more alarming and solutions more critical. Further, non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic Americans are more prone to this disease/condition, making it also a health disparity. Obesity increases the risk for insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer (4). Only limited obesity management options are available, including behavioral interventions, lifestyle modification and invasive surgeries.New drug development remain the cornerstone of anti‐obesity research due to the limited availability of drug treatments. Further, due to reduced costs, fewer side effects and cultural significance, many are opting for complementary treatments. Terminalia pallida (TP) is one such plant that is been used ethno‐botanically to treat metabolic diseases. Hence, here we investigated the anti‐adipogenic activity of TP. We used 3T3‐L1 embryonic fibroblast‐preadipocyte cells treated with or without adipogenic cocktail (1 μM dexamethasone, 10 μg/mL insulin and 0.5 mM 3‐isobutyl 1 methylxanthine) to induce adipogenesity. We treated the 3T3‐L1 cells with various concentrations of ethanolic extract of Terminalia pallida fruit (TP‐50, 25 and 10 μg/ml) or Simvastatin (1 μM), a known anti‐lipidemic drug. Ten days post‐adipogenic induction, the adipogenic cocktail‐treated 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes differentiated into adipocytes. However, TP‐treated groups showed significant inhibition of adipocyte formation. The Simvastatin‐treated group also showed anti‐adipogenic activity, as evidenced by the reduced size and number of adipocytes. Expression of the key adipogenic markers PPARγ2 and C/EBPα was decreased in the TP‐treated group compared to untreated control. We further investigated the cellular mechanisms by which TP elicit the antiadipogenic function. Our studies conclude that TP significantly decreased proliferation and elevated apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, indicating that partially TP shows its anti‐adipogenic function by regulating preadipocyte and adipocyte cell cycle.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) pada Berbagai Konsentrasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans secara In-Vitro

<p><em>Streptococcus mutans</em> is a positive gram bacteria which cause dental caries. From the several previous studies, Gamal leaf has been predicted as the antibacterial agent because of their active substance such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. The objective of the study was to know the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (<em>Gliricidia sepium</em>) for <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> in various concentrations. This study was a true experimental with post-test only control design. The determination of antibacterial activity in this study was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method with the various concentrations, there were 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80%. The positive and negative controls in this study were 30 µg disk diffusion of chloramphenicol and the 96% of ethanol. The average inhibition of zone diameter in the concentrations of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% were 11.3, 12.3, 13.4, 15.3 and 19.2 mm, respectively. One Way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the value of p was 0.000, so there was a difference of growth inhibition zone of <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> in various concentrations of ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (<em>Gliricidia sepium</em>). Based on the result, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (<em>Gliricidia sepium</em>) have strong antibacterial activity, especially to <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> bacteria.</p>

In Vitro Enzyme Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity Test on Liquorice Root Extract Cream (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)

Liquorice root extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) contains glabridin, an isoflavone substance that has the ability to inhibit the oxidation of L-tyrosin and L-DOPA in the formation of melanin, therefore it can be used as skin whitening. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of the best skin whitening cream using positive control of kojic acid. Formulated 1 blank formula, 3 cream formulas using various concentrations of ethanol extract 70% liquorice roots of (0.01, 0.11, 1.01)% based on the value of tyrosinase inhibition activity in vitro from extracts of (50, 75, 100)%. Spectrophotometric method is used to measure the absorption of dopacrome by a microplate reader which was incubated at 37°C at λ 490 nm for 20 minutes. Oil in water cream was prepared by mixing extract with cream base at a temperature of 70-75°C at a speed of 400 rpm for 25 minutes. Stability test was carried out for 4 weeks at room temperature storage and a temperature of 40°C, evaluated for physical quality. The results of determination of IC50 of kojic acid was 20.88 µg / mL; IC50 of extract variation were (126.75; 1130.90; and 10092.41) µg / mL respectively. Cream has milky white-yellowish color; smell of flowers; soft texture; homogeneous; there is no separation; has type M/A; plastic thixotropic flow properties; has an increasing value including viscosity, spreadability, globule size, and pH, which are respectively (455000-620000)cPs, (2695.82-3545.83)mm2, (54.66-66.27)μm , and (4.44-5.04); tyrosinase inhibition activity in formula 1, 2 and 3 were stored at weeks 0, 2nd and 4th were respectively (1.78; -25.74; 22.04)%, (6.74; 6, 12; 4.49)%, and (-28.78; 53.06; 20.32)%. It can be concluded that the cream formula containing liquorice root extract with a concentration of 1.01% is the best formula so it can be used as skin whitening.

Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia catappa brown leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of various concentration of Terminalia catappa brown leaves extract which can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The crushed-brown leaves of Terminalia catappa was extracted using 95% ethanol, filtered, and evaporated. The dried T. catappa extract was used to identify phytochemical content qualitatively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also measured quantitatively from dried extract. The dried extracts were also dissolved in sterile aquadest and serial dilutions were prepared to final concentration of 30, 60 and 90%. A disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of various concentrations of ethanol extract of brown leaves of T. catappa. Inhibition zone diameter was measured to determine antibacterial activity. Gentamycin sulfate and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Dried ethanolic extract of brown T. catappa leaves contained flavonoid, quinon, phenolic, triterpenoid, and tannin. A total of 208.722 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract of total phenolic and 35.7671 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract of total flavonoid were also found in the dried extract. The inhibition zone diameters of ethanolic extracts ranged from 1.73 to 9.06 mm ( S. aureus) and from 1.83 to 6.5 mm ( P. aeruginosa). The higher concentration of extract, the wider the inhibition zone diameters for both bacteria. P. aeruginosa was more resistant to high concentrations of extract (90%) than S. aureus. Ethanolic extracts of the brown leaves of T. catappa had different antibacterial effects against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The higher the concentration of extract, the wider the inhibition zone diameter for both bacteria. P. aeruginosa was more resistant to high concentrations of ethanolic extracts of the brown leaves of T. catappa.

Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia catappa brown leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of various concentration of Terminalia catappa brown leaves extract which can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The crushed-brown leaves of Terminalia catappa was extracted using 95% ethanol, filtered, and evaporated. The dried T. catappa extract was used to identify phytochemical content qualitatively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also measured quantitatively from dried extract. The dried extracts were also dissolved in sterile aquadest and serial dilutions were prepared to final concentration of 30, 60 and 90%. A disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of various concentrations of ethanol extract of brown leaves of T. catappa. Inhibition zone diameter was measured to determine antibacterial activity. Gentamycin sulfate and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Dried ethanolic extract of brown T. catappa leaves contained flavonoid, quinon, phenolic, triterpenoid, and tannin. A total of 208.722 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract of total phenolic and 35.7671 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract of total flavonoid were also found in the dried extract. The inhibition zone diameters of ethanolic extracts ranged from 1.73 to 9.06 mm ( S. aureus) and from 1.83 to 6.5 mm ( P. aeruginosa). The higher concentration of extract, the wider the inhibition zone diameters for both bacteria. P. aeruginosa was more resistant to high concentrations of extract (90%) than S. aureus. Ethanolic extracts of the brown leaves of T. catappa had different antibacterial effects against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The higher the concentration of extract, the wider the inhibition zone diameter for both bacteria. P. aeruginosa was more resistant to high concentrations of ethanolic extracts of the brown leaves of T. catappa.

PERBEDAAN ZONA HAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus aureus PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BIDURI SECARA IN VITRO

ABSTRACTBackground Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacteria that can cause infection. Biduri leaf has antibacterial compound such as tannin, flavonoid, saponin, and polyphenol.Objective This study aimed to know the difference of growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at the various concentration of ethanol extract of biduri leaf and to determine an effective concentration.Methods This study was the true experiment with posttest only control design, used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with five concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,100%), positive control (chloramphenicol 30 µg) and negative control (ethanol 96%).Result The result of this study showed the average of inhibition zone diameter of each concentration consecutively 26,2 mm, 28,3 mm, 29,7 mm, 31 mm and 31,5 mm. One Way Anova statistic analysis showed that the value of p is 0.000 so there is the difference of growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of ethanol extract of a biduri leaf.Conclusion The conclusion of this study is there are differences in growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of ethanol extract of biduri leaf and an effective concentration that can inhibit of Staphylococcus aureus is concentration 20% with mean inhibition zone is 26,2 mm. Keywords: ethanol extract of biduri leaf; Staphylococcus aureus; inhibition zone

Identification of Secondary Metabolite Compounds in Kirinyuh (Chloromelaena odorata) Leaf as Organic Pesticides for Wide Leafy Vegetables

This study was conducted to determine the potensial of the leaves Kirinyuh (Chloromelaena Odorata) as pesticides and phytohormones on vegetable-leaved mustard greens (Barissica juncea). Concentration of ethanol extract of leaves Kirinyuh (Chloromelaena odorata) is 5, 10, and 15 %, and 0% as control. This study uses the full tool design (RAL) of data in regression and Anova analysis followed by BNT 5%. Kirinyuh leaf extract (Chloromelaena odorata) has the activity of pestisides on soil worm (Agrotis Ipsilon) and growth hormone on mustard plants. Various concentrations of ethanol extract given a different effect on the death rate toward gound caterpillar (Agrotis Ipsilon). For the analysis of variants that influence leaf extract concentration Kirinyuh (Chloromelaena odorata) with ethanol to death worm ground (Agrotis Ipsilon) showed that very influential or significant to mortality rates with the smallest Significant Difference Test (BNT) 1 % (0,01) = 0.89 and 5% (0.05) = 0.59, while different rotational states significant differences (significant) between each treatment in which a concentration of 10 and 5 % respectively differently 2.533 (a) as well as the concentration of 15 and 10% ie 4.083 (b) as well as 15 and 5% ie 5.050 (c). Chromatogram GCMS analysis of leaf extract of Kirinyuh yielded 2 peak compounds with prediction of Octadekatriknoik acid compounds and compounds with the main framework of Hexadekanoic Acid. This compounds as compounds organic pesticides.

Alleviating effects of various concentrations of ethanolic extract of Lycopodium clavatum on aging induced testicular pathology in wistar albino rats

Delayed paternity in the modern society and decreased sexual activity provides reason to research on the effects of ageing on male reproductive system and their possible treatment modalities. The crude ethanolic extract of Lycopodium clavatum commonly known as “club moss” has been reported to have good antioxidant properties. Traditionally lycopodium is used to treat sexual complaints of old aged men and is known to increase their ‘potency’ and considered as the ‘balm of old man’. However there is no scientific validation to confirm this effect. To analyze the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Lycopodium clavatum on aging induced alteration in testicular function and to find its effective therapeutic concentration. Aged male wistar albino rats (24 months) were randomly divided into four groups (n=12), first group received distilled water, and the other three groups received ethanolic extract of Lycopodium clavatum at dosage of 250, 500, 1000 mg / kg. b.w daily for 60 days by gavage. At the end of experimental period, serum testosterone was estimated. Sperm parameters including count, viability, motility, membrane permeability and nuclear condensation were done. Biochemical analyses of testicular antioxidants were done. Testicular mRNA expression of antioxidants and apoptotic genes were estimated by qPCR. The results were statistically analysed. Aging induced pathological changes were noted in the aged untreated animals. Beneficial effects were significant in Lycopodium clavatum treated groups when compared to untreated aged rats. Depleted testosterone level in untreated aged rat was improved in all the treated rats however, significant improvement was seen with 500mg dosage. Sperm parameters were significantly improved in aged rats with 500 mg dosage when compared to the other two treated aged groups i.e. 250 & 1000mg. The gene expression studies emphasized the maximum beneficial effects under 500mg dosage. This observation confirms that Lycopodium clavatum has therapeutic effect under aging induced reproductive disorder and the effect seem to be dosage dependent. Thus results signifies that finding effective dose for given animal is a key factor for maximum therapeutic outcome.

Ethanolic extract of propolis induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells in vitro ⁎

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to investigate whether ethanolic extract of propolis inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Methods HL-60 cells were treated for 24, 48, 72 h with various concentrations ethanolic extracts of propolis (0, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL). The proliferation of HL-60 cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Subsequently, Hochest 33258 staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) were used to test the apoptosis of HL-60 cells. We observed the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in HL-60 cells by immunohistochemistry. Results MTT assay showed that various concentrations of ethanolic extract of propolis had significant inhibitory effect on HL-60 cell proliferation (P < 0.05). Typical morphologic changes could be observed by fluorescence microscope and TUNEL. By immunohistochemistry, we found the expression level of Bax was up-regulated, whereas that of Bc1-2 was down-regulated (P < 0.05). Conclusion Ethanolic extract of propolis inhibits leukemia cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in vitro. Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expression and up-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio.

In-Vitro Antileishmanial Activity of Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus

Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality around the world specially Asia, Africa and Latin America. The present preliminary in-vitro study reports antileishmanial potential of Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus. Various concentrations of ethanolic extract of plant were used. The tested extract showed noteworthy inhibition (concentration – dependant) of Leishmania promastigotes. The IC50 of extract was found to be 39 μg/ml. The results of present study could be helpful in future for antileishmanial therapy.

Anti-tumor effect of Cordyceps militaris in HCV-infected human hepatocarcinoma 7.5 cells.

Cordyceps extract has been reported to have various pharmacological activities including an anti-cancer effect. We investigated the inhibitory effect of Cordyceps militaris on hepatitis C virus-infected human hepatocarcinoma 7.5 cells (J6/JFH1-huh 7.5 cells). The huh7.5 cells with or without HCV infection were treated with various concentrations of ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris (CME) for 48 h and the cytotoxicity was measured by CCK-8 assay. Both J6/JFH1-huh7.5 cells and huh7.5 cells were highly susceptible to CME. To examine the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effect on huh7.5 cells, the effect of CME on cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry and the expressions of p53, Bim, Bax, PARP, (cleaved) caspase-9, and (cleaved) caspase- 3 in huh 7.5 cells were detected by western blot assays. CME significantly increased early apoptosis and up-regulated the expression of Bim, Bax, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved caspase-3. We also found the decrease of HCV Core or NS3 protein by CME in HCV-infected huh 7.5 cells.