Various Components Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Female Patients with Psoriasis

Introduction: Psoriasis is a complex, immune mediated chronic inflammatory disorder that mainly affects the skin, joints, scalp and nails and also various systems of the body. Of the various systems involved, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome are of major concern due to their increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of Metabolic syndrome in female patients with psoriasis. Materials and methods: 52 female psoriatic patients were recruited in the study and various components of metabolic syndrome i.e waist circumference, blood pressure. Serum triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, glucose levels were assessed. Results: In our study on 52 female psoriatic patients, 12 patients (23.07%) had metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Psoriatic patients are at an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases which should be taken into account while treating psoriasis

IJCM_22A: Impact of Pranayama and Dhyana intervention on metabolic syndrome among women: community based repeated measures design

Background: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults in India, is reported to be around 20%-25%, with significantly higher proportion among women than men. Yoga interventions has been promoted as an important non- pharmacological tool to address the growing burden of non-communicable diseases. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of a pranayama and intervention (yoga) intervention on various components of metabolic syndrome among 30 to 60-year-old women with hypertension. Methodology: A community based repeated measures design was undertaken 156 among hypertensive women (79 intervention, 77 controls) residing in coastal part of southern India. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBS) and lipids were measured. Six-month pranayama and dhyana intervention were administered to the intervention arm, whereas routine treatment was continued for the control arm. Follow-up was done to ensure practice of interventions while investigations were done at baseline and 6th month. Results: Majority of the women in the intervention and control arm were aged 45-60 years. In the intervention arm, using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria, most [57(72.2%)] of the women had elevated blood pressure. Nearly half of them [38(48.1%)] had abdominal obesity, elevated FBS was seen among 39(49.4%) and 50.6% had low HDL. Hypertriglyceridemia was seen in less than a third [23(29.1%)] women. In the control arm, most [52(70.3%)] of the women had elevated blood pressure, 27(36.5%)] had abdominal obesity, half of them had elevated FBS [39(52.7%)] and low HDL [36(48.6%)]. Hypertriglyceridemia was seen in 21(28.4%) women. No significant change was noted at the end of 6th month follow-up in body mass index (BMI) (p=0.533), systolic(p=0.051) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.485). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the 6th month prevalence of components of metabolic syndrome compared to baseline, in both arms of the study.

Oral supplementation with crocin (a constituent of saffron) in subjects with cigarette smoking: a clinical trial.

Smoking is one of the main causes of death in the world. Cigarette use is related with various components of metabolic syndrome (e.g., insulin resistance, raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation state) and psychiatric disorders. This study was conducted to determine the effect of crocin (Cro) supplementation on nicotine dependence, anxiety, depression, and metabolic indices in smokers. A total of 50 smokers were selected and randomly categorized into two groups (crocin and placebo). The intervention group received crocin (30 mg per day; n = 25) and placebo (containing Avicel; n = 25) once a day. The primary (nicotine dependence, depression, and anxiety inventory) and secondary (metabolic indices) outcomes were assessed at the start of the intervention and after the 3 months. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the treatment effects on the outcomes adjusting for confounding variables. The primary outcome results such as nicotine dependence, depression, and anxiety inventory did not have a significant difference among the intervention groups (P > 0.05). Also in the secondary outcomes, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels did indicate a significant difference by Cro intervention (β - 3.27 mg/dL; 95% CI, - 5.23, - 1.31; P = 0.002; β - 0.76 μIU/mL; 95% CI, - 1.38, - 0.15; P = 0.01; β - 0.18; 95% CI, - 0.29, - 0.07; P = 0.002), respectively. There were also significant reductions in serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (β - 0.72 mg/L; 95% CI, - 1.37, - 0.07; P = 0.03), compared with the placebo. Cro intake may have favorable effects on the level of FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP in smokers. However, due to the small sample size and limited scientific reports on smokers, further studies are necessary. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: IRCT20170420033551N11.

Relationship of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Various Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Dyspeptic Patients: A Cross-sectional Study from Western Maharashtra, India

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), despite its high prevalence in the Indian population, has been subjected to limited studies concerning its potential role as a risk factor for Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and Insulin Resistance (IR). Proposed mechanisms include inflammatory mediators, atherogenic lipid profiles, and vasoconstriction. Aim: To determine the association between H. pylori infection and MetS components, focusing on Highly sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) levels, to enhance understanding and management of these conditions. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India spanning from September 2017 to August 2019. This study involved 100 dyspeptic patients aged 18 years or older undergoing upper Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. Data collection included fasting/postprandial blood parameters, serum lipids, hs-CRP, and H. pylori detection via both rapid urease test and Histopathological Examination (HPE). Physical assessments covered height, weight, Waist Circumference (WC), and blood pressure. MetS was evaluated using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. Statistical analysis employed unpaired t-tests, Chi-square tests, and Fisher-Exact tests using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: The study of 100 dyspeptic patients, predominantly females, revealed a significant association between H. pylori infection and MetS (p-value<0.001). H. pylori infection was associated with elevated fasting glucose (90.24%) and triglycerides (90.24%) (p-value<0.001). Additionally, individuals with H. pylori infection exhibited higher inflammatory markers (p-value 0.0029). Conclusion: The above findings underscore the potential role of H. pylori as a risk factor for MetS and highlight the need for further research to elucidate mechanisms and implications for preventive strategies and clinical management, offering avenues for improved patient care and outcomes, particularly in addressing cardiovascular health.

HbA1c of 5.8% or higher as the most useful indicator for recommendation of ultrasonography to detect nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with metabolic syndrome. This study was performed to examine the association between NAFLD and each factor of metabolic syndrome and to identify the factors that are most strongly associated with NAFLD in participants undergoing health checkups. We studied 6538 participants who underwent a health checkup from 2017 to 2018 in our institution. Participants with alcohol intake exceeding 20 g/day or with other chronic liver diseases were excluded. Fatty liver was detected by ultrasonography. In total, 4310 participants were enrolled, and 28.4% had fatty liver (NAFLD). The prevalence of NAFLD was highest in the diabetes mellitus (DM)-only group than in the dyslipidemia-only or hypertension-only group. The DM-only group was the only group whose prevalence of NAFLD was >50% in the overall study and in males. The prevalence of NAFLD was higher in males than in females in the DM-only, hypertension-only, and dyslipidemia-only groups. The prevalence of NAFLD was >70% in the dyslipidemia and DM combined group. Multivariate analysis showed that gender and HbA1c were the independent factors most strongly associated with NAFLD. The cutoff value for HbA1c by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was 5.8% (sensitivity, 57.9%; specificity, 72.6%; area under the curve, 0.70). NAFLD was most strongly associated with DM, among the various components of metabolic syndrome. We strongly recommend abdominal ultrasonography to detect NAFLD in patients with an HbA1c of ≥5.8% in general practice and during health checkups.

Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Osteoarthritis-An Updated Review.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also called the 'deadly quartet' comprising obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, has been ascertained to have a causal role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). This review is aimed at discussing the current knowledge on the contribution of metabolic syndrome and its various components to OA pathogenesis and progression. Lately, an increased association identified between the various components of metabolic syndrome (obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) with OA has led to the identification of the 'metabolic phenotype' of OA. These metabolic perturbations alongside low-grade systemic inflammation have been identified to inflict detrimental effects upon multiple tissues of the joint including cartilage, bone, and synovium leading to complete joint failure in OA. Recent epidemiological and clinical findings affirm that adipokines significantly contribute to inflammation, tissue degradation, and OA pathogenesis mediated through multiple signaling pathways. OA is no longer perceived as just a 'wear and tear' disease and the involvement of the metabolic components in OA pathogenesis adds up to the complexity of the disease. Given the global surge in obesity and its allied metabolic perturbations, this review aims to throw light on the current knowledge on the pathophysiology of MetS-associated OA and the need to address MetS in the context of metabolic OA management. Better regulation of the constituent factors of MetS could be profitable in preventing MetS-associated OA. The identification of key roles for several metabolic regulators in OA pathogenesis has also opened up newer avenues in the recognition and development of novel therapeutic agents.

Cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and metabolic syndrome

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The presence of infl ammatory markers in circulation, sputum, and broncho-alveolar fl uid suggest systemic infl ammation is one of the potential mechanisms responsible for both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and metabolic syndrome. Circulating markers of infl ammation, on the other hand, are those that have been found to predict future cardiovascular events as well. One of the main causes of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and metabolic syndrome is hyperglycemia. It induces oxidative stress and subsequently micro- and macrovascular complications. This review describes in details the various components of metabolic syndrome and its impact on long outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular pathology.

Mechanism of Action of Natural Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors (Berberine and Mangiferin) in Experimentally Induced Diabetes with Metabolic Syndrome.

Berberine (BER) and mangiferin are known natural dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-IV) inhibitors. Hence, the study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of action of natural DPP-IV inhibitors (BER and MNG) in experimentally induced diabetes with metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to observe mechanism through which natural DPP-IV inhibitor works in diabetes with metabolic syndrome rat model. Wistar rats were fed high-fat diet for 10 weeks and challenged with streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg) at the 3rd week (high-fat diabetic control [HF-DC] group). After the confirmation of metabolic syndrome in the setting of diabetes, monotherapy (metformin [MET], vildagliptin [VIL], BER, and MNG) and combination (MET + VIL, MET + BER, and MET + MNG) therapy was orally fed to these rats from the 4th to 10th weeks. Insulin resistance (IR) was seen in the HF-DC group as indicated by raised homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) in HF-DC group as compared with normal control (NC) groups. The treatment groups reduced IR as shown by a decrease in HOMA-IR as compared with HF-DC group rats. The marked reduction (P < 0.001) of beta-cell function was observed in the HF-DC group as a reduced level of HOMA for beta-cell function (HOMA-β) was found as compared with the NC group. Increases in HOMA-β as compared to the HFDC group were observed in the therapy groups. The treatment group significantly reduced cholesterol and atherogenic index. The treatment group showed significant preservation of beta-cell mass as per immunohistochemistry and significant anti-apoptotic activity as per Terminal Deoxyribonucleotidyl Transferase-Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assay report. The treated rats significantly (P < 0.05) reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) marker (P < 0.001) was significantly reduced in the treatment group. The natural DPP-IV inhibitors BER and MNG treatment showed beneficial effects on various components of metabolic syndrome.

Heart failure in patients with metabolic syndrome X.

Metabolic syndrome X has been known to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular dysfunction. Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and serum lipid abnormalities, which are all seen in metabolic syndrome X, have been found to negatively impact heart function, leading to heart failure in particular. Heart failure is a condition resulting when the heart is unable to perform its function of providing sufficient blood flow to meet the body's requirements. The treatment of heart failure in metabolic syndrome X varies based on the various components of metabolic syndrome X, which include obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Obesity is regarded as one of the derangements seen in patients with metabolic syndrome X. It is a significant risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, which may eventually lead to heart failure. However, the obesity paradox suggests that obesity provides a higher chance of survival in patients with metabolic syndrome and heart failure. This review article focuses on the pathophysiology of heart failure in patients who already have metabolic syndrome X, as well as the therapeutic management complexity of the two conditions taking into consideration the protective role provided by obesity.

Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Incidental Paranasal Sinusitis: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study of Kangbuk Samsung Health Care Center

Background and Objectives Metabolic syndrome is a medical problem featured by the coexistence of several risk factors such as, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The association between metabolic syndrome and incidental paranasal sinusitis has not been definitely proved yet. This study was established to prove if metabolic syndrome might be related to incidental paranasal sinusitis.Subjects and Method Of 5682 patients who had undergone brain MRI for regular checkups between 2011 and 2018 at Kangbuk Samsung Health Care Center, we analyzed 2882 cases with normal sinus and incidental paranasal sinusitis that had been deciphered by specialized radiologists. Data of various components of metabolic syndrome were also used. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of having incidental paranasal sinusitis between subjects with metabolic syndrome components and those without.Results Of 2882 patients aged over 18 years (mean age, 51.8±9.47 years; 55.4% male), 353 incidental paranasal sinusitis subjects (232 male with mean age of 51.39±9.27 years and 121 female with mean age of 52.43±9.69 years) were identified. Metabolic syndrome was identified in 554 patients. The adjusted OR of having incidental paranasal sinusitis was 3.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-5.83) in female with metabolic syndrome. In female, the adjusted OR of having incidental paranasal sinusitis was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.20-3.67) in those with low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (&lt;50 mg/dL) and 1.83 (95% CI: 1.06-3.16) in those with higher body mass index (BMI) (≥25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).Conclusion Results of this study suggest that female with metabolic syndrome, low HDL cholesterol, and high BMI have higher risks for incidental paranasal sinusitis.

The impact of Ramadan fasting on the metabolic syndrome severity in relation to ethnicity and sex: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis

AimsThe primary goal of this meta-analysis was to examine the changes in various components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in healthy adults who observed Ramadan fasting (RF) before Ramadan (T1) and at the end of RF (T2). A secondary goal was to assess the impact of RF on MetS severity in various ethnic and sex groups using the MetS z-score. Data synthesisUsing PRISMA2020, seven databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 1950 and March 2022. Data extraction involved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for T1 and T2, respectively. The MetS z-score was computed according to international diabetes federation criteria. At T1, the pooled estimates of HDL, TG, FBG, WC, SBP, DBP, and MAP were 1.20 [1.13; 1.27] mmol/L, 1.32 [1.23; 1.42] mmol/L, 4.98 [4.82; 5.15] mmol/L, 87.21 [84.21; 90.21] Cm, 114.22 [101.45; 126.99] mmHg, 76.80 [70.12; 83.47] mmHg, and 89.27 [80.56; 97.98] mmHg, respectively. At T2, the pooled estimates of HDL, TG, FBG, WC, SBP, DBP, and MAP were 1.24 [1.18; 1.31] mmol/L, 1.24 [1.14; 1.34] mmol/L, 4.77 [4.55; 4.99] mmol/L, 85.73 [82.83; 88.64] Cm, 109.48 [97.20; 121.75] mmHg, 74.43 [68.01; 80.85] mmHg, and 86.11 [77.74; 94.48] mmHg, respectively. The MetS z-score showed improvement at T2 for all ethnic groups and both sexes by −0.22 [-0.24; −0.01]. ConclusionsThe current meta-analysis suggests that the RF positively impact the MetS components and the overall MetS z-score. PROSPERO registration numberID CRD42022329297 Open Science Framework IdentifierDOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/U9H7T

The Somnometabolic Syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the various components of metabolic syndrome are closely interrelated. We propose the term somnometabolic syndrome to define the condition where OSA coexists with one or more components of metabolic syndrome. Such a definition reinforces the strong association between OSA and metabolic syndrome and will urge the clinician to screen and diagnose OSA in individuals with metabolic syndrome and vice versa. It is hoped that the usage of this new term will not only address the lacunae in screening and treatment of OSA in individuals with metabolic syndrome but will also foster collaboration and research among specialties managing OSA.

The effects of CPAP therapy on metabolic profile and subjective sleep parameters in patients with OSA: a prospective trial study.

ObjectiveSeveral studies confirmed a positive association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the main treatment for patients with moderate and severe OSA. CPAP therapy in adults with OSA results in reduction in sleepiness, blood pressure and improvement of metabolic profile. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of CPAP therapy on various components of metabolic syndrome and subjective sleep parameters in patients with OSA.Material and MethodsIn this prospective trial study, 28 patients with moderate and severe OSA enrolled. Patients were asked to fill out the validated Persian version of questionnaires including Epworth sleepiness scale, insomnia severity index, STOP-BANG and Beck depression inventory - II, before and after treatment with CPAP. Weight and blood pressure were recorded before and after treatment. Only 14 patients agreed to blood sampling before and after CPAP therapy (at least 3 months of treatment). Fasting blood samples were analyzed for measuring the levels of FBS (fasting blood sugar), TG (triglyceride), total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, AST, and ALT.ResultsDiastolic blood pressure, ISI and STOP-BANG score significantly decreased after treatment (p-value: 0.008, 0.022 and 0.004, respectively). FBS and TG levels decreased after treatment, but only TG levels had significant difference (p-value: 0.46 and 0.016, respectively).DiscussionCPAP therapy had positive effects on diastolic blood pressure, TG levels and ISI score. More studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up periods are warranted to investigate the effects of CPAP therapy on blood pressure, and metabolic parameters.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre as well as postmenopausal women in a tertiary care center

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities and a complex pre-disease state that predicts future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiologically it is observed that incidence of metabolic syndrome increases with age and more so in women once they attain menopause. Objectives: To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre as well as post-menopausal women and to study the various components of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We performed an observational study in a tertiary care teaching institute. Women attending general health checkup were selected for the study A total of 484 women were selected. 267 were in the postmenopausal group and 217 in premenopausal group. After a detailed collection of demographic data, medical, surgical, obstetrical and gynecological history, general physical and systemic examination was done. Height, weight, waist circumference were measured. BMI was calculated. Venous blood sample sent for fasting blood glucose, HDL, Triglycerides. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed when three out of five parameters were found abnormal. Results: Metabolic syndrome was seen in 158 women (32.6%). Among these women, 118 (44.19%) were postmenopausal women and 40 (18.4%) were premenopausal. Postmenopausal women are at twice the risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

Association of Serum Prolactin With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study From South India.

Background: The association of serum prolactin (PRL) with diabetes is still uncertain, with a paucity of data in the south Indian population. This study aims to compare the serum PRL levels between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and normoglycaemic volunteers and correlate the serum PRL level with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and the lipid profile in the study population.Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study among 112 T2DM participants and 112 healthy volunteers in a tertiary care centre in India. All participants were tested for FPG, PPG, HbA1c, fasting serum lipid profile, and serum PRL, which were compared between T2DM patients and healthy volunteers.Results: The serum PRL in T2DM patients was significantly lower compared to healthy volunteers (8.67 ± 4.37 vs. 13.76 ± 6.55 ng/ml, P < 0.001). FPG, PPG, and HbA1c correlated inversely with serum PRL in our study population. On multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age and sex, a higher serum PRL level within the physiological range was protective for T2DM (adjusted odds ratio: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.77-0.90, P < 0.001). Serum PRL levels were inversely correlated with serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, but not with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Conclusions: A high serum PRL within the physiological range was inversely associated with the prevalence of T2DM in the south Indian population. Serum PRL also correlated inversely with glycaemic and blood lipid parameters. Larger longitudinal studies are required to further validate the association of serum PRL with various components of metabolic syndrome in the south Indian population.

Genetically predicted fasting blood glucose level plays a causal role in intraocular pressure: A Mendelian randomisation study.

This study aimed to examine possible causal associations between various components of metabolic syndrome and glaucoma-related phenotypes. A two-sample Mendelian randomisation study was conducted with the models of inverse-variance weighted (IVW), maximum likelihood, weighted median and MR-Egger regression. We accessed data from publicly available genome-wide association studies for individual parameters of metabolic syndrome as the exposures and the data for glaucoma and its endophenotypes as the outcomes. Among 11 exposures and 6 outcomes examined in this Mendelian randomisation study, only fasting blood glucose level showed evidence of a causal influence on intraocular pressure. Results analysed by the IVW model suggested that each one-SD increase in genetically predicted fasting blood glucose level was significantly associated with 0.80 SD elevation in intraocular pressure (β: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.38-1.22, p: 2.12e-4). The maximum likelihood model (β: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.39-1.25, p: 1.616e-4) also supported a significant causal effect. The weighted median model (β: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.17-1.39, p: 0.012) showed a nominally significant effect whereas the MR-Egger model (β: 0.63, 95% CI: -0.32-1.59, p: 0.212) showed a consistent direction of effect but was not statistically significant. Several sensitivity analyses indicated no evidence of directional horizontal pleiotropy that would bias the result. This Mendelian randomisation study provides evidence for a causal role for genetically determined higher fasting blood glucose level in the development of increased intraocular pressure. This finding could be considered in the monitoring and control of intraocular pressure and may be instrumental in prevention strategies for ocular hypertension.

The Impact of Gut Microbiome on Maternal Fructose Intake-Induced Developmental Programming of Adult Disease.

Excessive or insufficient maternal nutrition can influence fetal development and the susceptibility of offspring to adult disease. As eating a fructose-rich diet is becoming more common, the effects of maternal fructose intake on offspring health is of increasing relevance. The gut is required to process fructose, and a high-fructose diet can alter the gut microbiome, resulting in gut dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. Current evidence from animal models has revealed that maternal fructose consumption causes various components of metabolic syndrome in adult offspring, while little is known about how gut microbiome is implicated in fructose-induced developmental programming and the consequential risks for developing chronic disease in offspring. This review will first summarize the current evidence supporting the link between fructose and developmental programming of adult diseases. This will be followed by presenting how gut microbiota links to common mechanisms underlying fructose-induced developmental programming. We also provide an overview of the reprogramming effects of gut microbiota-targeted therapy on fructose-induced developmental programming and how this approach may prevent adult-onset disease. Using gut microbiota-targeted therapy to prevent maternal fructose diet-induced developmental programming, we have the potential to mitigate the global burden of fructose-related disorders.

Effects of glycine on metabolic syndrome components: a review.

Glycine is the simplest and major amino acid in humans. It is mainly generated in the liver and kidney and is used to produce collagen, creatine, glucose and purine. It is also involved in immune function, anti-inflammatory processes and anti-oxidation reactions. Here, we reviewed the current evidence supporting the role of glycine in the development and treatment of metabolic syndrome components. We searched Scopus, PubMed and EMBASE databases for papers concerning glycine and metabolic syndrome. Available evidence shows that the amount of glycine synthesized in vivo is insufficient to meet metabolic demands in these species. Plasma glycine levels are lower in subjects with metabolic syndrome than in healthy individuals. Interventions such as lifestyle modification, exercise, weight loss, or drugs that improve manifestations of metabolic syndrome remarkably increase circulating glycine concentrations. Glycine supplementation improves various components of metabolic syndrome including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. In the future, the use of glycine may have a significant clinical impact on the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome.

METABOLIC SYNDROME PREVALENCE AND PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS IN HOSPITALISED PATIENTS AFTER STROKE

Introduction- Stroke causes a variety of neurological signs and symptoms, which vary depending on the extent, area of involvement, and underlying cause. Coma, hemiplegia, paraplegia, monoplegia, cranial nerve palsy, speech disturbance, and sensory impairment are examples. Hemiplegia is the most common of these, affecting approximately 90% of patients. Objectives- To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in stroke patients. To investigate the role of various components of metabolic syndrome in the development of stroke. Methods- During the study period of 2 years, all patients with stroke aged more than 30 years and less than 60 years were admitted to Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Bihar, India. A minimum of 50 stroke patients must be over the age of 30 and under the age of 60. We used simple random sampling. For analysis, SPSS (22.0) was used. A detailed history of all subjects will be taken, particularly a family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, alcohol use, and a history of other cerebrovascular disease risk factors. Results- Out of 50 stroke patients, 28 had metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in stroke patients was 56%. 70% were men and 30% were women. When compared to males, females had a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome. It is, however, not statistically significant. The most common mode of presentation in both stroke with and without metabolic syndrome was weakness, which was followed by deviation of the angle of the mouth, aphasia, and loss of consciousness. Conclusion- Long-term follow-up population-based studies have shown that healthy people with the Metabolic syndrome have a significantly increased risk of major cardiovascular events, such as stroke and cardiovascular mortality.

HIGH SENSITIVITY- C REACTIVE PROTEIN AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK MARKER IN METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS.

Background &amp; Objectives: 20-25% of the world's adult population have metabolic syndrome (MetS); mortality of these people is double, and the morbidity of heart attack or stroke is three times higher than in the healthy population. Recent research has focused on the use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of inammation, in the detection of patients at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The study was conducted to evaluate for the evidence of the association between baseline hs-CRP levels and the metabolic syndrome. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study of 200 adults, 18–50 years of age, both the sexes randomly selected from diabetes &amp; obesity OPD at tertiary care hospital &amp; compared with 200 age &amp; sex-matched controls. Diagnosis of Metabolic syndrome was done according to Modied National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III criteria (2004). High Sensitivity -C Reactive Proteins -hs-CRP was done by ELISA method (CAL BIOTECH). Statistical Analysis was done by Pearson correlation coefcient to study the correlation between hs-CRP &amp; various components of metabolic syndrome. Results: We found signicantly increased hs-CRP levels (P&lt;0.001) in metabolic syndrome, 60% of patients with metabolic syndrome belonged to the high-risk group with a mean hs-CRP value &gt;3 mg/L &amp; a positive correlation of hs-CRP with abdominal circumference &amp; triglyceride &amp; HDL levels Conclusion: increased hs- CRP levels in metabolic syndrome may increase the risk of having cardiovascular mortality. These prospective data suggest that measurement of hs-CRP adds clinically important prognostic information to the metabolic syndrome.