Variety Of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of Lycium Barbarum seed oil Pickering emulsions and evaluation of antioxidant activity

Lycium barbarum seed oil contains a variety of unsaturated fatty acids and other active substances, which is very beneficial to people's health. However, the application of Lycium barbarum seed oil is limited because it is insoluble in water and needs to be stored away from light. To solve these problems, Pickering emulsions were prepared by combining bacterial cellulose nanofibers and edible gelatin to stabilize Lycium barbarum seed oil. The average particle size, microstructure and rheology of the emulsion were characterized, and it was found that the droplets of the emulsion were smooth and distributed to the nanometer level, and the lowest concentration of bacterial cellulose nanofibers which could stabilize the emulsion was 0.3% (w/v). Surprisingly, by comparing the scavenging abilities of the Lycium barbarum seed oil and the emulsion on same free radicals, we observed that the antioxidant capacity of the emulsion increased significantly.

수벌번데기 추출물이 U937 세포주에서 TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 생성에 미치는 영향

Drone pupa has a high fat content including a variety of unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have the effect of preventing diseases by suppressing inflammatory reactions. To determine whether these drone pupa extracts have anti-inflammatory activity, changes in expression of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α were investigated with the LPS induced inflammatory model on a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced macrophage-like U937 cell. IL-1β was detected 83.47 pg/mL during LPS treatment alone, and in cells treated with drone pupa extract, it decreased to 1.74, 38.21 pg/mL depending on the concentration of drone pupa extract. At this time, the IL-1β gene expression level also changed. IL-6 was detected at 221 pg/mL in the LPS alone treatment group, and it was found that the amount decreased to 23.84, 71.37 pg/mL in cells treated with drone pupa together. TNF-α was detected 219.57 pg/mL in cells treated with LPS alone and 223.9 and 189.9 pg/mL in cells treated with drone pupa extract. Also, TNF-α gene expression level changed. Our results show that IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α influenced not only the protein level but also the gene expression level in the drone pupa extract. Therefore, it is showed that the drone pupa extract has an anti-inflammatory effect.

FUNCTIONAL DRINK TECHNOLOGY WITH CHIA SEEDS

This article mainly introduces the necessity of the emergence of functional foods and the current market development. Using chia seeds as the characteristic raw material, adding apple juice and hawthorn juice, it is developed to be suitable for subhealthy people, obese people, diabetes and cardiovascular patients.Functional beverages refer to beverages that regulate human body functions to a certain extent by adjusting the composition and content ratio of nutrients in the beverage. In recent research hotspots, chia seeds are often developed and applied by nutritionists or other nutrition enthusiasts because of their rich nutritional value. Chia seeds are rich in a variety of unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for about 80% of the total fatty acid content, of which omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids are the most content, 68% is α-linolenic acid, which is the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid content of the food. Each 100g of chia seeds contains about 16-25g of protein and about 26-40g of dietary fiber, including all 8 amino acids needed by the human body. In addition, it is also rich in vitamins and minerals, as well as a variety of natural antioxidant ingredients, with high-quality antioxidant functions. This makes the ability of chia seeds to maintain blood sugar stability, protect the heart, cerebrovascular, and promote gastrointestinal motility and bone health cannot be underestimated.Hawthorn contains a large amount of vitamin C, carotene, organic acids and other nutrients, combined with cellulose, pectin and organic acids in apples, can further assist chia seeds to improve gastrointestinal conditions and promote gastrointestinal motility, while soluble fiber Vegetarian can regulate blood sugar.This article chooses apple and hawthorn as flavor bases, oligosaccharides (FOS) as sweeteners, resistant starch and guar gum as composite stabilizers, to produce a chia seed functional drink to reduce weight and improve heart and brain Vascular health problems. In the extremely poor analysis of the orthogonal test results of the chia seed functional drink, the best sample formula.

Comparison of nutritional quality and volatile flavor compounds among bighead carp from three aquaculture systems.

To explore the differences in the nutritional quality of the muscles of bighead carp from different environments and aquaculture systems, we investigated three types of water bodies typically used for aquaculture: A common culture pond (NC), a natural lake (PY), and a cold water reservoir (XHK). Parameters affecting quality were evaluated, including muscle microstructure, fatty acid profiles, amino acid profiles, and volatile compounds. Fish from the XHK reservoir had the smallest muscle fiber diameter and the highest muscle fiber density (25.3 fibers/0.01 mm2), while muscle fiber density was lowest in fish from the NC pond (9.7 fibers/0.01 mm2). The bighead carp from the XHK reservoir had a much wider variety of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) were all significantly more abundant in the XHK group, increases of 7.48%, 12.12%, and 17.49%, respectively (P < 0.05). The bighead carp from NC contained more “fishy” volatile flavor substances, as well as hydrocarbons with higher threshold values. Fish from XHK and NC had a greater umami intensity due to the presence of abundant volatiles with special aromas, including 1-Octene-3ol, DL-Menthol, and 2-ethyl-.

Endoplasmic reticulum retention signaling and transmembrane channel proteins predicted for oilseed ω3 fatty acid desaturase 3 (FAD3) genes.

Oilseed crop oils contain a variety of unsaturated fatty acids that are synthesized and regulated by fatty acid desaturases (FADs). In this study, 14 FAD3 (ω3 desaturase) protein sequences from oilseeds are analyzed and presented through the application of several computational tools. The results indicated a close relationship between Brassica napus and Camelina sativa, as well as between Salvia hispanica and Perilla frutescens FAD3s, due to a high similarity in codon preferences in codon usage clusters and the phylogenetic tree. The cis-acting element results reveal that the seed-specific promoter region of BnFAD3 contains the critical conserved boxes such as HSE and ABRE, which are involved in responsiveness to heat stress and abscisic acid. The presence of the aforementioned conserved boxes may increase cold acclimation as well as tolerance to drought and high salinity. Omega(ω)3 desaturases contain a Skn-1 motif which is a cis-acting regulatory element required involved in endosperm development. In oilseed FAD3s, leucine is the most repeated amino acid in FAD3 proteins. The study conveyed that B. napus, Camelina sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Vernicia fordii, Gossypium hirsutum, S. hispanica, Cannabis sativa, and P. frutescens have retention signal KXKXX/XKXX at their c-terminus sites, which is one of the most important characteristics of FADs. Additionally, it was found that BnFAD3 is a transmembrane protein that can convert ω6 to ω3 fatty acids and may simultaneously act as a potassium ion channel in the ER.

Occurrence of C16:1 isomers in milk fats from ewes fed with different dietary lipid supplements

The trans as well as the cis C16:1 isomer profiles were established in 43 ewe milk fats supplemented with different dietary lipid sources representative of the variety of unsaturated fatty acids found in nature such as olive, sunflower, linseed and fish oils. Fractionation by silver-ion solid phase extraction facilitated a rapid separation of the trans , cis and saturated FA before gas chromatography analysis took place. C16:1 isomers with a double bond in positions 7, 9 and 13 in the cis group and 8 and 9 in the trans fraction were the most abundant. Dietary lipid supplementation produced a noticeable increase in the total trans C16:1 content and elevated correlations were observed between trans -8 C16:1 and trans -10 C18:1 as well as trans -9 C16:1 and trans -11 C18:1. These results support the idea that altering the trans C18:1 profile affects trans C16:1 isomer composition consistent with the β-oxidation products from the trans C18:1 isomers.

Isolation and characterization of unsaturated fatty acids as natural ligands for the retinoid-X receptor

The retinoid-X receptor (RXR) is a ligand activated nuclear receptor that is the heterodimer partner for many class II nuclear receptors. Previously identified natural ligands for this receptor include 9- cis retinoic acid (9cRA), docosahexaenoic acid, and phytanic acid. Our studies were performed to determine if there are any unidentified, physiologically important RXR ligands. Agonists for RXR were purified from rat heart and testes lipid extracts with the use of a cell-based reporter assay to monitor RXR activation. Purified active fractions contained a variety of unsaturated fatty acids and components were quantified by gas–liquid chromatography of derivatized samples. The corresponding fatty acid standards elicited a similar response in the reporter cell assay. Competition binding analysis revealed that the active fatty acids compete with [ 3H]9cRA for binding to RXR. Non-esterified fatty acids were analyzed from lipid extracts of isolated heart and testes nuclei and endogenous concentrations were found to be within the range of their determined binding affinities. Our studies reveal tissue dependent profiles of RXR agonists and support the idea of unsaturated fatty acids as physiological ligands of RXR.

Four Trypanosoma brucei fatty acyl-CoA synthetases: fatty acid specificity of the recombinant proteins.

As part of our investigation of fatty acid metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei, we have expressed four acyl-CoA synthetase (TbACS) genes in Esherichia coli. The recombinant proteins, with His-tags on their C-termini, were purified to near homogeneity using nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. Although these enzymes are highly homologous, they have distinct specificities for fatty acid chain length. TbACS1 prefers saturated fatty acids in the range C(11:0) to C(14:0) and TbACS2 prefers shorter fatty acids, mainly C(10:0). TbACS3 and 4, which have 95% sequence identity, have similar specificities, favouring fatty acids between C(14:0) and C(17:0). In addition, TbACS1, 3 and 4 function well with a variety of unsaturated fatty acids.

Four Trypanosoma brucei fatty acyl-CoA synthetases: fatty acid specificity of the recombinant proteins

As part of our investigation of fatty acid metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei, we have expressed four acyl-CoA synthetase (TbACS) genes in Esherichia coli. The recombinant proteins, with His-tags on their C-termini, were purified to near homogeneity using nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. Although these enzymes are highly homologous, they have distinct specificities for fatty acid chain length. TbACS1 prefers saturated fatty acids in the range C11:0 to C14:0 and TbACS2 prefers shorter fatty acids, mainly C10:0. TbACS3 and 4, which have 95% sequence identity, have similar specificities, favouring fatty acids between C14:0 and C17:0. In addition, TbACS1, 3 and 4 function well with a variety of unsaturated fatty acids.

Essential Requirement of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2for Activation of the H+ Channel in Phagocyte-like Cells

The NADPH oxidase-producing superoxide is the major mechanism by which phagocytes kill invading pathogens. We previously established a model of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2))-deficient differentiated PLB-985 cells (PLB-D cells) and demonstrated that cPLA(2)-generated arachidonic acid (AA) is essential for NADPH oxidase activation (Dana, R., Leto, T., Malech, H., and Levy, R. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 441-445). In the present study, we used this model to determine the physiological role of cPLA(2) in the regulation of both the H(+) channel and the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter and to study whether NADPH oxidase activation is regulated by either of these transporters. PLB-D cells and two controls: parent PLB-985 cells and PLB-985 cells transfected with the vector only (PLB cells) were differentiated using 1.25% Me(2)SO or 5 x 10(-8) M 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Activation of differentiated PLB cells resulted in a Zn(2+)-sensitive alkalization, indicating H(+) channel activity. In contrast, differentiated PLB-D cells failed to activate the H(+) channel, but the addition of exogenous AA fully restored this activity, indicating the role of cPLA(2) in H(+) channel activation. The presence of the H(+) channel inhibitor Zn(2+) caused significant inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity, suggesting a role of the H(+) channel in regulating oxidase activity. Na(+)/H(+) antiporter activity was stimulated in differentiated PLB-D cells, indicating that cPLA(2) does not participate in the regulation of this antiporter. These results establish an essential and specific physiological requirement of cPLA(2)-generated AA for activation of the H(+) channel and suggest the participation of this channel in the regulation of NADPH oxidase activity.

Transcriptional co-regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol acetyltransferase gene, ATF1 and delta-9 fatty acid desaturase gene, OLE1 by unsaturated fatty acids.

The ATF1 gene encodes an alcohol acetyl transferase which catalyzes the synthesis of acetate esters from acetyl CoA and several kinds of alcohols. ATF1 expression is repressed by unsaturated fatty acids or oxygen. Analysis using ATF1-lacZ fusion plasmid revealed that ATF1 gene expression is widely repressed by a variety of unsaturated fatty acids, and the degree of ATF1 transcriptional repression varies according to the structure of the unsaturated fatty acids. Interestingly, it was noted that the degree of ATF1 transcriptional repression was related to the melting point of unsaturated fatty acids added to the medium. The OLE1 gene, which encodes delta-9 fatty acid desaturase, has been reported to be repressed by unsaturated fatty acids. Transcription of OLE1 was also repressed by a wide variety of unsaturated fatty acids under anaerobic conditions. The degree of transcriptional repression of OLE1 was also related to the melting point of the added unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, it is considered that ATF1 and OLE1 transcription are regulated in response to cell membrane fluidity. As has been reported for OLE1, the repression of ATF1 by unsaturated fatty acids was relieved in a disruptant carrying a faa1 and faa4 double mutation, two fatty acid activation genes. However, the ATF1 transcript in this double gene disruptant was repressed by oxygen. These results suggested that ATF1 transcription was co-regulated by the same mechanism as the OLE1 gene and that unsaturated fatty acids and oxygen repressed the ATF1 transcript by a different regulation pathway.

Enzymatic esterification of glycerol III. Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of regioisomerically pure 1,3‐sn‐diacylglycerols and 1 (3)‐rac‐monoacylglycerols derived from unsaturated fatty acids

AbstractLipases that display high regioselectivities and broad substrate tolerance were used as catalysts for the efficient esterification of glycerol under the conditions of irreversible acyl transfer. A variety of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, erucic, ricinolic, hydroxystearic and coriolic acid, were used for this purpose in the form of their vinyl esters. Suitable biocatalysts were chosen on the basis of systematic screening experiments regarding their regioselectivities (RE) and substrate tolerances. Distinct differences were found and expressed in numerical RE values as a measure for differences of these biocatalysts as being specific, selective, and nonspecific. Based on these experiments, a variety of molecules were synthesized on a preparative scale (&gt;150 mmol) in good yield (ca.85%) and with high regioisomerical purities (&gt;95% RE).

Fatty acid and phospholipid selectivity of different phospholipase A2 enzymes studied by using a mammalian membrane as substrate

Previous studies using phospholipid mixed vesicles have demonstrated that several types of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes exhibit different selectivity for fatty acids at the sn-2 position, for the type of chemical bond at the sn-1 position or for the phosphobase moiety at the sn-3 position of phospholipids. In the present study, we have utilized natural mammalian membranes from U937 monocytes to determine whether two purified 14 kDa PLA2 isoenzymes (Type I, Type II) and a partially purified 110 kDa PLA2 exhibit substrate selectivity for certain fatty acids or phospholipids. In these studies, arachidonic acid (AA) release from membranes was measured under conditions where the remodelling of AA mediated by CoA-independent transacylase (CoA-IT) activity has been eliminated. In agreement with the mixed-vesicle models, AA was the major unsaturated fatty acid hydrolysed from membranes by the 110 kDa PLA2, suggesting that this PLA2 is selective in releasing AA from natural membranes. By contrast, Type I and Type II PLA2s were less selective in releasing AA from phospholipids and released a variety of unsaturated fatty acids at molar ratios that were proportional to the ratios of these fatty acids in U937 microsomal membranes. Examination of AA release from phospholipid classes indicated that all three enzymes released AA from the major AA-containing phospholipid classes (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol) of U937 membranes. The 110 kDa PLA2 released AA from phospholipid subclasses in ratios that were proportional to the AA content within phospholipid classes and subclasses of U937 membranes. These data suggested that the 110 kDa PLA2 shows no preference either for the sn-1 linkage or for the sn-3 phosphobase moiety of phospholipids. By contrast, Type I and Type II PLA2s preferentially released AA from ethanolamine-containing phospholipids and appeared to prefer the 1-acyl-linked subclass. Taken together, these data indicate that the 110 kDa PLA2 selectively releases AA from U937 membranes, whereas Type I and Type II PLA2 release a variety of unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the 110 kDa PLA2 releases the same molar ratios of AA from all major phospholipid subclasses, whereas Type I and Type II PLA2s show some specificity for phosphatidylethanolamine when these enzymes are incubated with a complex mammalian membrane substrate.

Epoxides of unsaturated fatty acids as anti‐rust additives in water‐based cutting fluids

AbstractEpoxides from a variety of unsaturated fatty acids were prepared, and corrosion tests for these products as water‐based cutting fluid additives were performed. The triethanolamine salt of an epoxide of undecylenic acid showed very effective rust‐inhibiting properties in a water‐based cutting fluid.

Regulation of squalene epoxidase activity by membrane fatty acid composition in yeast.

Depriving Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GL7 of exogenous unsaturated fatty acid supplements causes this sterol biosynthetic mutant to accumulate squalene at the expense of squalene epoxide and squalene diepoxide. To further characterize the apparent relationship between squalene epoxidase activity and membrane fatty acid composition, a variety of unsaturated fatty acids differing in their chain lengths and in the positions and orientation (cis or trans) of their double bonds were tested for their ability to promote turnover of endogenous squalene in cells previously deprived of olefinic supplements. All of the unsaturated fatty acids tested were found to restore squalene epoxidase activity but there were marked differences in their efficacies that best were correlated with the extent to which they reduced the medium chain (C-10 + C-12) saturated fatty acid content of cellular phospholipids. Additional studies demonstrated that de novo protein synthesis was required for the restoration of squalene epoxidase activity in unsaturated fatty acid-deprived cells.

The metabolism of ( n − 3) and ( n − 6) fatty acids and their oxygenation by platelet cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase

Arachidonic acid is the principal unsaturated acid in most membrane lipids. Membrane lipids also contain a variety of other ( n − 6) and ( n − 3) fatty acids. The amounts of ( n − 6) and ( n − 3) fatty acids in membrane lipids can be modified by dietary fat change. Our studies show that long chain ( n − 6) and ( n − 3) acids are metabolized by platelet lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. When cells are exposed to various agonists, a variety of unsaturated fatty acids may be released. Our studies show that they have the potential of modifying physiological function both by mediating arachidonic acid metabolism and as direct precursors for oxygenated metabolites which themselves may interact with specific receptors to regulate biological processes.

Stimulation of calcium uptake in rat calvaria by prostacyclin

Treatment of newborn rat calvaria discs with a variety of unsaturated fatty acids led to a 50% enhancement of calcium uptake. Arachidonic acid was effective at lower concentrations than cis-vaccenic or oleic acid, while trans-vaccenic acid and saturated fatty acids did not enhance calcium uptake. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and acetylsalacylic acid abolished the enhancement of calcium uptake seen in response to cis-vaccenic acid and inhibited calcium uptake by otherwise untreated bones. Prostacyclin was found to produce up to 2 fold stimulation of calcium uptake with an EC 50 of approximately 0.1 μM. No statistically significant stimulation of calcium uptake was seen in response to PGE 2 or PGF 1α up to 25 μM, whilw slight stimulation was produced by 6-keto PGF 1α but only at concentrations of 10 μM. Prostacyclin production by calvaria was demonstrated and was stimulated over 50% by cis-vaccenic acid. These results suggest that not only is enhanced prostacyclin production responsible for elevation of calcium uptake in response to unsaturated fatty acids, but also that prostacyclin may be an important regulator of bone calcium homeostasis.

Synthesis and utilization of fatty acids by wild-type and fatty acid auxotrophs of Caulobacter crescentus.

The fatty acid composition of the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus was found to consist primarily of 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids, both saturated and monounsaturated, in agreement with the findings of Chow and Schmidt (J. Gen. Microbiol. 83:359-373, 1974). In addition, two minor but as yet unidentified fatty acids were detected. Chromatographic mobilities suggested that these fatty acids may be a cyclopropane and a branched-chain fatty acid. In addition, we demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of wild-type C. crescentus can be altered by growing the cells in medium supplemented with any one of a variety of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid, a diunsaturated fatty acid which is not synthesized by C. crescentus, was incorporated into phospholipids without apparent modification. In addition, we found that C. crescentus, like Escherichia coli, synthesizes vaccenic acid (18:1 delta 11,cis) rather than oleic acid (18:1 delta 9,cis). This result allowed us to deduce that the mechanism of fatty acid desaturation in C. crescentus is anaerobic, as it is in E. coli. Finally, we examined the fatty acid biosynthesis and composition of two unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs of C. crescentus. Neither of these mutants resembled the E. coli unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs, which have defined enzymatic lesions in fatty acid biosynthesis. Rather, the mutants appeared to have defects relating to the complex coordination of membrane biogenesis and cell cycle events in C. crescentus.

Stimulation of chloride transport by fatty acids in corneal epithelium and relation to changes in membrane fluidity.

The effect of altering cell membrane lipids on ion transport across isolated corneas was studied. Corneas mounted in Ussing-type chambers showed a rapid increase in short-circuit current following treatment with a variety of unsaturated fatty acids of varying chain length and unsaturation. Measurements of membrane fluidity which utilize immunofluorescence labelling of membrane proteins showed corneal epithelial cell membranes to be significantly more fluid following linoleic acid treatment. Uptake studies indicate rapid incorporation of [14C]linoleic acid into corneal cell membranes. Highly unsaturated fatty acids were found to have the greatest ability to stimulate chloride transport. Saturated fatty acids were tested and were found to have no effect on chloride transport at any concentration. It is proposed that unsaturated fatty acids activate chloride transport by increasing membrane lipid fluidity. The relationship of these parameters is discussed in terms of a mobile receptor model. We speculate that an increase in membrane lipid fluidity promotes lateral diffusion of membrane receptor proteins and enzymes, increasing protein-protein interactions within the membrane, ultimately resulting in the enhancement of cyclic AMP synthesis.

Effect of lipids on the reconstitution of D-lactate oxidase in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles.

An unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph lacking D-lactate dehydrogenase activity has been isolated from Escherichia coli ML 308-225 dld-3. While NADH oxidase activity in membrane vesicles prepared from the mutant cells grown in a variety of unsaturated fatty acids is comparable to that of previously isolated fatty acid auxotrophs, D-lactate oxidase activity is absent. However, D-lactate oxidase ativity can be restored when vesicles are incubated with a purified preparation of D-lactate dehydrogenase obtained from wild type cells. The effect of altering the fatty acid composition of the membrane on the reconstitution of D-lactate oxidase activity was examined. Binding of purified D-lactate dehydrogenase was not affected by either the lipid composition of the membrane vesicles or the temperature during reconstitution. However, the reconstitution of D-lactate oxidase activity was strongly influenced by the fatty acid composition of the membrane lipids. The temperature dependence of the reconstituted activity was analyzed. Temperature transitions were not observed with membrane vesicles supplemented with oleic or linolenic acid but palmitelaidic acid-enriched vesicles exhibited a transition temperature at 30 degrees. Attempts to reconstitute the elaidic-supplemented vesicles at temperatures below 30 degrees failed to yield active D-lactate oxidase and the vesicles aggregated. At 42 degrees, aggregation did not occur and D-lactate oxidase activity was obtained to a level of 10% of that found with membranes from the parent strain (ML 308-225). These results suggest that although binding of D-lactate dehydrogenase is independent of the physical state of the membrane, reconstitution of the D-lactate oxidase activity in membrane vesicles is dependent upon the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid, hence the physical state of the membrane.