Small Cell Variety Research Articles

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder: Extremely a Rare Entity

Neuroendocrine carcinoma or small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare and aggressive tumor associated with a poor prognosis. It often presents at a later stage than urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and comprises less than 1% of bladder malignancies. A number of treatment algorithms have been used to treat bladder SCC, including cystectomy, partial cystectomy, radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, chemotherapy alone, and neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy. Here we are presenting a case of, small cell variety of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder, and its epidemiology, prognosis, and current treatment algorithms are reviewed. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 22, No. 2, July 2019 p.166-169

Small Cell Planning: Resource Management and Interference Mitigation Mechanisms in LTE HetNets

In an attempt to address the huge data demand of indoor mobile users and poor signal strength from outdoor base stations to indoor environments, opertaors have started deploying variety of small cells likes Femtos, picos and micro cells. In this work, we used Femtos as small cells. Femto cells are low-cost, low-power consuming cellular base stations which operate only in licensed spectrum and are designed for both outdoor and indoor communication. Although small cells can be used for enhancing network capacity and coverage, arbitrary deployment of large number of small cells can lead to increase in operators expenditure and may create severe interference issues for cell edge users. In this paper, we look into optimal placement of small cell solutions to improve data rates of users in LTE HetNets using Femtos. Besides, these solutions address the main concerns of interference and resource management by proposing mechanisms for optimal placement of Femtos (OptFP, MinNF), dynamic power control and bandwidth allocation in Femtos (SOPC) and dynamic offloading. We provide a comparison of placement solutions and the applicability of each proposal keeping the operators’ revenue in mind.

400P - Female lung cancer: Emerging issue in Bangladesh

BackgroundBreast cancer is the leading killer of female cancer patient. Lung cancer became the second affecting cancer (12%) but the main killer (25%) in female cancer patient. (Cancer fact and Figures 2017” report published by American Cancer Society) and odd of getting lung cancer are 1 in 17. In Bangladesh, the status and features of female lung cancer is not clear. In western country, female are more prone to lung cancer due to some risk factor like smoking, alcohol, exposure of radon etc than Bangladesh. We tried to find out the socio-demographic status and clinical features of lung cancer of female in Bangladesh. MethodsThis was a descriptive comparative observational study on 2396 female cancer patients reached at Outpatient of Medical oncology department of National Institute of cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Bangladesh from January 2018 to December 2018. Patients were selected purposive sampling method. ResultsTotal number of 2396 female patients were included in this study. The average age of female lung cancer patient was 56.12 years and average weight was 45.32kg. We had found 336 lung cancer patients (14%) among the 2396 female cancer patient. 58% were adenocarcinoma, 26% were Squamous Cell, 7% small cell variety with undifferentiated and others like Sarcoma, mesothelioma etc were 9%. Most of the patients were illiterate (59%) and 79% patient were poor or below average economically. 42% female patient didn’t have any habitual problem. 46.82%% patients had the battle nut/ Jarda, 7.65% were smoker, about 10% had more than one habitual issue. At the time of presentation none of the had ECOG 0, patients had performance status O, most of the patient’s performance status (ECOG) were 1 (58%) ECOG2 were 27%. 39% patient had comorbidity, among them most frequent comorbidity was Hypertension which was 39% and second was DM (33%) and 20% patient having more than one comorbidity. ConclusionsThe percentage of female lung cancer in Bangladesh is pretty high among female cancer patient. female are most vulnerable group in rural area as well as they need special attention. Moreover, female lung cancer with other comorbidities makes the treatment more complicated for the cancer physician as well as brings the worst outcome. So, female lung cancer management should be personalized and comprehensive. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe authors. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Neuronal architecture of the dorsal nucleus (cochlear nucleus) of the frog, Rana pipiens pipiens.

The neuronal architecture of the dorsal nucleus of the Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens pipiens), which is a homolog of the cochlear nucleus of mammals and birds, was investigated. Our study showed that the frog dorsal nucleus contains a number of morphologically distinct cell types that are discernible in terms of the cellular architecture as derived from Nissl-stained material and in terms of the dendritic profile as revealed by horseradish peroxidase-filled single neurons. These cell types are bushy cells, bipolar (or fusiform) cells, octopus cells, stellate cells, giant cells, radiate (or round) cells, and a variety of small cells. The different cell types occupy different regions of the nucleus. Therefore, our results suggest that the dorsal nucleus should no longer be considered to be a uniform nucleus containing a homogeneous population of neurons. Homologies of these cell types with those described in other vertebrate species, including mammals, are proposed.

Dermatologic features of the superior vena cava syndrome

<h3>• Background.—</h3> The superior vena cava syndrome occurs when extrinsic compression or intraluminal occlusion impedes blood flow through this vessel. The most common underlying cause is a malignant neoplasm, especially a bronchogenic carcinoma. This article describes the cutaneous findings of this disorder. <h3>Observations.—</h3> Among the earliest and most prominent features are numerous, dilated, vertically oriented, and tortuous cutaneous venules or veins above the rib cage margin. Recognition of this cutaneous sign allowed us to make a diagnosis of lung cancer in several patients. Other features include upper body edema and ruddiness or cyanosis, distended neck veins, proptosis, and conjunctival suffusion. <h3>Conclusions.—</h3> Detecting the characteristic cutaneous features can lead to an early diagnosis of the superior vena cava syndrome. These skin changes usually represent indirect dermatologic signs of an underlying malignant neoplasm; for most patients, this syndrome is the initial manifestation of their cancer. The most common cause is a bronchogenic carcinoma, especially the small-cell variety, but others include lymphomas, primary mediastinal tumors, and metastases to the mediastinal lymph nodes from extrathoracic primary tumors, especially breast cancer. Treatment of the underlying malignant neoplasm and relief of the obstruction produce prompt improvement in the dermatologic findings. (<i>Arch Dermatol.</i>1992;128:953-956)

Dermatologic Features of the Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

The superior vena cava syndrome occurs when extrinsic compression or intraluminal occlusion impedes blood flow through this vessel. The most common underlying cause is a malignant neoplasm, especially a bronchogenic carcinoma. This article describes the cutaneous findings of this disorder. Among the earliest and most prominent features are numerous, dilated, vertically oriented, and tortuous cutaneous venules or veins above the rib cage margin. Recognition of this cutaneous sign allowed us to make a diagnosis of lung cancer in several patients. Other features include upper body edema and ruddiness or cyanosis, distended neck veins, proptosis, and conjunctival suffusion. Detecting the characteristic cutaneous features can lead to an early diagnosis of the superior vena cava syndrome. These skin changes usually represent indirect dermatologic signs of an underlying malignant neoplasm; for most patients, this syndrome is the initial manifestation of their cancer. The most common cause is a bronchogenic carcinoma, especially the small-cell variety, but others include lymphomas, primary mediastinal tumors, and metastases to the mediastinal lymph nodes from extrathoracic primary tumors, especially breast cancer. Treatment of the underlying malignant neoplasm and relief of the obstruction produce prompt improvement in the dermatologic findings.

The role of chromosome 3 deletions in lung cancer

Lung cancer is currently the major cause of cancer death in the United States in both males and females, accounting for approximately 142,000 deaths per year in the United States [14]. This disease remains both highly and rapidly fatal. Despite the advances enjoyed in many other areas of medicine, the response to current therapy of lung cancer remains unchanged over the past 20 years. One exception to this is the small cell variety of lung cancer, for which advances in chemotherapy and radiation therapy have made major improvements in the response rates. Despite these advances, the survival rate for small cell lung cancer is less than that of other forms of lung cancer [4]. Improvements in the treatment of lung cancer can only be expected if new therapeutic modalities or strategies are developed. Such advances in treatment must be based on advances in the knowledge of the biology of the disease. Recent information regarding small cell lung cancer on a cellular and molecular level demonstrates the prognostic and therapeutic capabilities of such approaches. Improvements in treatment can be expected only if these molecular and cellular mechanisms are understood and their significance appreciated. Recent molecular genetic work has shown that lung cancer, both small cell and non-small cell, is associated with loss of genetic material from chromosomes 3, 11, 13 and 17 [16, 191. With the loss of heterozygosity at a genetic locus, several mechanisms can be hypothesized to account for an association with a malignancy. A recessive gene, such as an oncogene or a mutant gene, could be unmasked or, alternatively, the loss of a dominant gene or anti-oncogene, could result in activation of a malignant process. A regulatory gene, such as the c-erb-A gene which will be discussed, may play a role in repressing the transcription of other genes which cause cancer; the loss of such a regulatory gene could permit other genes to cause cancer. This

A novel concentric double-barrelled calcium-selective microelectrode for small cells.

A novel concentric design of double-barrelled Ca2+-selective microelectrode, with an inner pipette tip that protrudes beyond an outer one, has recently been developed and is described. This configuration of pipettes was produced from concentric capillaries in one step using a horizontal pipette puller. For the tip of the inner barrel to protrude, Corning 1724 aluminosilicate glass was selected, as it has a higher melting point than the 1723 glass which is used for the outer barrel. To reduce electrode resistance the inner capillary was best made with a triangular shape. It was preferentially silanized in a dry box by injection of methyltrichlorosilane into only the inner barrel. The Ca2+ neutral carrier-based liquid membrane (ETH 1001) was back-filled from the tip to the shank of the inner pipette and above this CaCl2 solution was added. KCl, which contained EGTA and was buffered to pCa 7, was used to fill the reference barrel. These Ca2+ electrodes showed linear response with slope approximately equal to 30 mV for changes in Ca2+ concentration between 10(-3) and 10(-7) M in the presence of constant [K+]. They offer a number of advantages including a low noise level achieved by the presence of the external concentric KCl electrode, and a simple mechanical structure that allows applications to a variety of small cells.

Mean-field renormalisation group transformations for geometric phase transitions

It is shown that the mean-field renormalisation group technique of Indekeu et al. (1982) may be applied directly to the self-avoiding walk (SAW) and percolation problems (without reference to the n to 0 limit of interacting spin systems). Numerical results for the SAW and bond and site percolation (both directed and undirected) problems on the square lattice, obtained by using a variety of small cells, are reported. An isotropic transformation for the percolation problems on the d-dimensional hypercubic lattice is also discussed.

Hypothesis: The bronchial Kulchitsky (K) cell as a source of humoral biologic activity

The bronchial Kulchitsky cells are scattered specific cells which lie close to the basement membrane of the bronchi and bronchioles. Electron microscopy reveals that they contain electron-dense granules similar to that seen in cells with a known endocrine function. In addition, experimentally induced degranulation of the K cell suggestive of a secretory process, and the likelihood that these cells are precursors of small cell lung carcinoma (which often elaborates humoral substances) has led to the postulate that this bronchial cell serves a humoral role of either a paracrine or endocrine nature. We have found that the bronchial K cell of man contains a calcitonin-like polypeptide which, immunologically and chemically, is not dissimilar to the hormone produced by the C cells of human thyroid. This finding may help explain the persistence of serum immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) after total thyroidectomy, the fact that thyroidectomized man does not manifest any profound alteration of calcium metabolism, and why small cell cancer of the lung is frequently associated with hypercalcitonemia. In addition, the finding of K cell hyperplasia in chronic bronchitis and emphysema may explain the occurrence of hypercalcitonemia in patients with these diseases and some lung cancers of cell types other than the small cell variety. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of K cell iCT, and to determine what other hormones might also be elaborated by this diffuse system of bronchial cells.