Variety Of Languages Research Articles

Analysis of the Use of Various Languages in Msme Digital Marketing on Instagram: Case Study of Pukis Kota Baru

The rapid development of technology requires MSME Entrepreneurs to be more creative and innovative. Instagram is one of the Social Media that is widely used in promoting their products today. Like the @pukiskotabaru account which uses Instagram as a digital marketing tool. The purpose of this study is to determine the type of use of language varieties in video content on the @pukiskotabaru Instagram account and assess the effectiveness of the use of language varieties by the @pukiskotabaru Instagram account in attracting attention and influencing consumers. In this study, researchers used qualitative methods with data collection techniques then used content analysis techniques, where researchers collected several video content to find several interesting posts or videos in the process of digital marketing of their products. The results of this study indicate that the use of language varieties in the video content of the @pukiskotabaru Instagram account consists of spoken language varieties, written language varieties, and nonstandard language varieties, the use of persuasive written language varieties and strong visuals to attract consumer interest and the use of these language varieties has proven to be quite effective in attracting attention and influencing consumers.

Studi Sosiolinguistik pada Nadhoman Terjemah Kitab Syu’abul Iman Karya KH. A Wahab Muhsin

Sociolinguistic studies are part of modern linguistic studies which cover all linguistic phenomena and their communities. This study can explain word preferences or language structures that differentiate one literary work from another based on the relationship between individuals, populations, periodization and people's lifestyle patterns. The source of sociolingistics research is all types of communication that use language, both spoken and written in all varieties of languages ​​in the world. This research aims to describe sociolinguistic relationships and traces of their application in Nadhoman's "Translation of Syu'abul Iman". The data used in this research are all aspects of perspective studies which include figurative sentences in the form of symbols, images, figurative language or figures of speech, as well as diction or choice of words as well as expressions in the form of loanwords, theme idioms, diction, language style, imagination and messages that describe the influence sociological and linguistic aspects of the translation of the book Syu'abul Iman by KH.A Wahab Muhsin in the form of a translation of the book Syu'abul Iman which was compiled in 1967. Researchers indicate that there are linguistic values ​​related to the situation and social relations in it. To prove this, the author analyzes it using descriptive qualitative methods. The data collection technique in this research is a reading-note technique. The technique is carried out by reading, taking notes for analysis based on the perspective study. The research results obtained prove that sociolinguistics is very influential on the building blocks of the translation of the book Syu'abul Iman.Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Sundanese Nazhoman, Translation.

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: Real Proof Of The Power Of Pancasila

Indonesia is a nation rich in diversity, encompassing a variety of ethnic groups, religions, languages, and cultures. The concept of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika—"Unity in Diversity"—reflects this pluralism, advocating for peaceful coexistence despite differences, embodying the essence of Pancasila, the foundational ideology of the country. The national motto, symbolized by the Garuda Pancasila emblem, signifies the unity of the Indonesian people. This study aims to demonstrate that the challenges facing Indonesia's adherence to Pancasila can be addressed through the application of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Using qualitative research methods, particularly library research, data were collected from various sources including books, academic journals, and recent studies. The results emphasize that Bhinneka Tunggal Ika has long been a cornerstone of national unity and a symbol of Indonesia's rich diversity. Implementing Pancasila’s values in alignment with this motto fosters national welfare and underscores the importance of tolerance and interfaith harmony. Additionally, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika plays a vital role in raising awareness of nationalism and reinforcing societal cohesion.

Linguistic Study of Some Properties and Phonological Processes of Jooshani Dialect of Persian

Abstract Jooshani dialect belongs to the Jooshan village, one of the villages of Golbaf town in Kerman city, Iran. The study tries to linguistically investigate and analyze the phonological processes of Jooshani. It also tries to present some grammatical and lexical features of this dialect. Here, Jooshani features are compared with those of Standard Persian (SP) and Kermani. The data have been gathered during nine years by one of the authors living in Jooshan and through close relations with the informants, most of whom were old, illiterate, and untraveled. The data are presented in three main parts: phonological system and phonological processes (metathesis, insertion, elision, lenition, spirantization, alternation, assimilation and devoicing), noun word-formation, and lexicon. The results obtained in each part showed that there are considerable differences between this language variety and the Standard Persian in all of the three above-mentioned parts.

Between Educational and Expressive Functions in Arabic-Dubbed Anime

This research aims to investigate the function and themes of Arabic-dubbed anime originally released between 1985 and 2020 and aired on SpaceToon. To classify the function(s) of Arabic-dubbed anime, a fifth function was proposed, i.e., educational. Unlike the expressive and informative text types, the educational text types have informative and operative qualities. Using a qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis, the research looked at 60 opening title sequence lyrics to assess their use of rhyme, language variety, and themes. The research has found that only rhyme analysis indicated an expressive function, whereas the language variety and theme analyses indicated an educational function, leading Arabic-dubbed anime to be classified as mainly educational. Analysis of themes has shown determination, adventure and excitement to be the most occurring themes throughout the data. Themes, such as separations, destruction and Arabism, were kept to a minimum. This, however, does not mean nationalism and unity were scarce as well. In fact, the Chi-square analysis has shown that these themes occurred more than expected during the 1990s. The analysis also identified other educational themes that spiked during the 1990s, but they were less apparent in the 2000s and 2010s when some expressive themes were observed to rise. This indicates a shift of the Arabic-dubbed anime towards the expressive function since the turn of the 21st century.

Bridging linguistic gaps: the role of code-switching in enhancing learning outcomes in Nigerian public primary schools

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the pedagogical implications of code switching as a medium of instruction in Nigerian public primary schools. This study explores the language choices made by teachers and their implications for students’ learning experiences. Quantitative and qualitative case study approaches were used for the study. Three states, Osun, Oyo and Ogun, were randomly selected from the six states in South-Western Nigeria. From each of these states, three public primary schools were selected, based on their location, size, and diversity. The study targeted classrooms that use code-switching as a medium of instruction, and a total of five classrooms were selected from the five schools. Data were collected using a questionnaire and an interview guide, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The findings revealed that teachers in the sampled schools utilized a variety of languages for instruction by combining English with the local languages. Factors influencing the choice of code switching included official language policies, school directives, students’ comprehension levels, and the ethnic backgrounds of the students. The study also highlighted the prevalence and benefits of code switching as a pedagogical tool. Teachers employed code switching to enhance instructional effectiveness, maintain student interest, improve understanding, promote student participation, and create an inclusive learning environment. The study provides valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers, suggesting the need for tailored instructional approaches that consider students’ linguistic abilities, cultural backgrounds, and educational outcomes.

THE TURKISH LANGUAGE IN THE POETRY COLLECTION COMPILED BY MIHO MARTELINI FROM DUBROVNIK

In the library of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo there is a manuscript poetry collection compiled by Miho Martelini from Dubrovnik. The collection was compiled in Dubrovnik in 1657 and consists of two volumes containing poems composed in Croatian, Turkish, and Italian. All of the poems were written down in Italian Latin script, except for one poem in both Croatian and Turkish, which was written down in Bosnian Cyrillic script. The eighteen Turkish poems in this collection all belong to the genre of Turkish folk poetry. This paper analyses the characteristics of the Turkish language in the poems from Martelini's collection. Since the poems were compiled in Dubrovnik, which had strong and lively ties with the Ottoman Empire, three linguistic layers could be expected in them: (1) the Ottoman language, or the language of the upper, educated classes of society in the Ottoman Empire; (2) West Rumelian Turkish, or the dialect of Turkish that we may expect to have been present on the territory of Dubrovnik; and (3) the so-called Bosnian variety of the Turkish language, which had developed under the strong influence of a South Slavic substratum, and which may also be expected to have been present in Dubrovnik, due to its geographical proximity to Ottoman Bosnia. This linguistic analysis of Turkish poems from Martelini’s collection complements the image we have of the linguistic, cultural, and societal conditions in the city of Dubrovnik, as well as the larger territory of southeastern Europe in the 17th century.

English and Putonghua varieties in Hong Kong: language attitudes and identity

ABSTRACT With its growing global visibility and usage, Chinese has evolved into a regional and emerging global lingua franca, spoken by a significant population of L1/L2 speakers. This study expanded world Englishes/English as a lingua franca research to explore language attitudes and identity across diverse English and Chinese varieties. It compared educated stakeholders' (university students/professionals) (N = 1481) attitudes towards different L1/L2 varieties of English and Putonghua/Mandarin in Hong Kong, where both languages play an essential role under its ‘biliterate, trilingual' language policy. Findings derived from the verbal-guise technique suggest a hierarchy exists in the status of these language varieties, with L1 English at the top. A further evaluation of these varieties in the status/solidarity dimension indicates that Hongkongers' identity construction may involve proficient/L1-based English and a Putonghua variety, including Hong Kong Putonghua. Furthermore, the findings underscore the dynamic nature of language attitudes depending on contexts, pointing to a greater acceptance of L2 English and Putonghua/Mandarin varieties in less formal/more interactional L2-L2 communication. They also show a potential relationship between language attitudes and one's working experience/awareness. The paper argues that adopting a pluricentric framework to (re)conceptualise Chinese can provide valuable insights into its role in multilingual societies, identity construction, and Chinese language education.

Watching subtitled videos with the sound off affects viewers' comprehension, cognitive load, immersion, enjoyment, and gaze patterns: A mixed-methods eye-tracking study.

Every day, millions of viewers worldwide engage with subtitled content, and an increasing number choose to watch without sound. In this mixed-methods study, we examine the impact of sound presence or absence on the viewing experience of both first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) viewers when they watch subtitled videos. We explore this novel phenomenon through comprehension and recall post-tests, self-reported cognitive load, immersion, and enjoyment measures, as well as gaze pattern analysis using eye tracking. We also investigate viewers' motivations for opting for audiovisual content without sound and explore how the absence of sound impacts their viewing experience, using in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Our goal is to ascertain whether these effects are consistent among L2 and L1 speakers from different language varieties. To achieve this, we tested L1-British English, L1-Australian English and L2-English (L1-Polish) language speakers (n = 168) while they watched English-language audiovisual material with English subtitles with and without sound. The findings show that when watching videos without sound, viewers experienced increased cognitive load, along with reduced comprehension, immersion and overall enjoyment. Examination of participants' gaze revealed that the absence of sound significantly affected the viewing experience, increasing the need for subtitles and thus increasing the viewers' propensity to process them more thoroughly. The absence of sound emerged as a global constraint that made reading more effortful. Triangulating data from multiple sources made it possible to tap into some of the metacognitive strategies employed by viewers to maintain comprehension in the absence of sound. We discuss the implications within the context of the growing trend of watching subtitled videos without sound, emphasising its potential impact on cognitive processes and the viewing experience.

SPECIFICITY OF WORK ON INTONATIONAL-SEMANTIC ORGANISATION OF PLAYING THE FLUTE WHEN MASTERING WORKS OF COMPOSERS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY AND EARLY 21ST CENTURY

The article is devoted to the formation of professional performers’ skills to interpret works for the flute created during the second half of the 20th century and early 21st century, that is, related to the so-called “modern repertoire”. The author concentrates on the intonation-semantic organisation of performance when mastering works of this category and identifies two key problems: the distance of the style and language of the works from the classical-romantic “basis” formed in performers at the initial and secondary stages of training, as well as a huge variety of musical languages, each of which a performer needs to master. In conclusion, the author of the article proposes a project of his own methodological model that involves mastering of the art of composition by students as a means to learn the principles of modern compositional techniques and, consequently, musical languages and styles as deeply as possible, and thereby to obtain the “keys” to the correct intonation-semantic organisation of performance.

Decolonizing Language in Education Policies of Nepal

Nepal has never been formally colonized; however, it struggles with the intricate effects of both internal and foreign linguistic colonialism, which has resulted in the marginalization of several indigenous languages in the formal educational system. The present paper explores how language education policies are changing in Nepal, a country with a wide variety of languages. This qualitative study used phenomenology as a research method and purposively selected four government aided school teachers as participants. Tool for data collection was interview and the findings showed that English is a dominant language in education policy though the constitution of Nepal allows mother tongue or national language i. e. Nepali to be the medium of instruction in the government schools. The study explored the expanding decolonization movement in language in education policy, led by communities, educators, and grassroots activists. The goal of this movement is to establish a more fair and inclusive learning environment from supporting the acknowledgement and integration of indigenous languages in formal education. The paper explored the historical mechanisms of linguistic colonialism in the educational system, examining the prioritization of dominant languages over indigenous languages and the resultant exclusion of the latter. The study concludes by outlining the current changes being made to Nepal’s language education regulations and highlighting the importance of linguistic inclusion as a driver of social cohesion and cultural preservation. By providing insights into the problems and possibilities of incorporating indigenous languages into formal educational systems, the research adds to the larger conversation on decolonizing education.

An exploratory study on the usage of quantum programming languages

As in the classical computing realm, quantum programming languages in quantum computing allow one to instruct a quantum computer to perform certain tasks. In the last 25 years, many imperative, functional, and multi-paradigm quantum programming languages with different features and goals have been developed. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated who uses quantum languages, how practitioners learn a quantum language, how experience are practitioners with quantum languages, what is the most used quantum languages, in which context practitioners use quantum languages, what are the challenges faced by quantum practitioners while using quantum languages, are program written with quantum languages tested, and what are quantum practitioners' perspectives on the variety of quantum languages and the potential need for new languages. In this paper, we first conduct a systematic survey to find and collect all quantum languages proposed in the literature and/or by organizations. Secondly, we identify and describe 37 quantum languages. Thirdly, we survey 251 quantum practitioners to answer several research questions about their quantum language usage. Fourthly, we conclude that (i) 58.2% of all practitioners are 25–44 years old, 63.0% have a master's or doctoral degree, and 86.2% have more than five years of experience using classical languages. (ii) 60.6% of practitioners learn quantum languages from the official documentation. (iii) Only 16.3% of practitioners have more than five years of experience with quantum languages. (iv) Qiskit (Python) is the most used quantum language, followed by Cirq (Python) and QDK (Q#). (v) 42.8% use quantum languages for research. (vi) Lack of documentation and usage examples are practitioners' most challenging issues. Practitioners prefer open-source quantum languages with an easy-to-learn syntax (e.g., based on an existing classical language), available documentation and examples, and an active community. (vii) 76.4% of all participants test their quantum programs, and 42.6% test them automatically. (viii) A standard quantum language, perhaps high-level language, for quantum computation could accelerate the development of quantum programs. Finally, we present a set of suggestions for developers and researchers on the development of new quantum languages or enhancement of existing ones.

Tracce d’uso del pronome dimostrativo espletivo nelle varietà d’italiano vernacolare fiorentino e pistoiese

This research into the expletive demonstrative pronouns consists of a comparison between the varieties of Italian language in Florence and Pistoia and the dialect of Salerno. The linguistic analysis points out the use of this pronouns like extra-phrasal elements with explicative semantic function. They are used only during the conversations, but not in the monologues. unlike the expletive pronouns in the non-pro-drop languages like English, French and Northern Italian dialects, in which these pronouns are expressed in both situations. The form quello, I have observed in the varieties of Italian Language of Florence and Pistoia, as well as chello/chillo I have observed in the dialectal variety of Salerno, correspond to the expressions il fatto è che.../sta di fatto che… In italian language spoken in Florence and Pistoia the expletive demonstrative pronoun quello is exclusively used in the initial position of the main clauses, otherwise in the dialect of Salerno it can occur also in the causal, temporal and completive clauses, in which the expletive demonstrative pronouns occupy the subject (or topic) position between the complementizer and the verb and they are used with explicative semantic function and their use is optional and limited to the conversation.

Students’ attitudes towards an instructor’s foreign accent and non-standard language variety

Abstract This study reports the outcomes of a speaker evaluation experiment conducted in a higher educational context in Flanders, in which we investigated the influence of language variety (Standard vs. Colloquial Dutch), accent (Flemish vs. Eastern European) and name (Flemish vs. Eastern European) on students’ perceptions of a female university instructor. The results suggest that participants exhibited a relatively high level of tolerance toward both non-conforming speech and non-conforming speakers. Whereas Colloquial Dutch scored lower than Standard Dutch on standardness, we observed no negative effects of Colloquial Dutch on the teacher’s didactic competence, status, or social attractiveness. We did not find any evidence of a negative bias triggered by an Eastern European name. Whereas the Eastern European accent did have a negative impact on the teacher’s social attractiveness, we did not find any evidence of an accent bias affecting judgements of the teacher’s didactic competence and status.

Automatic Generation of Web Censorship Probe Lists

Domain probe lists---used to determine which URLs to probe for Web censorship---play a critical role in Internet censorship measurement studies. Indeed, the size and accuracy of the domain probe list limits the set of censored pages that can be detected; inaccurate lists can lead to an incomplete view of the censorship landscape or biased results. Previous efforts to generate domain probe lists have been mostly manual or crowdsourced. This approach is time-consuming, prone to errors, and does not scale well to the ever-changing censorship landscape. In this paper, we explore methods for automatically generating probe lists that are both comprehensive and up-to-date for Web censorship measurement. We start from an initial set of 139,957 unique URLs from various existing test lists consisting of pages from a variety of languages to generate new candidate pages. By analyzing content from these URLs (i.e., performing topic and keyword extraction), expanding these topics, and using them as a feed to search engines, our method produces 119,255 new URLs across 35,147 domains. We then test the new candidate pages by attempting to access each URL from servers in eleven different global locations over a span of four months to check for their connectivity and potential signs of censorship. Our measurements reveal that our method discovered over 1,400 domains---not present in the original dataset---we suspect to be blocked. In short, automatically updating probe lists is possible, and can help further automate censorship measurements at scale.

A cross-linguistic review of citation tone production studies: Methodology and recommendations.

The study of citation tones, lexical tones produced in isolation, is one of the first steps towards understanding speech prosody in tone languages. However, methodologies for investigating citation tones vary significantly, often leading to limited comparability of tone inventories, both within and across languages. This paper presents a systematic review of research methods and practices in 136 citation tone studies on 129 tonal language varieties in China, including 99 studies published in Chinese, which are therefore not easily available to an international scientific readership. The review provides an overview of possible analytical decisions along the research pipeline, and unveils considerable variation in data collection, analysis, and reporting conventions, particularly in how f0, the primary acoustic correlate for tone, is operationalised and reported across studies. Key methodological issues are identified, including small sample sizes and inadequate transparency in communicating methodological decisions and procedure. This paper offers a clear road map for citation tone production research and proposes a range of recommendations on speaker sampling, experimental design, acoustic processing techniques, f0 analysis, and result reporting, with the goal of facilitating future tonal research and enhancing resources for underrepresented tonal varieties.

GENERATION Z’S LINGOS ON TIKTOK: ANALYSIS OF EMERGING LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES

The internet is an environment where users display the prowess in language and all forms of semiotic resources for different forms of communication. The current study examines Generation Z’s use of language in order to highlight the emerging forms of language structures on TikTok, as a result of the innate ability of humans to create new forms, mostly in verbal communication. The research questions are: What are the forms of construction of Generation Z’s lingo on TikTok? What semantic peculiarities are Generation Z’s lingo on TikTok characterized by? The premise of this study is that, Generation Z’s creative use of language on TikTok, shows the innate ability of humans to create new forms, and adapt to the affordances of new platforms in using language for communication. Crystal’s (2005) propositions concerning Internet Linguistics— the Stylistic perspective is applied in this study. Fifty Tik Tok videos were downloaded from the TikTok platform, some of the videos had the same lingos, in which case only one of such videos was chosen. Seventeen videos were used, each video was played; the part of the video that had the Generation Z’s word(s) was screen shot and used as the data for the analysis. In all, seventeen images were used. Findings show that the Generation Z’s lingo is replete with: acronyms used as full words in speech, combination of words and image in speech, the use of neologisms, esoteric words, and laconic structures. Some words and phrases have new meanings in addition to their previous meanings; all these show a new variety of the English language. The study recommends that language users should deploy the affordance of new internet platforms to freely express themselves, in doing so, naturally, new varieties will spring up and widen the lexicon of the English language.

Teachers' perceptions and implementations of global Englishes and Frenches in language classrooms

AbstractAn important first step to globalizing and decentralizing foreign language education is to clarify current language teachers' perceptions of language varieties and how these perceptions influence their pedagogy. The present study looked at English and French language classrooms in K‐12 and university settings in the United States to compare attitudes around varieties of two dominant global languages with colonial legacies through an anonymous questionnaire completed by 36 language teachers. The study aimed to understand to what extent English and French language teachers drew on the linguistic diversity of the respective languages and if there was a connection between received ideas and attitudes around varieties and approaches taken in language classrooms. Findings suggest that language teachers were influenced by their own language learning histories, leading to a misalignment between teaching beliefs and pedagogical practices. Additionally, language teachers were subject to curricular constraints that influenced their teaching practices around language varieties. Implications for teacher education are discussed.

Efficient Data Exchange between WebAssembly Modules

In the past two decades, there has been a noticeable decoupling of machines and operating systems. In this context, WebAssembly has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional virtual machines. Originally designed for execution in web browsers, it has expanded to executing code in restricted and secure environments, and it stands out for its rapid startup, small footprint, and portability. However, WebAssembly presents significant challenges in data transfer and the management of interactions with the module. Its specification requires each module to have its own memory, resulting in a “share-nothing” architecture. This restriction, combined with the limitations of importing and exporting functions that only handle numerical values, and the absence of an application binary interface (ABI) for sharing more complex data structures, leads to efficiency problems; these are exacerbated by the variety of programming languages that can be compiled and executed in the same environment. To address this inefficiency, the Karmem was designed and developed. It includes a new interface description language (IDL) aimed at facilitating the definition of data, functions, and relationships between modules. Additionally, a proprietary protocol—an optimized ABI for efficient data reading and minimal decoding cost—was created. A code generator capable of producing code for various programming languages was also conceived, ensuring harmonious interaction with the ABI and the foreign function interface. Finally, the compact runtime of Karmem, built atop a WebAssembly runtime, enables communication between modules and shared memory. Results of the experiments conducted show that Karmem represents an innovation in data communication for WASM in multiple environments and demonstrates the ability to overcome challenges of efficiency and interoperability.

The High Rising Terminal in the Intonation System of the Modern English Language

Introduction. The article examines changes taking place in the intonation systems of modern varieties of the English language by analysing the use of the High Rising Terminal (HRT). Received pronunciation (RP), which is recognised as standard pronunciation in the United Kingdom, Australian English accents and Northern Irish English accents (accents of Belfast) have been chosen as the subject for this study. Intonation contours containing the HRT are compared in order to reveal any similar features regarding their realisation and functions. The results of this comparative analysis will show to what extent other varieties of English may be attributed to the changes in the intonation system of the modern RP. The present study is unique in that the material for the comparative analysis of the functions of the HRT includes recordings of spontaneous speech of the speakers of modern English accents. This study is relevant due to the growing interest in the modern changes in the intonation systems of different modern English dialects. The results of the comparative analysis show whether these changes can be considered universal across different English dialects.Methodology and sources. The material for the present study includes audio samples of spontaneous speech represented by dialogues between native speakers of Standard British English, Australian English and Belfast English. The samples containing the HRT have been acoustically analysed. The lexical and communicative context of the samples have been evaluated in order to determine the functions of the phonetic contour.Results and discussion. One of the main findings of this study is a new function of the HRT in RP that has not been found in the classical descriptions of the accent. The acoustic analysis of the realisations of the HRT has also revealed a number of similar features between the modern accents of English analysed in this study.Conclusion. Many changes taking place in modern varieties of English have been caused by globalisation. Even though RP accent is considered to be the standard accent of British English, it is also subject to change.