Flax Varieties Research Articles

Expression profiles of genes involved in lignan synthesis in developing flax seeds

Flax seeds are the richest plant source of lignans, which prevent the development of many diseases. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is the predominant lignan in seeds of the cultivated species Linum usitatissimum. We sequenced transcriptomes of flax seeds at five developmental stages for 8 varieties differing in lignan content grown under three different conditions and evaluated the expression of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes, which play a key role in SDG synthesis. The co-expression of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes was detected, and the expression level of these genes was observed to change tens and hundreds of times during seed development, confirming their role in SDG synthesis in flax seeds. Low temperature (16 °С) and abundant watering resulted in a shift of the maximum expression level of both genes to later dates (14th day after flowering) compared to poor watering and high temperature (24 °С) and optimal conditions (20 °С) (7th day after flowering). Meanwhile, the expression level of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes was lower under high temperature and poor watering than under optimal conditions. No association was found between lignan content in seeds of the studied flax varieties and the expression level of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes. Our results provide important information on the contribution of genotype and environment to the expression of key genes of SDG synthesis, which is also necessary for the development of optimal approaches to obtain lignan-rich flax seeds.

Биохимический, минеральный и витаминный состав семян льна масличного белорусской селекции

Linseeds are a promising source of biologically valuable substances, essential amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The article describes the biochemical, mineral, and vitamin composition of Belarusian flax varieties. The research objective was to select cultivars for functional food production. The study featured ten linseed cultivars, i.e., Ilim, Opus, Brestskiy, Salut, Fokus, Allyans, Dar, Vizir, Slavyanin, and Bonus. In 2020–2021, the authors planted plots of 1 m2 in triplicate for each cultivar. The experimental field belonged to the Institute of Flax, Ustye, Republic of Belarus. The study followed standar d methods to determine the content of micronutrients. All flax varieties proved to be a reliable source of vegetable fat (≤44.8%), protein (≤25.1%), and fiber (≤26.0%). The maximal content of α-linolenic acid belonged to Salut (63.0%), Vizir (61.4%), and Bonus (61.8%). The average mineral content was as follows: 7,500.0–10,625.0 mg/kg potassium, 5,700.0–7,522.5 mg/kg phosphorus, 2,300.0–2,605.0 mg/kg magnesium, 1,200.0–1,922.5 mg/kg calcium, 45.0–56.0 mg/kg iron, and 124.5–190.0 mg/kg sodium. The maximal content of vitamin B1 was registered in the samples of Salut (0.91 mg/100 g) and Brestskiy (1.08 mg/100 g); the maximal content of vitamin B2 belonged to the samples of Dar (0.058 mg/100 g), Ilim (0.057 mg/100 g), and Brestskiy (0.056 mg/100 g); the maximal content of vitamin E (tocopherol) was found in the samples of Salut (12.6 mg/100 g), Dar (12.07 mg/100 g), and Opus (12.35 mg/100 g). The linseeds were not suitable for high-quality food flour production after room temperature storage because the acid number increased by 64–73%. The excellent biological value of Belarusian flax cultivars demonstrated good prospects as highly active functional ingredients in new functional foods.

Fiber flax varieties of domestic selection under conditions of the Tomsk region

The results of the study of 20 samples of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) of the Federal Scientific Center of Bast Crops in 2021–2023 are presented. The field studies were conducted in the sub-taiga zone of the Tomsk region. Natural and climatic conditions corresponded to the requirements of fiber flax cultivation. As a result of the conducted research, valuable and flexible source material for the creation of varieties with high productivity traits has been identified. The varieties of the Pskov selection – Antey, Voskhod, Nord, Chance, Tver (Torzhok) selection – Polet, Universal, Smolensk selection – Phoenix, Impulse and standard Pamyati Krepkova – stood out in terms of total and technical length of the stems. The total stem length reached 90 cm and above, the technical stem length was more than 80 cm. The leaders in terms of fiber content in the technical part of the stems were varieties of the Tver selection (Torzhok): Tonus, Visit, Pskov varieties – Kvartet, Orion, Peresvet – 40% and higher. The highest value for the characteristic of stem slenderness (the ratio between technical length and stem thickness) was observed in the varieties Voskhod (681.0) and Peresvet (652.6). In terms of linear stem density, the varieties differed insignificantly among themselves, with most varieties having values in the range of 5.0–6.0 mg/cm. The influence of the factor " The year of inclusion in the State Register of BA of the Russian Federation" was also studied. The factor had the greatest influence on the fiber content trait. Varieties with earlier dates of inclusion in the State Register showed low fiber yield. Russian flax varieties are recognized as promising and are included in the breeding process as male and female seed parents during hybridization.

Studying the protein complex of flax cake obtained from the seeds of a new variety of kazakh selection

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, pressing of flax seeds (squeezing) is most often used, therefore cake is more common than meal and its resulting physical reserves exceed meal several times. The biochemical characteristics of the protein complex of flaxseed have not been sufficiently studied, which, in our opinion, limits the use of protein products obtained from flax seeds such as flaxseed cake in the production of compound feed for farm animals and poultry. The article presents studies of the protein complex and amino acid composition of flaxseed cake of the Kazakhstan variety “Kostanay 11”. Flaxseed cake contains 36,5% protein, the fat content is 7,5%. The fractional composition of flaxseed cake was compared with the flax varieties “Northern” and “Golden” grown in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The amino acid composition of flaxseed cake was compared with other cakes used in feeding farm animals and poultry. The purpose of the study is to study the fractional composition of the protein complex of flaxseed cake from flax variety "Kostanay 11". A characteristic feature of the protein complex of flax seeds is the high total content of water- and salt-soluble proteins – albumins 29,2% and globulins 16,8%, which are considered well digestible. Flaxseed cake from flax variety "Kostanay 11" in its amino acid value is equal to the known cakes common in feed production and is second only to soybean cake. This allows us to assert that flaxseed cake obtained from the seeds of the “Kostanay 11” variety remained a highly digestible and highly nutritious product in terms of protein absorption, suitable for its inclusion in the diets of all types of farm animals and poultry, starting with feed for young animals.

Итоги сравнительного испытания зарубежных сортов масличного льна в условиях Восточно-степной зоны земледелия Монголии

The purpose of the research was to evaluate oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties originating from different geographical and ecological regions based on their yield formation and biological properties in conditions of the Eastern steppe zone of Mongolia. Mathematical and statistical analyses were performed on yield and its component parameters. According to the study results of 2019–2022, early maturing oil flax varieties such as Flanders and Norine-67 demonstrated a seed yield of 2.02–2.22 t/ha and oil content of seeds 37.0–38.2%. Their seed yield was higher by 0.97–1.17 t/ha compared to the control and other varieties. The late maturing variety Blatall demonstrated a seed yield of 1.36 t/ha and 40.7% oil content of seeds, with a seed yield higher by 0.01–0.54 t/ha compared to the control and other varieties. Due to our results, early maturing oil flax varieties can be cultivated in the soil and climatic conditions of crop production zones in Mongolia, achieving a high yield (1.05–2.22 t/ha).

Элементы технологии применения лабораторных образцов смесевых микробиологических препара-тов в препаративной форме смачивающийся порошок на основе перспективных штаммов антагонистов на фоне естественного поражения масличного льна фузариозом в полевых условиях

In 2022, laboratory samples of mixed microbiological preparations in a preparative form wettable powder (WB) based on promising strains-producers were tested in the laboratory of biological methods at the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops in field conditions under natural infection of oil flax with fusariosis. We determined the optimal consumption rates the laboratory samples of WB of the mixed microbiopreparations based on different ratios (1 : 1; 1 : 2; 1 : 3) of promising fungal T-1 Trichoderma sp. and bacterial 11-3 Bacillus sp. components. A chemical etalon Redigo Pro had no protective effect at a middle level of fusariosis infection (25.9%) on oil flax variety VNIIMK 620 in control variant without microbiopreparations treatment. The biological etalons based on a separate producer had the biological efficiency against disease for a fungal strain with a consumption rate of 0.05 kg/t – 66.0% with a low additional yield of 0.17 t/ha, and for a bacterial strain with a consumption rate of 0.2 kg/t – 40.5% with additional yield 0.24 t/ha. The optimal consumption rate of the laboratory samples WP of the mixed microbiopreparations in all test variants of ratios be-tween fungal and bacterial components id 0.3 kg/t. At this consumption rate of wettable powder, ratio 1 : 1 had the biological efficiency against fusariosis 54.8% with an additional yield of 0.44 t/ha; ratio 1 : 2 had a protective effect of 40.5% and additional yield of 0.23 t/ha; the biological efficiency of a ratio 0 : 3 was 56.0% with an additional yield of 0.54 t/ha.

Investigation of Germination and Early Seedling Development of Some Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seeds Under Salt Stress

Salinity, one of the abiotic stress factors, causes various physiological damages in plants. Salt stress significantly affects plant growth and development. One of the ways to reduce the negative effect of salt stress, which has a limiting effect on plant growth, is to determine the tolerance level of plants. This study was carried out under controlled conditions in order to examine the effect of salt stress on the germination of flax plant, which is one of the important industrial plants with various usage areas around the world. In this study, 3 flax varieties (Somme, Midin and Norman) and 4 salt concentrations (control, 50 mM, 100 mM and 200 mM) were used. In this experiment, germination rate, radicle length, plumula length, seedling length and seedling fresh weight characteristics of seeds under salt stress were examined. Statistically significant differences were detected between all the properties examined in the study, both among the cultivars and the salt doses. The study revealed that the control (pure water) group obtained the highest values in all the examined properties, but these values significantly decreased as the salinity severity increased. It was determined that the 200 mM salt dose significantly affected the germination of flax. ‘Somme’ flax variety was the most tolerant variety against salt doses in terms of the properties examined.

Winter flax: Stem structure, fibre properties and reinforcement potential for composite materials

Climate change is characterized by rising temperatures and an increased risk of spring water deficit, both of which threaten the cultivation of textile flax. With the multiplication and intensification of these phenomena, fibre plant yields have become increasingly uncertain in recent years, leading to shorter stems as well as reduced yields. In this context, winter flax cultivation emerges as a solution to sustain the exploitation of this plant. Sown before winter, it can resist periods of spring water stress, owing to the early development of it root system, and is also protected from the summer heat. In this study, we investigate the stem architecture and fibres properties of two winter flax varieties, in comparison to spring flax. Cross-sections reveal that both winter and spring flax have a similar plant structure. The part located at mid-height of the winter stem contains the most fibres, accounting for around 23% of the biomass. At the middle of the stem, the elementary fibres of the Cirrus and Olga varieties have an average length of 20.9 ± 7.7 mm and 30.0 ± 10.8 mm, respectively. At this same plant height, winter flax fibres of the Cirrus and Olga varieties have an average Young’s modulus of 63.6 ± 18.8 GPa and 57.6 ± 20.8 GPa, and an average strength at break of 1248 ± 554 MPa and 1187 ± 627 MPa, respectively. As a conclusion, winter flax has a similar length and mechanical properties to spring flax and therefore offers the same potential for textile applications. In addition, as demonstrated in this study, winter flax can be similarly useful as a reinforcement in composite materials.

Identification of genetically plastic forms among Belarusian ancient flax (Linum usitatissimum convar. elongatum Vav. et Ell.) varieties using the Linum Insertion Sequence LIS-1

The Linum Insertion Sequence 1 (LIS-1) occurs in the genetically plastic flax genotypes in response to the lack or excess of mineral and water nutrition, but also naturally, and can be transmitted to the progeny. We have analyzed 21 ancient Belarusian varieties of flax Linum usitatissimum convar. elongatum Vav. et Ell. The LIS-1 presence or absence was checked for individual plants in at minimum two generations with primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. The studied flax varieties formed four groups: non-responsive varieties (LIS-1 was not found, group NR); responsive, which formed and completely lost the insertion (group R0); responsive, which formed and retained LIS-1 (group R1); and responsive unstable (group R2). A statistically significant difference was found in ‘plant height’ (p < 0.05), ‘technical length of the stem’ (p < 0.05) between R0 and NR, and R2 and NR LIS-1 groups. The machine learning algorithm random forest classifier was used to predict the presence, absence or heterozygosity of LIS-1 in flax plants based on their growth and reproductive characteristics. As a result, the accuracy of the prediction was 98% on test data. In terms of sources for the selection of fibre flax varieties adaptive to environmental challenges, the most promising group consists of responsive varieties that have formed LIS-1 insertion (R0, R1 and R2 groups).

Is dual-purpose flax production feasible in the Amik Plain? A preliminary study on cultivar performance and harvesting stage

The research aimed to investigate the yield and quality parameters of three flax varieties (Linum usitatissimum L.) at four different harvesting stages in Amik Plain in the 2021 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split plot arrangement with three replications. Seed yield and quality parameters were determined after the maturation of seeds at the final harvesting. Harvesting stages (beginning of flowering, capsule formation, green-yellow ripening, and full ripening stages) significantly affected plant height, technical stem length, stem ratio, moisture, and plant fresh weight. Among the cultivars, significant differences were observed in terms of technical stem length, fiber ratio, stem ratio, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. Interaction effects were determined in terms of plant height and moisture ratio. While the cv. Noreum had greater fiber ratio (19.45%), stem ratio (50.97%) and seed yield (241.33 kg da-1), the cv. Karakız had the highest 1000 seed weight (7.99 g). The cv. Beyaz Gelin had the highest technical stem length (67.39 cm). In terms of technical stem length, fiber ratio, and stem ratio parameters, the cv. Beyaz Gelin and the cv. Noreum were in the same statistical group. The fact that harvesting stages do not affect the fiber ratio has led to the conclusion that planting for both purposes may be appropriate in the region.

Expression of FAD and SAD Genes in Developing Seeds of Flax Varieties under Different Growth Conditions.

Flax seed is one of the richest plant sources of linolenic acid (LIN) and also contains unsaturated linoleic acid (LIO) and oleic acid (OLE). Stearoyl-ACP desaturases (SADs) and fatty acid desaturases (FADs) play key roles in the synthesis of flax fatty acids (FAs). However, there is no holistic view of which genes from the SAD and FAD families and at which developmental stages have the highest expression levels in flax seeds, as well as the influence of genotype and growth conditions on the expression profiles of these genes. We sequenced flax seed transcriptomes at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering (DAF) for ten flax varieties with different oil FA compositions grown under three temperature/watering conditions. The expression levels of 25 genes of the SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 families were evaluated. FAD3b, FAD3a, FAD2b-2, SAD3-1, SAD2-1, SAD2-2, SAD3-2, FAD2a-1, and FAD2a-2 had the highest expression levels, which changed significantly during seed development. These genes probably play a key role in FA synthesis in flax seeds. High temperature and insufficient watering shifted the maximum expression levels of FAD and SAD genes to earlier developmental stages, while the opposite trend was observed for low temperature and excessive watering. Differences in the FAD and SAD expression profiles under different growth conditions may affect the FA composition of linseed oil. Stop codons in the FAD3a gene, resulting in a reduced LIN content, decreased the level of FAD3a transcript. The obtained results provide new insights into the synthesis of linseed oil.

Урожайность и качество семян коллекционных образцов льна масличного

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to study samples of oilseed flax from the VIR collection, to identify the most promising for the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals. Methods. Field experiments, observations and records were carried out according to VIR methods. The fat content in the seeds of flax varieties was determined using an AMB-1006M NMR analyzer. Results. As a result of studying 31 samples of the oilseed flax collection, the most productive ones were identified: k-5831 VIR 1650 (265 g/m2), k-5579 Voronezhskiy 1308/138 (261 g/m2), k-8409 Kinel’skiy 2000 (248 g/m2), k-8799 Avgust (241 g/m2) from Russia; k-6056 Bakhmal’skiy 105 (243 g/m2) from Uzbekistan; k-8606 Omega (241 g/m2) from Canada; samples with a high mass of 1000 seeds: k-8218 Micael (8.84 g) from Canada; k-8799 Avgust (8.70 g); k-8158 Sokol (8.64); k-5831 VIR 1650 (8.61 g); k-5579 Voronezhskiy 1308/138 (8.42 g) from Russia; samples with a high oil content in seeds: k-8729 Ba Ya No. 12 (50.6 %) from China; k-8799 Avgust (49.2 %) from Russia; k-6056 Bakhmal’skiy 1056 (47.6 %) from Uzbekistan; k-8610 McBeth (46.8 %) from Canada; k-7964 Rucheek (46.7 %), k-5579 Voronezhskiy 1308/138 (46.7 %), k-8158 Sokol (46.6 %), k-6986 Sibirskiy-397 (46.6 %) from Russia. Promising for use in breeding programs when creating new varieties of oilseed flax in the region can be considered samples characterized by high and elevated indicators of such important economic characteristics as yield, weight of 1000 seeds and oil content in seeds: Voronezhskiy 1308/138, Avgust, VIR 1650, Sibirskiy-397 from Russia, Oliver from France.

How growing conditions are influential on the agronomic attributes and fiber-related quality parameters of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fibers: A seismomorphogenesis approach

Among industrial crops, flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a multi-purpose crop grown for production of stem fiber and seed oil. Through longterm domestication for these purposes, cultivated flax has diversified into two main types, namely fiber and oil or linseed types, as well as an intermediate type. This study was designed to investigate the effect of flax fibers of flax varieties (Antares, Dakota and Mures) in field and greenhouse cultivation on fiber mechanical performances, morphological properties and fatty acid composition in flaxseed was investigated. Additionally, plants can change their morphology and mechanical properties when exposed to stress, as is particularly the case when plants respond to wind, a phenomenon known as seismomorphogenesis. Greenhouse plants were found to be significantly lower than field grown plants, with an increase of 16.79cm in technical stem length and 56.02cm in technical stem height. In addition, the total plant height of flax grown in the field was 59.33 cm compared to 17.32 cm in the greenhouse. The Mures variety was found to be the highest both in the field (79.50-76.10cm) and in the greenhouse (18.36-17.47cm). Considering the fatty acid percentages, the highest α-linolenic acid was found in Dakota (29.23%) and the lowest in Antares (20.53%) in the field, while the highest was found in Dakota (19.25%) and the lowest in Mures (16.13%) in the greenhouse. In addition, the highest tensile strength was found in Dakota (704.6 Mpa) and the closest Antares (692.2 Mpa) under field conditions, while the lowest was found in Dakota (198.5 Mpa) and Mures varieties (288.8 Mpa) under greenhouse conditions. In order to reduce the dimension, correlate and visualize the measured parameters, the relevant data of the study were subjected to principal component analysis and heat-map clustering.

Influence of Weather Conditions in the Northwestern Russian Federation on Flax Fiber Characters According to the Results of a 30-Year Study.

Weather has significant impact on plant growth and development. It is important to analyze the influence of changing climate conditions on the expression of plant agronomic characters. Two flax varieties were grown from 1987 to 2018 in the Northwest of Russia. Weather conditions and their influence on flax agronomic characters were analyzed using the variance and correlations analyses. Significant influence of conditions of a particular year on the manifestation of all evaluated characters was revealed. Starting from June, high temperatures accelerate plant development at all stages. Prolongation of the germination-flowering period is most important for improving fiber productivity, while fast ripening in hot weather after flowering is preferable for the formation of high-quality fiber. Such data give a possibility to predict the yield amount and quality. The use of weather conditions data also makes possible a comparison of the results obtained in different years. The suggested method of classifying meteorological conditions of a year can be used in other genebanks for systematizing and analyzing the results of crop evaluation in the field. The correlation analysis revealed 3 correlated pleiades, namely (1) of productivity, (2) of fiber quality and yield, and (3) of the growing season phase durations, the sums of active temperatures and precipitation during each period. The great influence of growing conditions on the economically valuable traits indicates the necessity of searching for genotypes with stable character manifestations for breeding new varieties with stable yields and good fiber quality.

Analyzing the Diversity of MYB Family Response Strategies to Drought Stress in Different Flax Varieties Based on Transcriptome Data.

The MYB transcription factor family has numerous members, and is involved in biological activities, such as ABA signaling, which plays an important role in a plant's resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought. However, the diversity of MYB members that respond to drought stress and their regulatory mechanisms in different flax varieties were unclear. In this study, we obtained 855.69 Gb of clean data from 120 flax root samples from 20 flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties, assembled 92,861 transcripts, and identified 434 MYB family members in each variety. The expression profiles of the MYB transcription factor family from 20 flax varieties under drought stress were analyzed. The results indicated that there are four strategies by which the MYB family responds to drought stress in these 20 flax varieties, each of which has its own specific processes, such as development, reproduction, and localization processes. The four strategies also include common biological processes, such as stimulus responses, metabolic processes, and biological regulation. The WGCNA method was subsequently employed to identify key members of the MYB family involved in response strategies to drought stress. The results demonstrated that a 1R-MYB subfamily gene co-expression network is significantly related to the gibberellin response and cytokinin-activated signaling pathway processes in the 'Strategy 4' for MYB family response to drought, identifying core genes such as Lus.scaffold70.240. Our results showed a diversity of MYB family responses to drought stress within flax varieties, and these results contribute to deciphering the mechanisms of the MYB family regulation of drought resistance. This will promote the more accurate breeding development of flax to adapt to agricultural production under drought conditions.

Комплексное использование удобрений в технологии льна масличного в условиях Центрального Нечерноземья

The article presents the results of studies on the use of doses of mineral fertilizers in the agrocenoses of oilseed flax varieties Lirina and Uralsky. The experiments were conducted in the conditions of the Moscow region on sod-podzolic soils in 2022-2023. According to the results of field experiments, it was revealed that with the additional use of ammonium nitrate and CAS-32 in doses of N30, the yield index increased by 49.0-65.0% and 49.5-52.1%, respectively, relative to the control. The maximum yield of flax was obtained in a pilot version using doses of fertilizers N60P60K60 (complex fertilizers) + N30 (ammonium nitrate) + N30 (CAS-32), and amounted to 16.4-16.7 c/ha. Keywords: OILSEED FLAX, MOSCOW REGION, SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL, MINERAL NUTRITION, FERTILIZER DOSES, YIELD, OIL CONTENT

The Effect of Drought on the Content of Active Substances of Flax Fibers

ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to identify differences in the content of phenolic acids in flax fibers and antioxidant activity of the fibers depending on the soil moisture level during plant growth and flax variety. The experiment involved cultivating flax under controlled conditions with constant levels of irrigation: 25%, 35%, and 45% of field water capacity (FWC). The experiment conducted in the vegetative hall of the Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, National Research Institute in Poland was repeated three times: in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The fibers were extracted from the straw with use of dew retting method. Flax fibers exhibit biological activity. In current study, the impact of drought during flax growth on the antioxidant activity of fibers was determined, as bioactive fibers of linen clothing touching the skin can contribute to neutralizing free radicals formed next to human body. The antioxidant activity of tested fibers was examined using DPPH and FRAP methods. The quantity of phenolic acids may affect the antioxidant capacity of the fibers. The research results showed that the cultivation of flax plants at a soil moisture level of 45% FWC favors the development of antioxidant activity in the fibers.

Impact of Biofertilization Treatments on The Growth of Different Cultivars of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

During the winter season of 2022-2023, a field experiment was carried out in the Al-Mahawil region of Babylon province to determine the effect of biological Fertilization on the development of several flax kinds. The experiment incorporated two variables: first, three distinct varieties of flax (Giza 8, Indian, Polony), and second, four levels of biological Fertilization. (azotobacter bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, azotobacter + mycorrhizal fungi, without addition). The outcomes were as follows: The field was organized in accordance with a wholly randomized block design with three replications. The treatment containing Azotobacter and mycorrhizal organisms exhibited notable improvements in the following parameters: plant height (in centimeters), number of primary branches (plant branch-1), number of capsules (plant capsule-1), and number of seeds in the capsule (seed capsule-1). The maximum values were obtained for the weight of 1000 seeds (g), the percentage of oil in the seeds (%), and the number of plant containers (66.30, 88.32 cm, 4.91 branches, 8.74 Ή³, 10.78 g, 44.51%). The Giza 8 cultivar exhibited a marked advantage over the remaining varieties across all the characteristics that were examined. The cultivar known as Giza 8 was shown to have a considerable advantage over the other kinds in all of the characteristics that were investigated. The interaction treatment (Azotobacter bacteria + mycorrhizal fungi + Giza 8 cultivar) performed significantly better in terms of plant height (cm), number of main branches (plant branch-1), number of capsules (plant capsule-1), and number of seeds in the capsule (Seed capsule-1). The best results were achieved by calculating the weight of 1000 seeds (g) and the percentage of oil in the seeds (%). The values obtained were as follows: 91.00 cm, 5.19 branches, 68.44 plant capsules -1, 8.92 plant seeds -1, 11.29 g, and 44.85%.

Characteristics of the New Fiber Flax Variety HERA in Terms of Fiber Quality Parameters Regard to Agronomic Assessment and Seeds Quality

ABSTRACT The work deals characteristics of new flax Hera variety in terms of fiber quality with regard to agronomic assessment and seeds quality. The results of the analyzes were related to the reference varieties Nike, Sara and Modran grown in Poland in 2022 season. The study included evaluation of agrotechnical experiment, flax straw and fiber evaluation taking into account the morphology and surface as well cross section of flax fiber. Moreover, seeds quality assessment were conducted. Hera variety was characterized by the highest total (6.27 t/ha, 0.627 kg/m2) and straw yield (5.16 t/ha, 0.516 kg/m2). Straw of Hera variety was characterized by the best average total (78.5 cm) as well as average technical (66.5 cm) length and average diameter (1.43 mm). In addition, it has fiber to raw straw content (16.42%) at a level comparable to the reference varieties. The metrological analysis of the fiber showed that the Hera variety fiber can be a good raw material for production of yarns.

Effect of retting methods on fibre quality characteristics of different varieties of flax

Stalks of flax varieties viz., DLV1, Himalini and No55 x NL115 were collected from AICRP, MULLARP Scheme,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad for extraction of fibres in water, chemical and enzymatic retting methods. Theextracted fibres were assessed for quantity and quality parameters viz., fibre yield, fibre length, microscopic appearance andfibre solubility in different chemicals. The results of the study revealed that, urea retting method yielded higher percentageof fibres, enzyme retted fibres gave longer length of the fibre. The fibre yield was higher in Himalini variety while the fibrelength was higher in DLV 1 and No55 x NL115 variety. Flax fibres were soluble in 50 per cent sulphuric acid concentratedwhereas insoluble in alkalies and solvents.