Variety Of Facial Expressions Research Articles

Ensemble model using hybridization of angles and distances for emotion recognition (HADER)

Integration of emotions to develop an integrated emotionally intelligent system is a tricky task. Human face is a complex entity which displays a variety of facial expressions. In this research study, an Ensemble model using hybridization of angles and distances for emotion recognition (HADER) is proposed. Proposed HADER forms a feature set containing a total of 37 angles and distances calculated using fiducial points. Hybridized feature set is submitted to ensemble model to predict the intensity of various emotions. HADER is validated on CK+ and KDEF datasets. Evaluation shows the increased accuracy results of proposed ensemble to be 99.630 and 98.639 on CK+ and KDEF dataset respectively over the existing geometric feature extraction based techniques attaining a highest accuracy of 90% on CK+.

콧방울띠의 유병율

Purpose: 입술 주위에는 여러 개의 근육이 모여있기 때문에 여러 근육의 작용에 의해 표정을 지을때, 다양한 표정과 노화에 따른 주름 등의 변화가 나타나게 된다. 동물에서는 이러한 피부 및 근육이 몸 전체에 발달되어 있지만 사람에서는 얼굴에만 잘 발달되어 있고, 다른부위엔 목과 손바닥에 하나씩 있을 뿐이다. 해부학적인 연구에서 확인한 작은광대근의 변이중에 윗입술뿐만 아니라 콧방울로 갈라진 힘살이 콧방울 가쪽 부위에도 닿아서 형성되는 콧방울 가쪽 주름에 대해 alar band라 명명하였으며 이에 대한 임상적인 유병율을 알아보고자 한다. Materials & Methods: 교정 치료를 위해 경기도 개인치과의 교정과에 내원한 780명의 교정신환의 스마일 사진에서 alar band의 여부에 대해 알아보고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 골격의 형태 및 입술의 돌출, 성별, 연령 등과의 상관관계를 평가하였다. Results: 일반적 특성에 따른 alar band의 관련성에 대해서 살펴본 결과 성별에 대해서 남자는 18.5%, 여자는 27.9%로 나타나 남자보다 여자의 경우 더 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연령에 대해서는 가진 경우가 0-9세는 19.4%, 10-19세는 16.9%, 20-29세는 31.2%, 30-39세가 39.5%, 40-49세가 56.5%로 나타나 20대에서 40대로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). SN_NP에 대해서는 normodivergent facial type을 가진 경우가 26.2%, hyperdivergent facial type을 가진 집단이 22.0%, hypodivergent facial type을 가진 경우는 32.2%로 나타나 hypodivergent facial type을 가진 집단의 경우가 더 발생비율이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Upper LIP에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 Lower lip에 대해서는 alar band를 보인 경우가 정상하순 안모를 가진 집단은 26%, lower lip protrusion은 14.7%, retruded lower lip은 33.3%로 나타나 retruded lower lip의 경우 발생비율이 높게 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 즉, 성별, 연령, lower lip돌출정도에서 alar band와의 유의한 관련성을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Conclusions: alar band는 해부학적인 연구에서 27.8%에서 보였으며, 본 연구에서는 25.6%에서 확인할 수 있었고, 임상적인 사진에서는 여자, 나이가 들수록, 하순이 함입될수록 유의하게 더 보였으며 향후 심미 치료에서 이 부위에 보톡스 등의 심미치료를 할 때 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Due to the presence of various muscles around lips, variety of facial expression can be made and changes from aging process such as wrinkles can develop on the facial skin by the action of multiple muscles. In animals, skin and muscles are developed in the entire body. On contrast, they are well developed only in the face and just one is present in the neck and the palm. Alar band was defined as outer wrinkle formed by zygomaticus minor muscle, which is common in Koreans. This study aimed to investigate clinical prevalence of alar band. Materials & Methods: Subjects were chosen from 780 new patients who visited private clinic in Gyeonggi province for orthodontic treatment. Presence of alar band was examined from the smile extraoral photos. Correlation among skeletal form, lip protrusion, gender, and age were evaluated. Results: Prevalence of alar band was higher in women (27.9%) than in men (18.5%) with statistical significance (p<0.05). With respect to age, prevalence of alar band was 19.4% in age 0-9 y, 16.9% in age 10-19 y, 31.2% in age 20-29 y, 39.5% in age 30-39, 56.5% in age 40-49. Prevalence was gradually increased from patients in their 20s to patients in their 40s and statistical significance was found (p<0.001). Concerning SN_NP, prevalence was 26.2% in normodivergent facial type, 22.0% in hyperdivergent facial type, and 32.2% in hypodivergent facial type. Hypodivergent facial group had higher prevalence but statistical significance was not observed. Statistically significant difference was not found regarding upper lip. However, prevalence of the alar band was 26% in patients with normal lower lip, 14.7% in patients with pretruded lower lip, and 33.3% in retruded lower lip. The prevalence was higher in patients with retruded lower lip with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusions: 27.8% on previous anatomical study and this study showed 27.8% prevalence of alar band in clinical smile photographs. Clinical photograph study showed that alar band was more prominent in women, older people, and people with retruded lips with statistical significance. This will provide valuable diagnostic information for esthetic consideration.

The use of craniofacial superimposition for disaster victim identification

Skull-to-face comparison is utilised for human identification where there is a suspected identity and the usual methods of identification, such as DNA or dental comparison, are not possible or practical. This research aimed to compare the reliability of manual and computerised craniofacial superimposition techniques and to establish the application of these techniques for disaster victim identification, where there may be a large database of passport-style images, such as the MPUB Interpol database. Twenty skulls (10 females; 10 males) were utilised from the William Bass Skeletal Collection at the University of Tennessee and compared to face pools of 20 face photographs of similar sex, age and ethnic group. A traditional manual photographic method and a new 3D computer-based method were used. The results suggested that profile and three-quarter views of the ante-mortem face were the most valuable for craniofacial superimposition. However, the poor identification rate achieved using images in frontal view suggests that the MPUB Interpol database would not be optimal for disaster victim identification, and passport-style images do not provide enough distinguishing facial detail. This suggests that multiple ante-mortem images with a variety of facial expression should be utilised for identification purposes. There was no significant difference in success between the manual and computer methods.

‘Hypertension at Work’: the Real Challenge or Much Ado About Nothing? Clinical and Psychological Study

Introduction Physicians discover more and more patients with Hypertension (HTN) whose blood pressure (BP) values during work appear to be higher than those values during free time. This form of HTN is called ‘HTN at work’ (Stork at al., 1992). Objectives To evaluate the specifics of psychophysiological mechanisms of stress reaction in patients with HTN at work, as compared with patients with essential HTN. Methods 170 patients with EAH, stage 1-2 took part in the study. Among them 85 patients with HTN at work (mean age is 44.7±4.3years) and 85 patients with essential HTN (mean age is 47.4±4.5 years). The research was carried out with the implication of methods of psychological experiment, psychological testing, and methods of physiological data registration. Results Patients with HTN at work, were characterized by reliably greater increase of Systolic BP (on the average by 16 and 4 mmHg respectively) as a reaction to emotional stress. The BP increase in this group was revealed in combination with a lowering of the level of anxiety, gradual decrease of catecholamines' level in urine and renin and angiotensin-1 in blood plasma during the experiment, the fluctuant aspirations' level, and scarcity of behavioral manifestations accompanied by an abundant variety of facial expressions. This psychophysiological combination is an indicator of repression of emotions, chronic stress and psychophysiological exhaustion. Conclusions Repression of emotions come as a significant pathogenetic factor in genesis of psychosomatic syndrome among patients with HTN at work, as opposed to patients with essential HTN.

Expression-invariant three-dimensional face reconstruction from a single image by facial expression generic elastic models

An efficient method for expression-invariant three-dimensional (3-D) face reconstruction from a frontal face image with a variety of facial expressions (FE) using the FE generic elastic model (GEM) is proposed. Three generic models are employed for FE modeling in the generic elastic model (GEM) framework, which are combined based on the similarity distance around the lips. Exclusively, FE-GEM demonstrated that it is more precisely able to estimate a 3-D model of a frontal face, attaining a more robust and better quality 3-D face reconstruction under a variety of FEs compared to the original GEM approach. It is tested on an available 3-D face database and its accuracy and robustness are demonstrated compared to the GEM approach under a variety of FEs. Also, the FE-GEM method is tested on available two-dimensional face databases and a new synthesized pose is generated from gallery images for handling pose variations in face recognition.

脳波BMI技術の実用化と新たな課題～多様な感情表現を可能にするアバターの表情制御を目指して～

脳波BMI技術の実用化と新たな課題～多様な感情表現を可能にするアバターの表情制御を目指して～

Automated detection and identification of persons in video using a coarse 3-D head model and multiple texture maps

Progress in the automatic detection and identification of humans in video, given a minimal number of labelled faces as training data, is described. This is an extremely challenging problem owing to the many sources of variation in a person&apos;s imaged appearance: pose variation, scale, facial expression, illumination, partial occlusion, motion blur, etc. The method developed in this work combines approaches from computer vision, for detection and pose estimation, with those from machine learning for classification. A ‘generative’ model of a person&apos;s head is defined consisting of a coarse 3-D model and multiple texture maps. This allows faces to be rendered with a variety of facial expressions and at poses differing from those of the training data. It is shown that the identity of a target face can then be determined by first proposing faces with similar pose, and then classifying the target face as one of the proposed faces or not. Furthermore, the texture maps of the model can be automatically updated as new poses and expressions are detected. Results of detecting three characters in a TV situation comedy are demonstrated.