Variety Of Different Countries Research Articles

An Ideal Multidisciplinary Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate Care Team.

We emphasize the benefits of a multidisciplinary team approach to the systemic management of patients with cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/CP) and their families. An ideal team offers support to families at each stage of their child's development and adapts to address new issues that are encountered throughout growth. We suggest the addition of a registered dietitian to the initial phase of the care team to ensure the child consumes adequate macronutrient intake, and to maximize growth and development. An ideal cleft palate care team focuses on a comprehensive, collaborative, and family-centered approach to the complex medical and surgical needs of infants with CL/CP as they grow to young adulthood. Although care teams may differ slightly depending on context and location, there are central tenets that make an ideal team. After reviewing CL/CP care team guidelines and recommendations from a variety of different countries, this article reflects what an ideal organization structure and care team composition could be comprised of.

An Experimental Economic Study of Loss Aversion in Stock Trading Decisions

The disposition effect is a form of behavioral bias that tends to result in investors holding on to their losing stocks for too long and selling winning stocks too soon. It can be explained by the behavioral economics theory of loss aversion. Even though many have studied this kind of behavioral bias in a variety of different countries, none of them have investigated the disposition effect in the case of Thailand. Therefore, the main objective of our study is to test the disposition effect among Thais by applying the experimental economic approaches of Weber & Camerer (1998) and Odean (1998) whilst also including the findings from questionnaires and interviews. We set up a simulation stock trading market to test the disposition effect of participants regardless of whether they had stock trading experienced or not. Subjects were required to trade among six stocks in 14 trading periods. We also added three more periods to test how different types of news impacted the subjects’ trading decisions. In addition, we analyzed socioeconomic factors that affect disposition effect behavior by using an econometric binary choice model. We found that this experiment can exhibit the disposition effect of subjects in terms of overall and individual measurement. In normal stock trading situations, we found that over 70% of subjects showed clear signs of the disposition effect, which seemed to decrease after they received fictional news.

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Techniques and Outcomes: a Scoping Review.

The purpose of this scoping literature review was to summarize the current evidence on techniques and outcomes following MPFL reconstruction including sources of evidence, key concepts, and gaps in the literature. A thorough electronic database search included studies published from 2016 to April 26, 2021, identified a total of 144 peer reviewed articles. Of the 144 identified clinical papers, 80 (56%) were of level IV evidence, 49 (34%) were of level III evidence, 11 (8%) were level II evidence, and 4 (3%) were level I evidence. Overall, 10,710 patients (11,466 knees) were included with 6871 (64%) female. The mean age of patients included in these studies was 23.5 years (range=5 to 59). In recent years, there has been a substantial quantity of evidence published on MPFL reconstruction from a variety of different countries and journals and of variable methodological design. Isolated MPFL reconstruction results in a decrease in patellar height postoperatively. Indications for isolated MPFL reconstruction versus concomitant procedures to address bony morphology is still incompletely defined. When failure does occur after MPFL reconstruction, femoral tunnel malposition is the most commonly cited cause. Despite several recent studies focused on optimal MPFL reconstruction techniques, there is currently no consensus on optimal graft type (most common being hamstring autografts, allografts, and recently synthetic grafts) or femoral fixation strategies, with similar results reported with each technique. Future studies should focus on optimal techniques for each patient population as well as specific indications for additional concomitant realignment procedures.

Inclusive Universities in a Globalized World

This thematic issue of Social Inclusion focuses on universities as inclusive organisations in a variety of different countries and higher education (HE) systems. It explores how these institutions aim, succeed or fail to become inclusive organisations, what policies and processes help achieve these goals and how academics and students can become agents of change through inclusive teaching and research cultures. The contributions in this thematic issue point to the multi‐level as well as multi‐faceted challenges and characteristics of inclusion in HE in general and in universities in particular, based on both student and academic points of view. They offer innovative conceptual ways of thinking as well as measuring inclusion. Further, they point out the importance of context in understanding the challenges of achieving equality and inclusion in universities through country‐specific as well as cross‐country comparisons of various aspects of diversity and inclusivity. We hope this thematic issue will inspire theoretical thinking, support practitioners and encourage policy‐making about more responsible ways of defining and fostering inclusive universities in a globalised world.

Writing in Mathematics: A Synthesis of Evaluations, Interventions, and Surveys

The national mathematics standards in the United States focus a large amount of emphasis on the function communication plays as a component of mathematical thinking. This is because communication is essential to mathematical reasoning. Writing is one of the many ways people communicate; other means include talking and texting. We did a synthesis in order to analyze the empirical research that has been done on the subject of mathematics in order to get a better knowledge of how students write about mathematics. This was done to better understand how students approach the subject. We discovered 29 studies that included a mathematics-writing evaluation, intervention, or survey for children in the first through twelfth grades. This research was conducted in a variety of different countries. These studies were carried out in a diverse selection of nations worldwide. They were involved in the inquiry in some capacity. Between the years 1991 and 2015, the results of the full study project were initially published for the first time in textual format in academic journals. Although most of the math problems required the students to provide written explanations, less than half of the evaluations used a rubric to rate the solutions provided by the students. Even though the vast majority of the issues required written explanations, they were nonetheless completed. More than half of the therapies mentioned the practice of publishing mathematical material in mathematics journals. This was mentioned in just over half of the treatments. Even fewer clinical studies provided quantitative data on the medicines being explored and their level of success. There are not many intervention studies that directly teach children how to write mathematical expressions, but those that do exist are few. The survey results showed that the vast majority of professors claimed that they only occasionally use mathematical writing in their lectures, even though most students claimed that they enjoy writing about mathematics. However, the overall quality of the studies varies, indicating the need for further empirical research; the findings of a number of studies indicate the potential that mathematical writing serves more than one purpose.

Agritourism around the globe: Definitions, authenticity, and potential controversy

This commentary identifies the variability in definitions of agritourism that exists in a variety of different countries, discusses reasons why this variability might produce problems, and provides examples of efforts to harmonize these definitions, including an ongoing international dialogue on the topic.

Evidence of general economic principles of bargaining and trade from 2,000 classroom experiments.

Standardized classroom experiments provide evidence about how well scientific results reproduce when nearly identical methods are used. We use a sample of around 20,000 observations to test reproducibility of behaviour in trading and ultimatum bargaining. Double-auction results are highly reproducible and are close to equilibrium predictions about prices and quantities from economic theory. Our sample also shows robust correlations between individual surplus and trading order, and autocorrelation of successive price changes, which test different theories of price dynamics. In ultimatum bargaining, the large dataset provides sufficient power to identify that equal-split offers are accepted more often and more quickly than slightly unequal offers. Our results imply a general consistency of results across a variety of different countries and cultures in two of the most commonly used designs in experimental economics.

Education as an instrument of «soft power» in the foreign policy of Kazakhstan

Nowadays a variety of different countries including great powers, regional powers use an instrument of foreign policy such as soft power to achieve their goals in international relations. Though the economic leaders of the world do have enough amount of money to promote their languages, give scholarships for foreign students and grant loans for developing countries, the regional powers or, even more, developing countries which pursuits a goal to join the club of privileged states have to allocate funds for the soft power.The article discusses the urgent issue of using the attractiveness potential of Kazakhstani education as an instrument of political influence in the international arena. The changes in the resource base of leadership in modern world politics are successively analyzed, the advantages and potential of the «soft power» of the Kazakhstani higher education system are examined, and existing state initiatives in the field of improving the quality and attractiveness of Kazakhstani universities are evaluated. Comprehensive modernization of the mainstream of the modern educational system at all levels is a key issue in Kazakhstan’s domestic policy. Today, higher education is based on constant, mobile work, communication, self-development and intercultural cooperation.Key words: education, «soft power», modernization of the education system, academic mobility, foreign policy of Kazakhstan.

Development and refinement of three animal-based broiler chicken welfare indicators

AbstractThis study aimed to refine bird-soiling as a broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) welfare indicator, and to develop and test two additional indicators, namely contact dermatitis on the breast and abdominal areas and carcase scratches. We constructed a questionnaire with pictures of birds presenting different indicator levels for classification as absent, low, moderate or severe. The questionnaire was sent to 146 invited experts for the first round and 88 for the second, in a Delphi process. Visual scales were built for the target indicators, which were tested by three assessors in ten flocks on-farm (n = 1,303 birds) and at the slaughterhouse (n = 1,631 birds). High concordance was observed among groups of Delphi respondents and among assessors. A total of 90.7% of the birds were either moderately or severely soiled, 99.9% were poorly feathered, 73.4 and 90.0% presented erythaema and carcase scratches, respectively. The correlations between litter quality and all outcomes assessed on-farm, and between bird-soiling and contact dermatitis on the breast and abdominal areas, were moderate. Results suggest that adoption of the proposed scales may improve our ability to assess broiler chicken welfare, since relevant problems were prevalent and measurement consistency acceptable. Substantial concordance observed among assessors encourages application of these animal-based indicators to assess broiler chicken welfare in a wide range of poultry houses, in a variety of different countries, thereby allowing the scales to be tested in a host of animal welfare conditions.

Foreign Market Cash Flow Exposure: A Multi-Country, Firm-Level Study

Prompted by recent financial integration and increasingly regional nature of trade and investment flows, we investigate the existence and characteristics of international market-related cash flow exposures for international and domestic companies. Specifically, we study whether firm-level cash flow exposure varies with a regional or global market index in addition to the usual domestic market index. We investigate how this exposure varies with identifiable firm characteristics such international sales exposure and whether this exposure differs systematically across a variety of different countries. We also investigate whether the same model may be used to measure exposure in crisis and non-crisis periods using the Asian economic and financial crisis as a natural experiment. Our empirical investigation relies on a sample of 1325 companies from eight (non-U.S.) countries for the period July 1996 - June 1998. We find significant evidence of regional cash flow exposure across our sample, and this exposure increases in proportion to firm sales in the region. We also find evidence that even domestic companies are influenced by the stock market in other regions. Finally, we find clear evidence of increased exposure for companies with significant sales in Asia during the crisis in that region.

Mapping methane sources and their emission rates using an aircraft

Finding efficient and accurate ways to map and monitor methane sources is becoming a priority within government and industry, both for environmental applications and hydrocarbon exploration. For more than 10 years, Sander Geophysics and Shell have cooperated to develop airborne methods to detect and measure the enhanced methane concentrations associated with ground-level sources. The resulting data can be processed using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) to determine the locations and emission rates of the methane sources responsible. SGMethane is the name of Sander Geophysics' methane survey method, resulting from the collaboration with Shell. It consists of an optical gas sensor, an anemometer, a GPS, and an inertial navigation system, analogous to Shell's LightTouch method. A test survey was flown over two active waste landfill sites close to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and the modeled data corroborated the locations of the dumpsites. Several commercial surveys for environmental monitoring and hydrocarbon exploration have been flown in a wide variety of different countries and climates; these show that both systems can detect localized anomalous methane sources even in the presence of dense vegetation, such as a tropical rainforest.

Do They Know Something We Don't? Endorsements from Foreign MNCs and Domestic Network Advantages for Start‐Ups

Plain language summaryThis article examines the effects of alliances with foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) on a local start‐up's attractiveness as a partner in its domestic research networks. We argue that such international strategic alliances enhance a start‐up's subsequent alliance activity and its status in its domestic R&D network. The analysis shows that, indeed, alliances with foreign MNCs significantly enhance the start‐up's attractiveness and its future alliance activity, especially when the start‐up is young (up to the age of five). Furthermore, alliances with foreign MNCs from a variety of different countries of origin (e.g., U.K., Germany, and France) have stronger effects on a start‐up's subsequent alliance activity, supporting the argument that even in the age of globalization, location still matters.Technical summaryThis article examines the effects of endorsements from foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) on the centrality of biotech start‐ups within their domestic research networks. We argue that international strategic alliances enhance a start‐up's subsequent movement toward a more central position in its domestic R&D network. Analyzing U.S. biotech start‐ups over time, our findings show that endorsements from foreign MNCs significantly enhance the subsequent network centrality of U.S. biotech start‐ups. This endorsement effect is magnified in the early stages of the start‐up's life cycle. Furthermore, endorsements by foreign MNCs from a variety of different countries of origin have stronger effects on a start‐up's subsequent network centrality, supporting the contention that even in the age of globalization, location still matters. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.

Политическое лидерство и политическая власть

Политическое лидерство и политическая власть

Supporting international students with careers provision: A review of UK higher education careers service provision and a case study based on the University of Exeter

As part of my role as a Careers Consultant at the University of Exeter I decided to undertake some research in to the careers provision offered to international students. I wanted to review provision across the UK higher education sector and then focus on the University of Exeter, my employer, which has a growing international student body of over 4000 students and ambitious growth plans. With growing numbers of international students, from a variety of different countries, come different needs and expectations along with increasing pressure on University support services as a whole. Through surveying a number of universities, this report explores how UK universities have been dealing with this challenge and looks at the expectations international students have of careers services. Itbecame clear that this was a topic high on the agenda of a number of institutions, and whilst this report focuses in detail on Exeter, the information obtained and recommendations made may provide useful insights for other universities.

Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in Livestock and Zoo Animals

Blastocystis is a common unicellular anaerobic eukaryote that inhabits the large intestine of many animals worldwide, including humans. The finding of Blastocystis in faeces in mammals and birds has led to proposals of zoonotic potential and that these hosts may be the source of many human infections. Blastocystis is, however, a genetically diverse complex of many distinct organisms (termed subtypes; STs), and sampling to date has been limited, both geographically and in the range of hosts studied. In order to expand our understanding of host specificity of Blastocystis STs, 557 samples were examined from various non-primate animal hosts and from a variety of different countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. STs were identified using 'barcoding' of the small subunit rRNA gene using DNA extracted either from culture or directly from faeces. The host and geographic range of several STs has thereby been greatly expanded and the evidence suggests that livestock is not a major contributor to human infection. Two new STs were detected among the barcode sequences obtained; for these, and for three others where the data were incomplete, the corresponding genes were fully sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was undertaken.

Hope, older adults, and chronic illness: a metasynthesis of qualitative research

To report a metasynthesis review of qualitative research studies exploring the hope experience of older persons with chronic illness. Hope is a psychosocial resource used by persons to deal with their chronic illness experience. A comprehensive search of multiple databases for studies of the hope experience (published 1980-2010) was completed. Inclusion criteria were included qualitative studies of the hope experience of persons (all genders; mean age 60 years and older), with chronic illnesses, and publications in any language and country. The metasynthesis followed four procedural steps: (a) comprehensive search, (b) quality appraisal, (c) classification of studies, and (d) synthesis of findings. Twenty studies were included in the metasynthesis representing research from a variety of different countries and populations with differing medical diagnoses. The characteristics of hope included: (a) dynamic or situational nature, (b) multiple co-existing types, (c) objects that were desirable realistic possibilities, (d) future-focused, and (e) involvement of choice/will. Hope as 'transcending possibilities' represented the integration of two processes of transcendence and positive reappraisal. Reaching inwardly and outwardly and finding meaning and purpose were sub-processes of transcendence, whereas re-evaluating hope in light of illness and finding positive possibilities were sub-processes of positive reappraisal. The concept of hope may differ for older adults vs. younger adults in its interaction with suffering. Resources for hope are both internal and external. Finding meaning and positive reappraisal are important strategies to help older adults with chronic illness maintain their hope.

Shielding the net – understanding the issue of vulnerability and threat to the information society

There are a number of vulnerabilities, which are increasing in potential effects, as society grows increasingly digitised and increasingly interconnected. Critical information infrastructure (CII) is one of these vulnerabilities, which is vital for the functioning of society. Often these resources are taken for granted and can be overlooked. The period under consideration in this article and consequently its primary focus is from 1995 until 2002. Beginning with a description of the physical stakes that are at risk, the article evaluates the policy processes underpinning CII in a variety of different countries as it relates to CII protection. These processes are tracked, revealing differences and similarities in the time and path taken to secure a national policy. It is argued that a country's ability to successfully navigate the various identified phases of the critical information infrastructure protection programme implementation process is determined by a number of observable factors: constitutional structure; the character of the state bureaucracy; real and perceived threats; and effective top-down policy coordination.

Editor's Note: Broadcast Research in the Americas

Broadcasting and the electronic media of the Americas is the primary theme of this special issue of the Journal. U.S. scholars have studied systems all over the globe, yet little is known about our closest neighbors, especially Canada and Mexico. Included in this special issue is research from a variety of different countries of North, Central, and South America. It is intended to encourage research on the broader spectrum of international topics relating to the countries and electronic media systems of the Western Hemisphere. This issue was edited by two guest editors, David R. Spencer, Professor, Faculty of Information and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, and Joseph D. Straubhaar, Professor, Department of Radio-Television-Film, University of Texas, Austin. These coeditors began last year with a call for papers, which produced numerous submissions. A limited number were selected for publication here to illustrate the breadth of research activities currently being undertaken. In the mid-1980s the first small steps were taken to eliminate the borders between two North America nations, Canada and the United States. Mexico eventually joined the agreement. Although it was relatively easy to figure out the dimensions under which hard goods could be shipped north and south, cultural goods were another matter. This collection of articles examines the role of North and South America media in a day and age of free trade. In many respects, it is a study in power and how one party relates to another when messages cross both borders and languages. In this issue, two articles focus on South America. Avila-Saavedra looks at the telenovela in Ecuador, a soap opera genre also popular in Mexico, Central American, and South American television. Wiley discusses the evolution of Chilean television in a rapidly approaching globalized world. Two articles focus on a history and criticism of Canadian broadcasting. Terzic provides a glimpse of policy history and political economy as it relates to the development of the pay-per-view system in Canada. Darnell and Wilson look at the sexist language of Vancouver radio, Talk Radio for Guys. Two articles on Mexico provide a look at Mexico's systems from a cultural perspective. Lozano discusses Mexico's public policies in relation to cultural diversity, and Wilkinson writes both history and critical analysis related to Mexican television within a North American Free Trade Agreement environment. Eyal and Cohen round out the Americas, researching the U.S. program Friends. Two additional articles continue the international focus of the issue, but reach across the oceans. Yuan and Webster discuss channel repertoires in Beijing, and Van Buren researches hate speech in a critical analysis of anti-Arab Web animations. The subject of international media is certainly not new to the Journal. However, as can be seen in the following JOBEM bibliography, provided by Professor Straubhaar, there has been comparatively little research from the last 50 years on U.S. systems and thus there is much yet to be accomplished. The purpose of this special issue is to provide a broad overview of what has been done, look at the current research, and hopefully provide a catalyst for future research ideas. This special issue begins with the JOBEM bibliography of research in the Americas. Next, the coeditors drafted an introduction summarizing the past research work with an eye toward the future. JOBEM Research on the Americas: A Bibliography Appelman, D. (1978). The mass media of Latin America: Selected information sources. Journal of Broadcasting, 22, 217-240. Browne, D. R. (1996). Comparing electronic media across cultures: Reflections in a myopic eye? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 265-280. Demers, F. (2003). Canadian television: The exhaustion of a domestic paradigm? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47, 656-661. …

The effects of privatization on corporate R&D units: evidence from Italy and France

Over the last two decades privatization programmes in a variety of different countries have radically reduced the role of the state as a major owner of productive assets. While there is empirical evidence to show that the switch in ownership generally improves productive efficiency and profitability at company level, its effects on research and development (R&D) activities, which can impact strongly on long–term performance, have been largely ignored in the literature.In this paper we address this issue by analyzing seven cases of privatization that have recently occurred in Italy and France in order to gauge how R&D activities may be affected by privatization in terms of objectives and organization. The organizations studied show that R&D units within privatized companies are subject to profound restructuring actions, generally designed to boost efficiency and to strengthen integration with the goals of the business units and of the final customers. A new role for R&D thus emerges: the aim is no longer to generate new knowledge in the broad national interest, but rather more directly to create value for the company and its clients, by emphasizing the assessment and integration of external knowledge.

Empirical evidence in the analysis of the environmental and energy policies of a series of industrialised nations, during the period 1960–1997, using widely employed macroeconomic indicators

This article underlines the main implications of the interrelations between the energy problem and that of environmental pollution, using the most widely used macroeconomic indicators in the field of policy analysis. In fact, carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission intensity and energy intensity trends may be used to highlight the most important features of economic development over a given time scale in a variety of different countries. The empirical analysis proposed here—covering a time-span of some 40 years in a number of the most highly industrialised nations—seems to be useful if we are to understand the main similarities and differences in the interaction between the energy choices made by different countries and their respective environmental effects. Moreover, by using PPPs, it has been possible to propose a more detailed cross-country analysis for the different international situations.