Chickpea Varieties Research Articles

Impact of Different Technology Interventions on Agronomical Traits of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The study conducted over three consecutive Rabi seasons (2020-21, 2021-22, and 2022-23) in the Lalburra block of Balaghat sought to promote advanced chickpea production techniques among farmers. A total of 15 demonstrations spanning 6.0 hectares showcased the benefits of adopting improved agricultural practices. This included the use of the high-yielding chickpea variety JG-16, soil test-based nutrient management, and targeted pest and disease control measures. Over the past three years, the demonstration plots achieved an average yield of 11.98 q ha⁻¹, while traditional farming methods produced only 8.01 q ha⁻¹. This leads to a remarkable yield enhancement of 47.48%. Additionally, the study recorded an average technology gap of 6.07 q ha-1, an extension gap of 3.86 q ha-1, and a technology index of 33.36%. The study underscores the effectiveness of advanced chickpea production techniques, increased yield while highlighting the need to bridge technology and extension gaps for enhanced productivity in the Lalburra block.

Resistance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Gram Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in a Controlled Environment

The research was conducted within the controlled environment of the net house at the Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, AKS University, Satna (M.P.), during the Rabi season of 2023-24. Eight diverse chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, viz. JG-63, JG-130, L-2, JG-14, RAJ-128, Narendran-2, Annagiri and RVG-202, were systematically screened to evaluate their resistance to the gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) under protected conditions. The study was meticulously designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications to ensure robust statistical analysis. Throughout the critical vegetative, flowering and maturity stages, the larval population density of H. armigera was rigorously monitored across all genotypes at regular intervals. The comprehensive data analysis revealed that genotypes RAJ-128 and RVG-202 demonstrated superior resistance, exhibiting the lowest mean larval density of 0.25 and 0.29 larvae per 0.5 m², respectively, indicating their potential for integrated pest management in chickpea cultivation.

The Research On The Adaptation And Quality Values Of Registered Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Conditions

This research was carried out in 2022 and 2023 with ten chickpea varieties (Diyar-95, Arda, Botan, Aksu, Aslanbey, Ubet, Sezgin, Caner, Onur01 and Azkan) registered in Turkey to determine yield and quality factors under Eastern Mediterranean Adana ecological conditions. The experiments were carried out according to the Randomized Block Design with three replications. In the study, grain yield, hundred grain weight, plant height, 50% flowering time and quality parameters of the varieties were analyzed. According to the findings of the research, flowering period of the varieties was between 76.75-84.25 days for Botan-Aslanbey chickpea varieties; plant height was between 53.04-60.67 cm for Sezgin-Azkan chickpea varieties; hundred grain weight was between 38.70-49.07 g for Diyar95-Aslanbey chickpea varieties; grain yield was between 175.70-286.42 kg/da for Sezgin-Aslanbey chickpea varieties. According to the data obtained at the end of the research, Aslanbey, Onur01, Ubet, Botan, Diyar95, Aksu, and Arda varieties, which had the highest values in terms of grain yield, were found to be recommended varieties for the region. However, in order to make a better decision, field studies should be carried out for longer years supported by detailed agronomic studies.

Multivariate analysis in chickpea genotypes under timely sown condition

Abstract Yield, a multifaceted trait influenced by genetic and environmental factors, requires a comprehensive assessment beyond emphasizing only on yield alone. Thus, understanding the intricate relationship between yield and its associated traits across diverse chickpea genotypes is essential. The current investigation was undertaken at the Breeder seed production unit, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, during the 2021-22 cropping season. Significant variations were found by analysis of variance (ANOVA) among the 40 genotypes under study, indicating substantial variability. Post hoc DMRT analysis further confirmed notable genetic diversity across all traits. Regression and Principal component analysis highlighted the significance of optimizing biological yield per plant, effective pods, total number of pods, and secondary branches to enhance grain yield. Strategic selection prioritizing these traits can facilitate the development of high-yielding chickpea varieties with enhanced agronomic characteristics. This analysis identified five principal components explaining 80.74% of genotypic variability. Ultimately, the genotypes ICCV 211210, RVG-204, and ICCV 211206 emerged as promising based on PC scores. Keywords: Chickpea, DMRT, Regression, PCA, Yield

Effect of Agronomic Biofortification of Zinc and Iron on Plant Height and Seed Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties

The present field experiment was conducted to study the effect of agronomic biofortification of zinc and iron on chickpea during Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design comprised two varieties of chickpea (‘GNG-2144’ and ‘GNG-2171’) and three levels of iron fortification treatment including control (F0), 20 kg FeSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % FeSO4 (F1) and 25 kg FeSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % FeSO4 (F3) in the main plot and four-levels of zinc fortification viz. control (Z0), ZSB (SI) + 15 kg ZnSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % ZnSO4 (Z1), ZSB (SI) + 20 kg ZnSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % ZnSO4 (Z2) and ZSB (SI) + 25 kg ZnSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % ZnSO4 (Z3) in sub-plot. These three experimental variables make twenty-four treatment combinations were taken as experimental factors to study their effect on biofortification in chickpea. The results revealed that variety GNG-2144 recorded higher plant height and higher seed yield over variety GNG-2171. Among Iron levels treatment 25 kg FeSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % FeSO4 (F3) significantly recorded higher seed yield as compare to 20 kg FeSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % FeSO4 (F1). Moreover, Zinc fortification treatment ZSB (SI) + 25 kg ZnSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % ZnSO4 (Z3) was found significantly superior over the treatment ZSB (SI) + 15 kg ZnSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % ZnSO4 (Z1) and at par with ZSB (SI) + 20 kg ZnSO4 (SA) + 0.5 % ZnSO4 (Z2).

Gender analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) yield gap: the case of Ada’a, Ethiopia

One of the primary development challenges hindering poverty reduction in Africa is the existence of a yield gap between female and male farmers. However, previous studies conducted in Ethiopia have largely overlooked the role of gender-related factors in influencing this gap. This article aims to address this gap by examining the chickpea yield disparity between female and male farmers and identifying its determinants. Data were gathered from 325 respondents (163 male and 162 female farmers) in 2019, combining survey responses with qualitative insights from discussions in two women farmers' groups, two men farmers' groups, and four key informant interviews. T-tests and linear regression models were applied to quantify the extent of the yield gap and analyze the factors contributing to it. Additionally, thematic analysis of the qualitative data was conducted to complement the quantitative findings. The study revealed that female farmers produced 29% less chickpea yield in the 2019 production year compared to their male counterparts, and this difference was statistically significant. Factors such as land allocation for chickpea cultivation, soil fertility, labor availability, chickpea variety (improved or local), access to extension services, and participation in farmers' cooperatives were identified as significant contributors to the yield gap. Beyond these technical aspects, gender-related challenges like unequal treatment, restricted mobility, labor demands, and religious/cultural taboos were also factors impeding the productivity of women farmers. Addressing the yield gap necessitates an inclusive approach in all agricultural development endeavors, recognizing and rectifying gender-based disparities to enhance the productivity and livelihoods of female farmers.

Studies on Effect of Terminal Heat Stress on Seed Quality and its Mitigation in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A field experiment was conducted to know the effect of terminal heat stress on seed yield and its mitigation in chickpea was carried out during 2021-22 at Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. High temperature during sowing time from early to late and very late directly affect the vegetative and anthesis stages and it was overcome by spraying the plants with heat stress mitigating chemicals. The experiment was laid out with three dates of sowing and ten foliar spray each treatment was replicated twice in a split plot design. Spraying was done at two stages of crop growth i.e., at vegetative (35-40 DAS) and anthesis stage (50-60 DAS) in all dates of sowing. The interaction between dates of sowing and heat stress mitigating chemicals showed highest physiological and seed quality parameters i.e. chlorophyll stability index (D3T3) (73.06 and 74.63%), minimum cell membrane injury index (55.09 and 63.63 %), maximum proline content (D3T3) (6.79 and 9.37 µ mol g-1), relative water content (83.79 and 75.10 %) at 60 DAS and at harvest, first count (90.50 %), final count (100.00 %), speed of germination (43.80), minimum time for radicle emergence (41.00 hrs), root length (17.32 cm), shoot length (10.12 cm), dry weight (27.10 mg), seedling vigour index-I (2643), seedling vigour index-II (2700). Among the treatments, sowing done at October 15th and plants sprayed with salicylic acid @ 400 ppm followed by gibberellic acid (100ppm) (T10) twice at vegetative and anthesis stage was found to be better in obtaining significantly higher physiological and seed quality parameters in chickpea variety JG-11 under heat stress conditions.

Effectiveness of the use of chickpea collection samples in breeding

Aim. To determine the breeding value the large number of collection chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties obtained from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (India, Patancheru, ICRISAT) and the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (Kharkiv) was evaluated in 1995-2022 under the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine. Methods. Standard field and laboratory methods (phenological observations, hybridization, structural analysis, biochemical analysis of protein content in seeds according to the Kjeldahl method), statistical analysis. Results. Donors and sources of such economically valuable features as early maturity, increased productivity, protein content in seeds, large-seeded, resistance against pathogens on an artificially created infectious background were identified. The set of 12 varieties of chickpea were developed by artificial hybridization, which are recommended for cultivation in all zones of Ukraine. Conclusions.The characteristics of the created varieties are given, the most valuable collection genotypes for use in crossing programs are recommended.

Evaluating chickpea varietal performance under different levels of phosphorus application

Chickpea, a vital legume crop, faces yield limitations due to factors like climatic conditions, nutrition deficiency in soil etc. Therefore, the knowledge of adoptive varieties to prevailing climatic conditions and enhancement yield by nutrient management is essential. The present investigation was carried out to assess the effect of varying levels of phosphorus on growth and yield of chickpea, at Agricultural Research Farm of SGRR University, Dehradun during Rabi season of 2022-23. The treatments of experiment comprise two chickpea varieties viz., PG-186 (V1) and Type 9 (V2) and five levels of phosphorus application i.e., 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5/ha which were replicated thrice in factorial randomize design. The growth and yield parameters were recorded during different crop growth stages to get the response of treatments. The recorded data shows that the variety Type 9 perform better than variety PG-186 in most of the growth and yield attributing characters. Among the phosphorus doses the application of 45 kg P2O5/ha was perform best among all other treatments. The interaction effects of variety Type 9 with 45 kg P2O5/ha (V2T4) showed maximum growth and yield attributing characters over the other treatment combinations like plant height (46.66 cm), number of branches per plant (5.67), dry matter accumulation in plant (30.67 g), 1000 seeds weight (140.00 g) and seeds yield per hectare (14.30 q/ha). Based on experimental findings it can be concluded that variety Type 9 with application of 45 kg P2O5 /ha is best among all other treatments for higher yield of chickpea at Doon valley of Uttarakhand.

Genome-wide association mapping reveals novel genes and genomic regions controlling root-lesion nematode resistance in chickpea mini core collection.

Root-lesion nematodes (RLN) pose a significant threat to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by damaging the root system and causing up to 25% economic losses due to reduced yield. Worldwide commercially grown chickpea varieties lack significant genetic resistance to RLN, necessitating the identification of genetic variants contributing to natural resistance. This study identifies genomic loci responsible for resistance to the RLN, Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen, in chickpea by utilizing high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms from whole-genome sequencing data of 202 chickpea accessions. Phenotypic evaluations of the genetically diverse set of chickpea accessions in India and Australia revealed a wide range of responses from resistant to susceptible. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) employing Fixed and Random Model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU) and Bayesian-Information and Linkage-Disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK) models identified 44 marker-trait associations distributed across all chromosomes except Ca1. Crucially, genomic regions on Ca2 and Ca5 consistently display significant associations across locations. Of 25 candidate genes identified, five genes were putatively involved in RLN resistance response (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock proteins, MYB-like DNA-binding protein, zinc finger FYVE protein and pathogenesis-related thaumatin-like protein). One notably identified gene (Ca_10016) presents four haplotypes, where haplotypes 1-3 confer moderate susceptibility, and haplotype 4 contributes to high susceptibility to RLN. This information provides potential targets for marker development to enhance breeding for RLN resistance in chickpea. Additionally, five potential resistant genotypes (ICC3512, ICC8855, ICC5337, ICC8950, and ICC6537) to P. thornei were identified based on their performance at a specific location. The study's significance lies in its comprehensive approach, integrating multiple-location phenotypic evaluations, advanced GWAS models, and functional genomics to unravel the genetic basis of P. thornei resistance. The identified genomic regions, candidate genes, and haplotypes offer valuable insights for breeding strategies, paving the way for developing chickpea varieties resilient to P. thornei attack.

Combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi with Meso‐rhizobium improves nutrient uptake, growth performance, and moisture stress tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

AbstractBiofertilizers can be better alternatives to chemical fertilizers to enhance plant nutrition and productivity as they improve the soil fertility and crop productivity in an eco‐friendly and cost‐effective manner. A pot experiment was conducted between December 2018 and March 2019 in southern Ethiopia to evaluate the combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Meso‐rhizobium (MR) on biomass yield, nutrient uptake, and moisture stress tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (variety: Habru). The experiment was executed as a factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were control (non‐fertilized), sole AM fungi inoculation, AM fungi inoculation with phosphorus fertilizer (20 kg P ha−1) and MR, and sole inorganic fertilizers (20 kg P;10 kg N ha−1) at four different moisture levels (optimum throughout the growing season, stressed at vegetative, flowering, and seed filling stages). The results demonstrated that biomass yields were limited by moisture stress, especially at vegetative and flowering stages of chickpea. Sole and co‐application of AMF with MR and inorganic P increased biomass yields on average by 19%, 39%, and 33% under water stress conditions, respectively, compared to the non‐inoculated control. The application of AMF with MR and inorganic P also significantly increased nodulation, AMF colonization, and nutrient uptake, but these effects were dependent on soil moisture status. In conclusion, there are potential advantages to be gained from sole and combined AMF application with rhizobium to improve growth and productivity of chickpea through enhanced nutrient and water uptake, though the results of this pot experiment should be validated through field trials.

Identification of suitable chickpea variety (S) under different growing environments in cotton-based cropping system

Identification of suitable chickpea variety (S) under different growing environments in cotton-based cropping system

Agronomic Evaluation of Improved Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum </i>L.) Varieties and Seeding Rates on Vertisols in Abeshige, Central Ethiopia

Identification of appropriate varieties and seed rates for different agroecology are important agronomic practices to increase the productivity of chickpea. A field experiment was conducted during the cropping season to evaluate the performance of chickpea varieties and their seed rates on Vertisols of Abeshige district. Four chickpea varieties (Minjar of 100, 125, 150 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>), Teketay of 120, 150, 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, Habru of 130, 162.5 195 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> and Yelbe of 120, 150, 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>)] and three levels of seed rates were used and combined factorially in randomized complete block design with three replications. Interaction of Chickpea varieties and seed rates were significantly affected number of days to 50% emergency, days to 50% flowering and 90% maturity, plant height, seed yield, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, hundred seed weight, harvest index and dry biomass of chickpea. Teketay varieties showed better performance on seed yield, harvest index and number of seed per pod in response to seed rate. Teketay with 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> was gave better yield and yield components of Chickpea variety. Therefore, Teketay variety with 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> is recommended to sustain chickpea production in Vertisols of Abeshige areas in central mid-lands of Ethiopia.

Effect of Customized Fertilizer Application on Physiological Aspects of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

It is predicted that India will required around 32 million tons of pulses to feed around 1.68 billion people by 2030. Therefore, improved technologies must be needed to increasing production. And increase in physiological efficiency of crop is important to improve the productivity and production of crop. Hence, the experiment entitled "Effect of customized fertilizer application on physiological aspects of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)" was carried out at Department of Plant Physiology, AB & MAP, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during rabi 2020-21. The experiment consists of five treatments with replicated four times in RBDS design and Indira chana 1 variety of chickpea used as a test crop. The study highlighted that that the T5 CFG 3 (NPKSZnMo 5.5:4.6:4.5:8.3:1.4:0.034 %) based on recommendation (125%) was found effective to minimize the phenophase like 50% flowering, physiological maturity significantly. Higher chlorophyll value was observed in T5 CFG 3 (NPKSZnMo 5.5:4.6:4.5:8.3:1.4:0.034 %) based on recommendation (125%) and Maximum Fv/Fm (chlorophyll florescence) was observed in T4 CFG 2 (NPKSZnMo 5.5:4.6:4.5:8.3:1.4:0.034%) based on recommendation (75%). T3 CFG 1 (NPKSZn Mo5.5: 4.6:4.5:8.3:1.4:0.034%) based on recommendation (100%) was also observed effectively increased dry matter partitioning towards the economic sink and maximize Crop growth rate, Relative growth rate, economic (seed) yield, biological yield and harvesting index. Thus, it is proved that in comparison with the recommended doses of fertilizers application of CFGA has enhanced the plant yield.

Chemical and Protein Characterization of Two Varieties of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum): Costa 2004 and El Patrón.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of two chickpea varieties, 'Costa 2004' and 'El Patrón', and to characterize their proteins to determine their technological potential for the food industry. For this purpose, chickpea samples of both varieties from the 2019 harvest region of Guanajuato, Mexico, were obtained and chemically characterized to determine the protein fractions using electrophoretic and amino acid profiling. The chickpea variety 'Costa 2004' contained 3% less protein and 7% less dietary fiber content than the variety 'El Patrón'; whereas, the carbohydrate content of 'Costa 2004' was 4% greater. Additionally, the chickpeas demonstrated an antioxidant capacity ranging from 319 to 387 µMET/g and total phenol levels exceeding 500 mg/g. Among the protein fractions, globulins represented the highest proportion in both varieties of chickpea, at approximately 8.73 g/100 g ('Costa 2004') and 10.42 g/100 g ('El Patrón'), followed by albumin, at approximately 1.24 g/100 g and 1.47 g/100 g, respectively. The chickpea proteins ranged in molecular weight between 100 and 25 kDa, with particularly strong signals in the albumin and globulin bands. Regarding the amino acid profile, histidine was predominant in both varieties. In conclusion, both varieties of chickpea have high nutritional value and broad potential for technological use in the food industry.

Resistance of Ascochyta rabiei isolates from chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) to fungicides

Ascochyta blight is a disease that causes significant yield losses in chickpea crops in Turkey under favorable environmental conditions. The fungal pathogen Ascochyta rabiei is the causative agent of this disease. The antifungal activity of previous fungicides against A. rabiei was not effective due to the heterothallic nature of the fungus. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of A. rabiei to fungicides (25.2 g kgˉ1 boscalid + 12.8 g kgˉ1 pyraclostrobin; 50 % tebuconazole + 25 % trifloxystrobin; 62.5 g Lˉ1 propiconazole + 37.5 g Lˉ1 azoxystrobin; 80 % thiram; 80 % kükürt (sulphur); 80 % mancozeb; 80 % maneb) under in vitro and field conditions. Pure cultures of A. rabiei were isolated from infected chickpea plants collected in Boğazlayan, Sarıkaya, Sorgun, Merkez and Yerköy. A total of 14 A. rabiei isolates and 4 references were evaluated. The field test was conducted at Yozgat Bozok University, Yerköy Agricultural Application and Research Center Station. The trials began on March 14, 2021. The experimental area was divided into plots and the susceptible chickpea variety Sarı98 was used for the study. Two artificial inoculations were carried out approximately on the 40th and 80th days after sowing. Twenty-four hours after inoculation, the chickpea plants were sprayed with the fungicides Nativo® WG 75, Bellis®, Dikotan® M45 and Thiovit Jet® using a handheld sprayer. In vitro testing revealed that A. rabiei was resistant to kükürt (sulphur), thiram, maneb, and mancozeb. A field study showed that the percentage of A. rabiei isolates treated with the mancozeb fungicide was between 14 and 21 % of the control. Therefore, effective disease management strategies should include not only the use of fungicides, but also alternative approaches such as the use of resistant varieties. Moreover, the study focused on phenotypic resistance and suggests that future research should investigate the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying A. rabiei resistance to enable better resistance management.

Study of CaDreb2c and CaDreb2h Gene Sequences and Expression in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars Growing in Northern Kazakhstan under Drought.

Drought poses a significant challenge to plant growth and productivity, particularly in arid regions like northern Kazakhstan. Dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) transcription factors play an important role in plant response to drought and other abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the DREB subfamily consists of six groups, designated DREB1 to DREB6. Among these, DREB2 is primarily associated with drought and salinity tolerance. In the chickpea genome, two DREB genes, CaDREB2c and CaDREB2h, have been identified, exhibiting high sequence similarity to Arabidopsis DREB2 genes. We investigated the nucleotide sequences of CaDREB2c and CaDREB2h genes in several chickpea cultivars commonly grown in northern Kazakhstan. Interestingly, the CaDREB2h gene sequence was identical across all varieties and corresponded to the sequence deposited in the GenBank. However, the CaDREB2c gene sequence exhibited variations among the studied varieties, categorized into three groups: the first group (I), comprising 20 cultivars, contained a CaDREB2c gene sequence identical to the GenBank (Indian cultivar CDC Frontier). The second group (II), consisting of 4 cultivars, had a single synonymous substitution (T to C) compared to the deposited CaDREB2c gene sequence. The third group, encompassing 5 cultivars, displayed one synonymous substitution (C to T) and two non-synonymous substitutions (G to T and G to A). Furthermore, we assessed the gene expression patterns of CaDREB2c and CaDREB2h in different chickpea varieties under drought conditions. Chickpea cultivars 8 (III), 37 (I), 6 (III), and 43 (I) exhibited the highest drought resistance. Our analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between drought resistance and CaDREB2h gene expression under drought stress. Our findings suggest that the chickpea's adaptive responses to water deprivation are associated with changes in CaDREB2 gene expression. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying drought tolerance, we propose future research directions that will delve into the molecular interactions and downstream targets of CaDREB2 genes.

Assessment of Genetic Stability in Chickpea Varieties Through GGE and AMMI Analyses

Background: Chickpea is grown in diverse agro-climatic conditions and various varieties respond differently to these environments. Stability analysis identifies adaptable varieties that yield consistently across regions. Our study focuses on identifying high-yield, reliable chickpea varieties through extensive multi-environment trials Methods: To accomplish our research goal, we conducted a comprehensive stability analysis during 2020-21 and 2021-22 using 12 different methods which include parametric, non-parametric and PCA-based AMMI, GGE biplot analysis. This extensive analysis was applied to six distinct Chickpea varieties cultivated in three diverse environments. Result: CSJ515 consistently demonstrated stability in all 10 analyses, while GNG2144 and RSG959 showed stability in 7 analyses. GNG1958 exhibited stability in four analyses and GNG2171 and RSG974 were stable in 3 and 2 analyses, respectively. These results suggest that CSJ515, GNG2144 and RSG959 have broad and stable adaptability across diverse environments.

Cluster Frontline Demonstration: An Effective Technology Dissemination Approach for Maximization of Productivity and Profitability of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a premier legume crop of Fabaceae family. It is also known as gram and Kabuli chana. It is one of the major rabi season pulse crop of the Ratlam district. The main objective of this study is the enhance production and productivity of chickpea through CFLDs with latest and specific technologies viz- large seeded high yielding varieties and resistance to fusarium wilt (RVG 202) chickpea variety under best package of practices. The major problem of ratlam district is productivity of chickpea is very low because of non-adoption of latest intervention by the farmer’s like use wilt resistant variety, imbalance use of plant nutrient, water stress at critical stage, infestation of weeds and incidence of pest. Methods: The present study was carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaora, Ratlam District (M.P) during rabi season. Total 110 demonstration in farmer’s field of ratlam district during two years i.e., from rabi, 2020-21, rabi 2021-22 on integrated crop management (ICM). Front line demonstration on chickpea were organized five cluster of ratlam district. The demonstration intervention technology is improved variety (RVG-202), Optimum seed rate 80 kg/ha, properly seed treatment, crop nutrient management RDF as per STV, water management at critical stages, weed management and application of IDM module for the management of disease. Result: The results of study show a positive impact onfarming community due to the significant enhancement in crop yield greater than farmer. Results of the study revealed that the interventions increase demonstration field seed yield of chickpea by 30.76 and 32.71% over the farmers' field respectively, both the years. The average intervention technology gap (3.04 q/ha) extension gap 4.08 q/ha) and Technology index 15.22% suggested further improvement in the extension activities. The annual average benefit: cost ratio was higher (2.43 and 2.52) of the demonstrated plot compare to farmers plot (1.95 and 1.97), respectively. The similar trend was observed in terms of gross and net income returns which was demonstration plot is Rs 94589 Rs 67385 and under farmer's plot it was Rs 72783 and Rs. 49283 respectively.

Yield performance evaluation of kabuli and desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under rainfed condition

Chickpea is one of Ethiopia’s main grain legume crops and it is third most important export legumes after faba bean and haricot bean. The performance information for chickpea cultivars under varying environmental conditions in the Somali region is limited. A field experiment was conducted to test the adaptability of 14 released chickpea varieties (both kabuli and desi types) at Kebribeya and Jigjiga in 2021. The experiment was carried out using a complete randomized block design with three replications for both types separately. The analysis of variance computed for seven traits for each location and over the location revealed the presence of significant variability between varieties. Variety by location interaction was highly significant for most yield and yield related for both types, this indicated that location-specific variety selection is needed. Hence, among the tested kabuli types, Koka and Hora for Kebribeya and Ejera and Koka for Jigjiga were selected based on their grain yield potential and other yield and yield-related traits. Regarding the desi-type Dalota and Dimtu for Kebribeya and Dalota, Natoil and Teketay for the Jigjiga location were the best high-yielder varieties among tested varieties. Additionally, the phenotypic correlation between traits revealed that most traits were associated with grain yield. Specifically, days to maturity and the number of pods per plant were highly correlated with grain yield in both types and were also used as important traits for variety selection. Therefore, the selected varieties from both chickpea types are recommended for popularization in study areas and other similar agroecology.