Varieties Of Soybean Seeds Research Articles

Multi-level data fusion strategy based on spectral and image information for identifying varieties of soybean seeds

Rapid identification of soybean seed varieties is crucial for agricultural production and seed quality. Identifying varieties of soybean seed using conventional chemical methods is time-consuming, destructive, and inappropriate for seed quality evaluation. This study utilized hyperspectral imaging technology (HSI) to identify four varieties of soybean seeds. The hyperspectral images of soybean seeds were collected in the spectral range of 400–1000 nm. A multi-level data fusion strategy based on spectral and image information was proposed to improve the accuracy of model. Subsequently, the multi-level data fusion strategy based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to establish the classification models of soybean seeds. Compared with the models using individual analytical sources, the results demonstrated that the models with multi-level data fusion strategy obtained better prediction performance. The high-level data fusion (HLDF) based on Bayesian consensus provided the optimal results with an accuracy (Acc) and F1-score of 93.13 % and 93.70 % in the prediction phase, respectively. Therefore, the multi-level data fusion strategy can be used as an identification method for soybean seed varieties and an effective approach to enhance the discriminatory capability of models.

Pathogenic mycobiome and quality indicators of soybean seed (Glycine max Moench) under growing in organic technologies

The number of colony-forming units (CFU) of micromycetes in soybean seeds of Suzirya and Kent varieties, created by Filazonite technology, was determined. A significant suppression of micromycetes was found in soybean seeds of Suzirya and Kent varieties compared to the control sample. It was established that the formation of CFU micromycetes on soybean seeds of the specified varieties is influenced by seed growing technologies and climatic conditions. Depending on these factors, the number of CFU micromycetes on soybean seeds of different varieties ranged from 0.2·104 CFU/g of seed to 1.5·104 CFU/g of seed, which is almost 2.5 times less than the amount in the control sample (from 0.8·104 CFU/g to 2.7·104 CFU/g of seeds). It was established that the species of phytopathogenic micromycetes belonging to the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium dominate in the soybean seeds of Suzirya and Kent varieties. They are factors of biological pollution of agrophytocenoses and reduction of biosafety of products. The changes in the quality indicators of the researched varieties of soybean seeds, grown under conditions of organic production using biological technologies, were determined. Based on the results of three-year research, it was established that the indicators of the content of protein and oil in the seeds of Kent and Suzirya varieties in all variants were higher than the normative indicators specified in DSTU 4964:2008. TU. SOY. At the same time, the indicator of the mass fraction of seed moisture did not exceed the permissible norms. It was established that the biochemical composition of soybean seeds had a certain influence on the genotypes of the varieties, as well as the types of soil and the climatic conditions of the growing technology. Depending on these factors, the content of protein in the soybean seeds of the studied varieties ranges from 37.5% to 41.11%, fat from 19.02% to 21.7%, and the mass fraction of moisture from 8.8% to 11.4%.

FERMENTATION OF SOYBEAN SEEDS USING RHIZOPUS OLIGOSPORUS FOR TEMPEH PRODUCTION AND STANDARDIZATION BASED ON ISOFLAVONES CONTENT

Objective: To determine the best temperature and time of fermentation for making soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) tempeh seeds with high content of isoflavones. Methods: Five varieties of soybean seeds, Devon-1, Dena-1, Dega-1, Anjasmoro, and Argomulyo, were determined for their isoflavones content using an Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer. A variety containing the highest isoflavones was washed, boiled, peeled, then mixed with tempeh starter (Rhizopus oligosporus culture) at 1 g/kg. The mixture was then poured into plastic bags and flattened with two centimeters of thickness. Fermentation in three conditions: (a) ambient temperature (27-32 °C) without air circulation, (b) 27±0.5 °C, and (c) 30±0.5 °C both with air circulation. The inner temperature, ripening time, and rotting time was recorded. The total isoflavones content was measured every 6 h. Results: The variety of Devon-1 has the highest content of isoflavones (0.112% w/w). Fermentation in condition (a) caused the tempeh too hot(42 °C) and rotted at the 42nd h. Condition (b) produced the best tempeh, ripening at the inner peak temperature (32.5 °C) at the 32nd h; and rotted after the 100th h. Condition (c) produced good tempeh; the ripening occurred at the 31st h at 33 °C and rotted after the 113th h. Tempeh that was produced with condition (b) at the 72nd h has the highest content of isoflavones (0.089% w/w). Conclusion: Fermentation at 27±0.5 °C with air circulation for 72 h produced tempeh with the highest isoflavones content (0.089% w/w), but decrease about 20% compared to its content in seeds (0.112% w/w).

Fast Identification of Soybean Seed Varieties Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Combined With Convolutional Neural Network.

Soybean seed purity is a critical factor in agricultural products, standardization of seed quality, and food processing. In this study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an effective technology was successfully used to identify ten varieties of soybean seeds. We improved the traditional sample preparation scheme for LIBS. Instead of grinding and squashing, we propose a time-efficient method by pressing soybean seeds into rubber sand filled with culture plates through a ruler to ensure a relatively uniform surface height. In our experimental scheme, three LIBS spectra were finally collected for each soybean seed. A majority vote based on three spectra was applied as the final decision judging the attribution of a single soybean seed. The results showed that the support vector machine (SVM) obtained the optimal identification accuracy of 90% in the prediction set. In addition, PCA-ResNet (propagation coefficient adaptive ResNet) and PCSA-ResNet (propagation coefficient synchronous adaptive ResNet) were designed based on typical ResNet structure by changing the way of self-adaption of propagation coefficients. Combined with a new form of input data called spectral matrix, PCSA-ResNet obtained the optimal performance with the discriminate accuracy of 91.75% in the prediction set. T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) was used to visualize the clustering process of the extracted features by PCSA-ResNet. For the interpretation of the good performance of PCSA-ResNet coupled with the spectral matrix, saliency maps were further applied to visually show the pixel positions of the spectral matrix that had a significant influence on the discrimination results, indicating that the content and proportion of elements in soybean seeds could reflect the variety differences.

Correlation of physical properties for establishments of standardized groups of soybean seed technologies in post-harvest

Physical characteristics determination of soybean seeds will help optimize processes and the development of projects and regulation of post-harvest equipment. Thus, the study aimed to characterize and correlate the physical properties of different varieties of soybean seeds to identify and form groups of cultivars with physical similarities for a technical-scientific recommendation of management of seed lots, adjustments, and dimensioning equipment and structures post-harvest. Seeds from forty soybean cultivars were clustered using the k-means algorithm, which groups treatments whose centroids are closest until there is no significant variation in each observation's minimum distance to each centroid characterized as G1-seeds larger, G2-seeds medium-large, G3-seeds medium-smaller, G4-seeds smaller. Next, Pearson's correlation coefficients were estimated to verify the association between physical properties. The cultivars of G1 and G4 differed from the predominant groups G2 and G3. The cultivars FLECHA IPRO, 6139 RR, KWS RK 6813 RR, KWS RK 6813 RR2, and MAMBA RR predominated as G1-seeds larger. The cultivars NS 7447, TMG 1180GX RR, KWS RK 6813 RR2, CD 2686 IPRO, M6410, 6139 RR, and 8473 RR predominated as G4-seeds smaller. The correlation of most physical properties between cultivars was low, indicating individual evaluations in projects. The physical variability of soybean seeds defined the important interaction between the industry of post-harvest equipment manufacturing and the area of genetic improvement of seeds to advance the development of quality technologies, enabling the optimization of agricultural processes.

Nondestructive measurement of anthocyanin in intact soybean seed using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared (FT-NIR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy

The content of phytochemical compounds such as anthocyanin in soybeans, yielded from agricultural practices is usually affected by the quality of the mother seed. Therefore, non-destructive technique for intact soybean seed selection based on anthocyanin content is highly demanded for breeding programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques to determine the total anthocyanin content (TAC) and content of different types of anthocyanin, namely cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), in single seed state of soybean. FT-NIR and FT-IR spectra from 70 different varieties of soybean seeds were acquired and compared with the chemical components analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prediction performance of the partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for the FT-NIR spectra indicated R2 of 0.88–0.90 and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 9.4–19.5% for the chemical components, which were slightly better than R2 of 0.86–0.88 and SEP of 9.7–21.8% of FT-IR. The number of variables could be reduced down to 50% using a variable importance in projection (VIP) method without noticeable decrements in prediction performance. The results demonstrated potential of FT-NIR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques to predict anthocyanin contents in a single seed of soybean nondestructively.

Seed-borne pathogenic fungi on some soybean varieties

Abstract. Soesanto L, Hartono ARR, Mugiastuti E, Widarta H. 2020. Seed-borne pathogenic fungi on some soybean varieties. Biodiversitas 21: 4010-4015. The present study was conducted to detect and identify seed-borne pathogenic fungi in some soybean varieties and their effect on seed germination. Experiment was performed in a completely random design with eight treatments and four replicates. Eight soybean varieties i.e., Malabar, Kaba, Dering, Detam I, Sinabung, Dena, Gepak Kuning, and Slamet were selected for the investigation. Seed borne fungi were isolated using blotter test and agar plate techniques. The variables observed were morphological/cultural characteristics, microscopic features of fungi, and percentage of seed germination. A total of eight fungi namely Aspergillus flavus Link, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. et Fr.) Grove f.sp. truncate (Schw.) Arx, Curvularia pallescens Boedijn, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Melanospora zamiae Corda, and Nigrospora sp. Mason were isolated from different varieties of soybean seeds. The highest seed germination was found to be 80.5% in Daring and Detam I varieties, respectively, and the lowest 53% was recorded in Dena variety.

EFFECT OF SOME FOLIAR BIOFERTILIZERS ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SOYBEAN SEEDS

A field experiment was carried out at the agronomy farm of Gazala village, Sharkia Government, Egypt season 2018 to study the effect of power mix, citrine and super blue green on some biochemical constituents of two varieties of soybean seeds. The following opteind results were summarized as the seed yield of Crawford variety was relatively greater than that of Giza111 variety. All treatments increased the seed yield, No. of pods per plant and weight of 100 seeds of both varieties. All treatments used decreased reducing and non-reducing sugars except citrine treatments which caused a slight increase. The percentage of total nitrogen fractions in Crawford seeds were higher than those of Giza111. Solubility of protein fractions from all treatments with water solutions on both varieties recorded the highest values as compared with solubility of protein fractions either with acetic acid or with sodium hydroxide. Oil content of soybean seeds was increased at the applications of all treatments. Acid value and free fatty acids of oil were not affected with treatment, while it can be noticed a slight increase in values of saponification and iodine value. Crawford variety recorded higher values of total amino acids than those of Giza111 variety and it can be noticed an increase in total amino acid content with all treatments. The percentage of sapontificated fatty acids in Crawford variety were higher than those of Giza111 variety. Unsaponifiables of Giza111 seeds were greater than those of Crawford seeds. All treatments gave slight increase of P and K percentages, but Na percentage of Giza111seeds was slightly decreased. Also, the percentage of Fe was increased, while the percentage of Na and Mn were not affected at foliar application on Crawford seeds.

A general modelling method for soybean seeds based on the discrete element method

To build a general modelling method for soybean seed particles, based on an analysis of soybean seeds from different regions in mainland China, twelve representative varieties of soybean seeds are selected as the research objects. Through an analysis of the shapes and sizes of the soybean seeds for the twelve varieties, it can be seen that the shape of the soybeans across the twelve varieties can approximated to an ellipsoid, with a sphericity ranging from 80.57% to 95.42%. Additionally, both the length and the thickness of the soybean seeds for the twelve varieties have highly linear relationships with the fourth power of the width. Three varieties of soybean seeds with different sphericities (Suinong42, with a sphericity of 94.78%; Jidou17, with a sphericity of 86.86%; and Zhongdou39, with a sphericity of 80.6%) are then selected as examples. The multi-sphere method is employed to build the 5-, 9-, and 13-sphere models of one single particle as well as the assembly model for the three varieties of soybean seeds. Meanwhile, the ellipsoid model of one single particle and the assembly model for the three varieties of soybean seeds are built using the ellipsoid equation method. In addition, the multi-contact phenomenon in the multi-sphere model is also studied. The single particle model and the assembly model of soybean seeds proposed and built in this paper are analysed by comparing the simulation and experiment in both the “self-flow screening” test and the “angle of repose” test. It can be seen from the analysis results that the 5-, 9-, and 13-sphere models built using the multi-sphere method in this paper are suitable for the particle modelling of soybean seeds for different varieties, and the simulated result of the multi-sphere model is superior to that of the ellipsoid model built by the ellipsoid equation. When the sphericity of soybean seed particles is high, they can be built using the 5-sphere model; when the sphericity of soybean seed particles is low, they can be built using the 9- or 13- sphere models. Moreover, the multi-contact phenomenon has little effect on the simulated results of the multi-sphere models of soybean seed particles.

Protease purification and characterization of a serine protease inhibitor from Egyptian varieties of soybean seeds and its efficacy against Spodoptera littoralis

Abstract Serine inhibitors have been described in many plant species and are universal throughout the plant kingdom. Trypsin inhibitors are the most common type. In the present study, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was detected in the seed flour extracts of four Egyptian varieties of soybean (Glycine max). The soybean variety, Giza 22, was found to have higher trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory potential compared to other tested soybean varieties. For this reason, Giza 22 was selected for further purification studies which used ammonium sulphate fractionation and DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column. Soybean purified proteins showed a single band on SDS-PAGE corresponding to a molecular mass of 17.9 kDa. The purified inhibitor was stable at temperatures below 60°C and was active at a wide range of pH, from 2 to 12 pH. The kinetic analysis revealed a non-competitive type of inhibition against trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes. The inhibitor constant (Ki) values suggested that the inhibitor has higher affinity toward a trypsin enzyme than to a chymotrypsin enzyme. Purified inhibitor was found to have deep and negative effects on the mean larval weight, larval mortality, pupation, and mean pupal weight of Spodoptera littoralis. It may be concluded, that soybean protease inhibitor gene(s) could be potential targets for those future studies which are concerned with developing insect resistant transgenic plants

Seeds of soybean with internal mechanical damage feature and influence to its germination

Seeds of soybean internal mechanical damage is still neglected in China due to its invisibility. Using stereo microscopy system, the characteristics and germination test of three varieties of soybean seeds with internal mechanical damage which threshed with 5TD-280 thresher were studied in order to test its harmfulness to its germination and precision seeding. And then the feasibility of the non-destructive detection with near infrared hyper-spectroscope was discussed. The results show that seeds of soybean threshed with machine internal mechanical damage rate is 8.1%–11.8% (average of 9.4%) and more than 90 percent of the soybean seeds with internal mechanical damage will not germinate, or even if germinating will grow weakly. The poor germination quality existed serious potential hazard to precision agricultural development.

Effect of gamma radiation and storage on total antioxidant capacity and parameter responsible for generation of off-flavour in soybean seeds varying in seed coat colour

The total antioxidant potential and degree of off-flavour generation, measured by TBA number, Carbonyl value and LOX activity, were estimated inseventeen varieties of soybean seeds differing in seed coat colour.The antioxidant potential was high in seeds with black and brown seed coat colour as compared to yellow and green seed coat colour. Six selected varieties were irradiated with gamma radiation and were analysed for above mentioned parameters. The relative enhancement in antioxidant potential was maximum in yellow seed coat coloured genotype and minimum in black and brown seed coat coloured ones at lower dose of 0.5 KGy. At higher dose of 1.0 and 2.0 KGy the total antioxidant and FRSA were decreased in all varieties. The TBA number, Carbonyl value and LOX activity decreased at 0.5 KGy whereas these values increased at 1.0 and 2.0 KGy. The total antioxidant capacityof different soybean cultivars effectively controls the off-flavour generating compounds at lower dose of gamma irradiation.

Effects of genetic variability and planting location on the phytosterol content and composition in soybean seeds

Phytosterols present in soybean seeds have specific physiological activities related to serum cholesterol reduction. Therefore, soybean seeds containing high levels of phytosterols are required for soybean products as functional foods. However, little is known about effects of genetic variability and planting location on the phytosterol content and composition in soybean seeds. In this study, we analyzed phytosterol composition of 510 germplasm accessions of cultivated soybean seeds by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) as well as oil content. Phytosterol contents were in the range of 202 and 843 μg/g seed, and they depended on varieties of soybean seeds, but there was no significant difference between the phytosterol content in Japanese and non-Japanese seeds. The phytosterol content was higher in high oil soybean seeds. β-Sitosterol was the major phytosterol (43–67%) in soybean seeds, followed by campesterol (17–34%) and stigmasterol (10–30%). The phytosterol proportions were almost the same in all soybean seeds and it was not influenced by genetic variability and planting location.

Effect of Variety of Soybean Seeds and Processing of Soy Milk on the Isoflavone Content of Tofu

Soy milks were produced by the heat-squeezing method and the non heat-squeezing method from four varieties of soybean seeds, Suzuyutaka, Tohoku 126, Tohoku 135 (variety lacking lipoxygenase activity), and Tohoku 139 (variety containing small amount of allergen). Contents of isoflavone and relating compounds were then compared to find the processing way of soy milk containing large amounts of isoflavone. (1) Large amounts of isoflavone were detected in the seed of Tohoku 126 and the content was 437mg / 100g seed. While the isoflavone content in the seed of Tohoku 139 was only 107mg / 100g seed. (2) Most of isoflavone in the soybean seeds was malonyl type, and malonylgenistin was the most predominant isoflavone. Ratio of malonyl type in total isoflavone in the soybean seeds was 66.7-91.6%, and that of aglycon type was only 0.82.5%. (3) Total isoflavone content in soy milk varied with the varieties of soybean seed, and its content in each soy milk was 1 / 6-1 / 8 as much as in the corresponding soybean seed. Isoflavone content in soy milk (Y) and that in soybean (X) were correlated with 1% level of significance under the formula of y = 0.1348x + 0.5626 (r = 0.993). (4) Total isoflavone content in Tofu confected by the heat-squeezing method from whole soybean and hulled soybean was higher than that in Tofu by the non heat-squeezing method. (5) When soy milk was produced by the heat-squeezing method from whole soybean and hulled soybean, isoflavone in soy milk from whole soybean was efficiently extracted after adding water until six-fold volume of soybean used as materials. Total isoflavone content in soy milk from hulled soybean increased in response to the volume of adding water. Total isoflavone content in Okara milk from hulled soybean was not changed by the volume of additional water. (6) Ratio of the content of malonyl type, glycosyl type, and aglycon type of isoflavone in Tofu from whole soybean and hulled soybean confected by the heat-squeezing method and the non heat-squeezing method was almost the same. (7) Contents of protein and solid matter in Tofu produced from Okara milk were higher than that in Tofu from whole soybean and hulled soybean. Moreover, dietary fiber was detected in the Okara Tofu.

DELAYED HARVEST EFFECTS ON MOISTURE SORPTION PROPERTIES OF SOYBEANS

Wetting and drying characteristics were determined for three varieties of soybean seeds that were harvested onweekly intervals for 16 weeks after physiological maturity in two crop years. Absorption tests were followed immediately bydesorption tests under near constant temperature and air flow conditions. The modified Page equation adequately describedobserved sorption behavior. Data from harvest week 6 are shown for both years of study with predicted estimates from themodified Page equation for all varieties, weeks of harvest, and years. Statistical correlations were investigated betweenpredicted equation parameters and field observations during harvest, which included seed moisture and weekly meantemperature and relative humidity levels. Variety was found to slightly influence the k value of the modified Page equationin both years.

Quantification of isoflavones by capillary zone electrophoresis in soybean seeds: effects of variety and environment

Soybean isoflavones (genistin, daidzin, glycitin, and their malonyl forms and aglucons) are thought to be responsible for the astringent taste of soyfoods. Generally, HPLC with a methanol and water elution gradient is used for isoflavone quantification, but capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been used more recently to separate several flavonoids in plant extracts. We present the results of CZE analysis of isoflavones in soybean extracts. Conditions for separation by using CZE were optimized for analysis of soybean isoflavones. We compared the results of extraction at different temperatures and with different compositions of solvent. Total extraction of isoflavones was not affected by temperature but was affected by composition of the solvent. Malonyl forms of isoflavones were thermally unstable. We analyzed the isoflavone content of different varieties of soybean seeds sown on different dates. Total isoflavone content varied among different varieties and with sowing dates. Interactions between the variety and the sowing date also affected isoflavone composition. We conclude that the variety of soybean seed and environmental growing conditions, such as sowing date, can contribute to seed quality by reducing its isoflavone content, modifying its isoflavone composition, or both.