Date Fruit Varieties Research Articles

Enhancing fruit quality, antioxidant profile and sensory characteristics of Phoenix dactylifera L. through microwave based processing

Date fruit, Phoenix dactylifera L. is an excellent source of nutrients, but a major portion of this fruit is wasted due to climatic conditions, microbial infestation, and many other factors. These factors are responsible for the uneven ripening of date fruits, due to which major proportions are wasted each year. Thus, there is a need to process un-ripened date fruits for quality enhancement. In this regard, the influence of novel microwave pretreatment for the ripening of three different date fruit varieties (Khidrawi, Halawi, and Dhakki) was analyzed and compared with different conventional (hot water, acetic acid 0.5%, sun dried, and hot air dried) processing methods. The results indicated that in all three date fruit varieties, microwave processed fruits showed significant improvement in proximate composition including, carbohydrates (75–79 g/100 g fruits), moisture (13–18 g/100 g fruit), and dietary fiber contents (6.96–7.78 g/100 g) in comparison to control. Moreover, significant improvement in antioxidant capacity i.e. DPPH inhibition (82–91%), total phenolic contents (286–299 mgGAE/100 g), and total flavonoids contents (49–66 mg QE/100 g) was observed in microwave processed samples as compared to other treatments. Additionally, significant reduction in total bacterial count was observed in microwave processed samples (0.90 ± 0.03, 0.69 ± 0.02, 0.79 ± 0.02 in Khidrawi, Halawi and Dhakki, respectively) as compared to other treatments. In three different varieties, Dhakki was observed to be more acceptable among consumers with respect to sensory attributes as compared to other varieties. Hence, the use of microwave processing was observed to be better for the ripening of date fruits.

Polyphenolic Profile and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Three Algerian Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Varieties

As known, dates are packed with antioxidants and bioactive compounds and provide various health benefits, as evidenced by their varying nitrite levels. Algerian dates, on the other hand, have not been thoroughly investigated for their bioactive compounds and overall antioxidant capacity. This research aims to tap into this potential by meticulously measuring total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in three popular Algerian varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Ksiba, Hamraya, and Deglet Nour, and the determination of their antioxidant activity using (scavenging assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity. The analysis showed that the three varieties of date fruits are rich in total phenolics with an amount ranging between 71±51 and 7975±389 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE).100 g-1 of dry weight (DW), the flavonoid amount ranged from 31±3 to 767±4 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) 100 g-1 DW and condensed tannins between 6± 2 and 653 ±64 mg of catechin equivalent (CE) 100 g-1 dry DW. The antiradical activity was quite promising and ranged between 0.5 and 24 µg AAE mg-1 extract for DPPH and between 2 and 113 µg AAE mg-1 extract for ABTS, while the reducing power and total antioxidant capacity values ranged from 16 to 154 μg ascorbic acid (AAE) mg-1 and 39 to 68 μg AAE mg-1 extract respectively. The results of this study show that Algerian date fruit can be regarded as a potential natural source of antioxidants, with ethyl acetate serving as the best extractant solvent, resulting in higher polyphenol content and antioxidant activities.

In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of the fumigant, ethyl formate, against bacteria and fungi of date fruits in postharvest phase

The search is on for safer alternatives to fumigants like methyl bromide and phosphine, which harm the ozone layer and pose other risks. Ethyl formate is a promising candidate due to its potential antimicrobial and insecticidal action in stored products like date fruits. The susceptibility of date fruits to microbial spoilage is significantly influenced by factors such as moisture content, storage practices, and environmental conditions. In the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial effect of ethyl formate against three microbial species, namely Aspergillus niger F4, Mucor circinelloides YMM22, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa B1 was tested under laboratory conditions. In addition, two common date fruit varieties, semi-dry El-Wady I and the dry Frehi, were fumigated with ethyl formate alone in a laboratory-scale prototype and with a mixture of ethyl formate and CO2 at a semi-industrial scale prototype. Both varieties had an initial moisture content of around 13.40 and 12.48% for El-Wady I and Frehi, respectively. The fumigation was conducted using the optimal concentration of 70 mg/L air for 24 h incubation period. Fumigation with ethyl formate alone or in combination with CO2 significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria and fungi (CFU/g), but the potential for a combined effect with CO2 was not investigated. The percentages of reduction in the fungal count were 78.18 and 90.76% for Frehi and El-Wady I varieties, respectively in a semi-industrial scale prototype. Moreover, the percentages of reduction in the bacterial count were 53.31 and 65.20%, respectively for Frehi and El-Wady I varieties. Ethyl formate showed promise as a natural alternative to control microbial contamination of stored date fruits. Further research suggests that increasing fumigation duration or concentration could provide comprehensive control of microbial pathogens at all stages of development.

The Mathematical Modeling, Diffusivity, Energy, and Enviro-Economic Analysis (MD3E) of an Automatic Solar Dryer for Drying Date Fruits

Date fruit drying is a process that consumes a significant amount of energy due to the long duration required for drying. To better understand how moisture flows through the fruit during drying and to speed up this process, drying studies must be conducted in conjunction with mathematical modeling, energy analysis, and environmental economic analysis. In this study, twelve thin-layer mathematical models were designed utilizing experimental data for three different date fruit varieties (Sakkoti, Malkabii, and Gondaila) and two solar drying systems (automated solar dryer and open-air dryer). These models were then validated using statistical analysis. The drying period for the date fruit varieties varied between 9 and 10 days for the automated solar dryer and 14 to 15 days for open-air drying. The moisture diffusivity coefficient values, determined using Fick’s second law of diffusion model, ranged from 7.14 × 10−12 m2/s to 2.17 × 10−11 m2/s. Among the twelve thin-layer mathematical models, we chose the best thin drying model based on a higher R2 and lower χ2 and RMSE. The Two-term and Modified Page III models delivered the best moisture ratio projections for date fruit dried in an open-air dryer. For date fruit dried in an automated solar dryer, the Two-term Exponential, Newton (Lewis), Approximation diffusion or Diffusion Method, and Two-term Exponential modeling provided the best moisture ratio projections. The energy and environmental study found that the particular amount of energy used varied from 17.936 to 22.746 kWh/kg, the energy payback time was 7.54 to 7.71 years, and the net CO2 mitigation throughout the lifespan ranged from 8.55 to 8.80 tons. Furthermore, economic research showed that the automated solar dryer’s payback period would be 2.476 years.

Interaction between feeding efficiency and digestive physiology of Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on different date fruit varieties

Interaction between feeding efficiency and digestive physiology of Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on different date fruit varieties

Date fruit classification using deep learning convolutional neural network

A visual system for classifying different types of dates is extremely important for the buyer and the customer. Practical success in this field is still limited, and better outcomes are essentially required. This paper aims to classify all kinds of date fruits to help the customer and the buyer identify these types. The framework of this paper consists of a single model for the classification of date fruits, which is based on using the CNN method. This method is utilized with the transfer of learning and fine-tuning depending on the previous models and new models. To build an accurate and robust visual system, a rich image data set of the date fruit varieties is generated. The dataset contains significant differences, including differences in angles, dimensions, and lighting. In this paper, the CNN method is used to identify and classify various types of date fruits. Using this method produced high-accuracy results and a few errors. In this work, the database includes nine types of dates, whereby only six types were taken for training. High accuracy results were obtained from training these types of dates. The achieved accuracy of the results is 99%.

Design and Implementation of a PV-Integrated Solar Dryer Based on Internet of Things and Date Fruit Quality Monitoring and Control

In Egypt, the climate has a direct impact on the dried date fruit production. The traditional drying method or open sun drying (OSD) leads to pollution of the final product caused by sand-laden winds, rain, or animals and harmful insects, etc. This study is aimed at designing, implementing, and experimentally validating a solar dryer based on IoT technology and integrated with a PV system in Aswan, Egypt. The purpose of the dryer is to monitor and control the quality of the three most popular date fruit varieties and determine the most effective drying method, with an algorithm that operates the system automatically for optimal performance and high-quality products. The automatic solar dryer (ASD) significantly affects the final moisture content and color characteristics and reaches the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at a faster rate for dried date samples compared to the OSD. The drying rate of ASD was 29.03% (Sakkoti), 31.04% (Malkabi), and 25.49% (Gondaila) higher than OSD. Also, the dried date fruit samples reached EMC on the ASD after 8 days for both Malkabi and Gondaila and 9 days for Sakkoti, while it took 14 to 15 days on OSD. The maximum open circuit voltage V oc , short circuit current I sc , and output power P output were 41.70 V, 8.84 A, and 365.09 W, respectively. All values of total color change ( Δ E ∗ ) after open-air drying of dry date varieties were higher than solar drying for both drying systems. This study can be then more helpful for producers of dried foods.

A Sustainable Approach for the Valorization of Underutilized Date Fruits.

Secondary varieties of date fruits are often discarded because they do not have commercial value. However, their phytochemicals are very similar to those of the primary ones and therefore, they can be valorized as a source of compounds of interest, mainly phenols and dietary fiber. Their chemical composition changes with ripening, so their characterization throughout this process is of great significance. Date fruit samples were harvested at Khalal, Rutab, and Tamer stages, and a mixture of fruits from ornamental date trees was also analyzed. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were studied for their phenolic composition. In aqueous extracts, phenols decreased with ripening, while in the ethanolic ones having higher phenolic content. Chelidonic acid, a γ-pyrone, was the major compound found in all extracts, but in the ethanolic ones, flavonoids were also present in similar amounts. After purification by adsorption chromatography, all extracts were assayed for their antimicrobial activity. Those from the Tamer stage showed the highest activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. The fibrous residues after aqueous and ethanolic extractions were also characterized. Their chemical composition suggested that they can be considered as a good source of prebiotic arabinoxylans and antioxidant fiber, whose antiradical activity correlated with their phenolic content. Date fruits from secondary varieties are promising as a worthwhile starting point for obtaining new value-added products.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Assessment and Phytochemical Investigation of Three Varieties of Date Fruits.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and other micronutrients, which impact human health due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer characteristics. In the present study, the effect of ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, hydromethanol, and aqueous extract from three date palm varieties (i.e., Ajwa, Siwi, and Sukkari) on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and anticancer activities was investigated. Fruit extracts were screened for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH· method. Phenolic constituents were quantified and identified using HPLC-DAD. Extracts (ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, and hydromethanol) were assessed for cytotoxicity on nine human cancer cell lines, i.e., MG-63, HCT116, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HEPG2, HUH7, A549, H460, and HFB4, using the sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) assay. Results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of the Sukkari fruits has the greatest antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 132.4 ± 0.3 μg·mL-1, while the aqueous extract of Ajwa date fruits exhibited the lowest antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 867.1 ± 0.3 μg·mL-1. The extracts exhibited potent to moderate anticancer activities against the investigated cancer cell line in a source-dependent manner. Methanol extract of Siwi fruits exhibited the most potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 99 ± 1.6 µg·mL-1), followed by the same extract of Sukkari fruits with an IC50 value of 119 ± 3.5 µg·mL-1 against the cell line of human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231). Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was investigated to determine the relationship among the investigated traits and treatments. Our findings reveal that date palm fruit-derived extracts are excellent sources of biologically active constituents and substantiate their potential use in new anticancer strategies from natural resources.

Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruits as a Potential Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Effect on High-Fat Diet and Triton-WR-1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats

The present study was designed to establish the phenolic profile and explore the potential lipid-lowering effect of two Moroccan date fruit varieties (Majhoul and Bousrdoun). HPLC-DAD has been used for phenolic profiling. Lipid peroxidation was measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) by using egg yolk homogenate as lipid-rich media. The anti-hyperlipidemic effect of the methanolic extract was examined using both models Triton-WR-1339 and chronic high-fat-diet-induced hyperlipemic rats. Further, the serum lipid profile was determined. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of seven phenolic acids and three flavonoids, of which gallic, caffeic acids and rutin were found to be the most abundant compounds. The gathered results indicate that rats treated with both varieties showed a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as well as an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with Triton and high-fat diet controls. Moreover, a significant decrease in body weight was observed in the date-treated groups when compared to the hyperlipidemic control group. A thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test showed that these extracts significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation. Bousrdoun, which showed the highest lipid-lowering effects, is the one that displayed the greatest inhibition of lipid peroxidation and contains the largest amount of caffeic, p-coumaric, gallic, vanillic acids, rutin and luteolin. Accordingly, dates could be used as a potential functional food, which may be used to prevent lipid disorders and oxidation.

Valorization of different low-grade date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit varieties: A study on the bioactive properties of polyphenolic extracts and their stability upon in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Nowadays, the development of suitable strategies for the management and valorization of agri-food products is one of the most important challenges worldwide. In this context, the current research study aimed to explore a valorization strategy for different varieties (Khalas, Jabri, Lulu, Booman, and Sayer) of low-grade date fruit by extracting polyphenolic compounds and investigating their health-promoting bioactive properties. The generated extracts were comparatively analyzed for their phenolic contents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic, and enzyme inhibitory activities upon in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID). The total phenolic contents (TPC) ranged from 217.3 to 1846.9 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight. After complete SGID, the TPC remarkably increased from 570.8 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight (undigested), reaching the highest value of 1606.3 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight with the Khalas cultivar. Overall, gastric and complete-SGID-treated extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activities, compared to the undigested extracts for the five selected date varieties. Similarly, the gastric and complete SGID promoted the release of bioactive components endowed with significantly higher inhibition levels towards digestive enzymes related to diabetes. Moreover, extracts from all varieties revealed an increase in the inhibition of lipidemic-related enzymatic markers and anti-inflammatory activities when subjected to the gastric digestion phase, which decreased after complete SGID. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that higher bioactive properties were influenced by the TPC present in the samples. Overall, low-quality dates could be considered as a potential source of bioactive polyphenols with interesting nutraceutical properties, released upon their transit through the gastrointestinal tract.

Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fibre in Date Fruit Varieties: An Evaluation of Methods and Their Implications for Human Health.

Dietary fibre analysis is expensive due to its reliance on enzymes such as α-amylase, protease, and amyloglucosidase. This study investigated whether enzymes are essential in analysing insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fibre (IDF, SDF and TDF) contents in dry fruits with very low starch and protein contents. The IDF, SDF, and TDF were measured in date fruits using the enzymatic gravimetric method AOAC 991.43 in the ANKOM dietary fibre analyser, with and without enzymatic digestion. The study analysed six date fruit varieties with a range of texture profiles. Our results highlighted agreement between both methods in the measured IDF, SDF, and TDF values. TDF values in date fruit varieties varied considerably, from 5.67% g/100 g to 10.33% g/100 g. Results from both methods also indicate that IDF constituted the bulk of dietary fibre content in all date fruit varieties (77.8% to 91.6%), while the proportion of SDF was between 8.4% and 22.2%. This study confirms that dates are a rich source of dietary fibre, and can be a valuable functional ingredient in foods that reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The study confirmed that the inexpensive non-enzymatic technique is a viable substitute for the enzymatic method for analysing dietary fibre in dry fruits.

Evaluation of Different Insecticides Against Lesser Date Moth, Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick, 1916 (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae) under Field Conditions

Evaluation of Different Insecticides Against Lesser Date Moth, Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick, 1916 (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae) under Field Conditions

Nutraceutical and bioactive potential of high-quality date fruit varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as a function of in-vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The present study aims to investigate the digestive process (gastric and intestinal phases) effects on the survivability of total and individual phenolic compounds, and the in vitro health-related bioactive properties of four high-quality and commonly consumed dates (Phoenix dactylifera) varieties (Safawi, Khalas, Khudri, and Booman). Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC-UV (at 275 nm) and a higher amount of phenolics were identified in Khalas and Booman intestinal digested extracts, compared to the other date varieties-based extracts, which corroborates with the total phenolic contents in those samples, with respective values of 186.5 and 358.14 mg GAE/100 g. Considering their bioactive potentialities, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities, of around 320 TEAC µg/mL, were observed with Khalas and Khudri gastric extracts. In contrast, Khalas intestinal extract displayed the highest ABTS radical scavenging potential of 969 TEAC µg/mL. Moreover, the Safawi intestinal extract, along with Khalas and Booman gastric extracts, showed the highest increase in the α-glucosidase inhibition activity, compared to the other date varieties-based extracts. Safawi and Khalas intestinal extracts displayed the highest DPP-IV inhibition activities (IC50 of 2.85 µg/mL). Additionally, regarding the pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase inhibition, Khudri and Khalas varieties after intestinal digestion demonstrated the highest activities. These results suggested that the Khalas variety showed more potent bioactive properties than other date varieties, mainly related to the variations in the phenolic content between date varieties. Overall, this study provides additional insight into investigating these dates varieties upon their simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and exhibition of multifunctional bioactive properties.

Glucose content of 35 Saudi Arabian date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

The present study describes the glucose content of 35 Arabian date fruit varieties, that were collected randomly from Saudi Arabian local markets in 2019. Date samples were analyzed for moisture and glucose contents. Using SP-3000nano UV–VIS Spectrophotometer (Optima, japan). In general, the moisture contents ranged from 7.3 ± 0.11 to 29.2 ± 0.13 g/100 g fresh weight (FW), with Safawi samples being the highest. Whereas the analyzed date varieties were found to be variable in the glucose content with Rawthanat Alqasim (83.09 ± 0.46 mg/dL) was found to have the highest glucose content, followed by the Sukari Alriyad (80.42 ± 0.47 mg/dL) and Alkhanizi (51.05 ± 0.94 mg/dL) varieties while the others had relatively low glucose contents with Shuqara (24.78 ± 0.57 mg/dL) being the lowest. These information’s can help balancing a healthy diet, specifically for diabetic patients and the effect of glucose consumption in their daily life. And to highlight the different date varieties’ in Saudi arabian as one of the biggest countries in dates production around the world, and compare the differences in their weight and glucose content.

Dehydration of date fruit (Pheonix dactylifera L.) for the production of natural sweet powder

The study aimed to produce natural additive-free powder from date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Dehydration of two date fruit varieties, i.e., Sukkari (semi-dry) and Barakawi (dry) was perforned at 65, 70 and 75 °C up to 72 h using a cabinet dryer. A temperature of 70 °C was found optimum for drying of both varieties by considering drying rate, total phenolic content, and hydroxymethylfurfural content. Barakawi date powder was found better than the Sukkari counterpart on comparing the water activity and clumping, mainly due to a low initial moisture content of the corresponding date fruit. To overcome the issue of clumping, the powders were compressed into tablets and cubes. The solubilities of the tablets/cubes were around 20% compared to 70–75% for powders. The article also presents a comprehensive comparison of fine and coarse fractions of date fruit powders for various physical parameters.

Antioxidant Potential of Cookies Formulated with Date Seed Powder.

Utilising major waste products from the food industry can have both a great environmental impact and be a means to improve consumer health. Date seed is a food industry byproduct that has been proven to have high nutritional value. The aim of this work was to measure the total polyphenolic content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of the seeds of six date fruit varieties, Fard, Khalas, Khinaizi, Sukkary, Shaham, and Zahidi, and to use those seeds to enhance the antioxidant value of cookies by partially substituting flour with ground date seed. Date seed powder (DSP) was extracted at three levels of sample to solvent ratio (5:1, 10:1 and 15:1 mg/mL). Cookies were prepared using three substitution levels of wheat flour (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%, w/w) by DSP and two types of flour (white and whole wheat), and were baked at two different temperatures, 180 and 200 °C. The composite cookies were found to contain a significant amount of TPC and flavonoids, and showed increased antioxidant activity compared with the control samples.

Nutritional properties, aromatic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of ten date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Tunisia

Phoenix dactylifera L. has traditionally been used as a medicine in many cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional properties, aromatic compounds, total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of ten ripe date fruit varieties grown in Tunisia. Sugar profiles were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, while fatty acid compounds were detected by gas chromatography and aromatic compounds were analyzed by GC-Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy. Total phenolic contents were measured using colorimetric methods, whereas antioxidant capacities were evaluated in vitro using DPPH and ABTS radicals. It has been found that total sugars are the predominant component in all date varieties, followed by moisture, along with moderate amounts of proteins, ash, and fats. Multivariate tests based on the volatile compounds profile showed significant differences among varieties. Between the sixty-two volatile compounds detected, alcohols, aldehydes and unsaturated hydrocarbons constituted the main chemical classes. The date varieties exhibited strong antioxidant potential that correlated with phenolic content. In conclusion date varieties can play a major role in human nutrition and health because of their wide range of valuable nutritional components and natural antioxidants that could potentially be considered as a functional food ingredient.

Lignin is the main determinant of total dietary fiber differences between date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties

Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) of ten varieties, collected in the United Arab Emirates, were studied to determine their dietary fiber content and composition. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that the dietary fiber components in all the date fruit varieties was similar. The major dietary fiber components, including cellulose, hemicellulosic components, lignin, and pectin, were analyzed by the Uppsala method. The total dietary fiber content in the date fruits analyzed (5.2%–8.3%) is comparable to commonly consumed dried fruits and is correlated with the content of lignin. The lignin was the main determinant of the total dietary fiber content in dates and its content was higher in semi-hard and hard fruit varieties.

Nutritional, mineral and organic acid composition of syrups produced from six Moroccan date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties

Date syrup is the most common processed date product in Morocco, produced from surplus date fruit of inferior grades, which are not accepted by the food iandustry and sold at low prices. The present study aims to assess the physicochemical parameters and quality of syrups prepared using different date fruit varieties using traditional methods. In all analyzed syrups, sugar, primarily glucose and fructose, were the predominant elements. All syrups were characterized by a high ash content which mostly consisted of potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium. Moreover, malic, succinic, acetic, citric and oxalic acids were found at higher concentrations. Besides their nutritional and functional composition, these date syrups are high in sugar, thus they might be used as sweetening agents instead of sugar which has no nutritional value. The high amount of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and water activity established in these syrups might be indicative of bad manufacturing process and storage ability. Further studies are needed to optimize the syrup extraction and limit degradation byproducts in date syrups. Based on the results of this study, date syrup might serve as a good source of nutrients and can potentially be considered as a good functional food or functional food ingredient.