Coffee Varieties Research Articles

Genetic Diversity of Yellow and Red Berries Arabica Coffee Populations Grown in a Mix Populations in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, Based on SSR Markers

Farmers in Garut, West Java, grow mixed varieties of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Subsequently, they use harvested beans as seeds. Intercrossing among varieties may result in hybrid progenies and harvesting hybrid progenies as seed results in genetic variations. This research aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of Arabica coffee grown in a mixed population. Ninety-one Arabica coffees comprised 37 Arabica cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” (yellow-), 45 “Sigararutang” (red-), and nine “S795” (red berries) were sampled. Twenty SSR primer pairs were validated using 15 samples representing three varieties; six were polymorphic and used to genotype 91 Arabica accessions. Genetic data were analyzed using PowerMaker 3.25 and Darwin version 6 software. The results showed that the six SSR loci generated from 2 – 3 alleles, with an average of 2.17 alleles per locus. Genetic analysis of Arabica coffee from Garut, West Java, generated SSR markers with an average PIC of 0,33 across loci and varieties. The PIC within Arabica coffee cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” and “Sigararutang” were low, and within “S795” was moderate. Those PICs indicate the presence of more genetic diversity within “S795” than the other two cultivars. The Ho across Arabica coffee cv. “Sigararutang” and “S795” were lower than the He values, confirming their self-pollination nature. However, the Ho values of Arabica coffee cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” was larger than the others, indicating the presence of residual heterozygosity and a low percentage of recent outcrossing. The low Ho values of “Sigararutang” suggest that Arabica coffee is homozygous. Arabica coffee cv. “S795” also showed a low Ho value, but its moderate He value indicates the presence of more genetic diversity than the othercultivars.

Diversity of nutritional compositions in selected coffee varieties from Koraput regions of Eastern Ghats

Diversity of nutritional compositions in selected coffee varieties from Koraput regions of Eastern Ghats

Spatial trajectories of coffee harvesting in large-scale plantations: Ecological and management drivers and implications

CONTEXTCoffee is produced under different management systems and scales of production categorized as Syndromes of Production. The “Capitalist Syndrome” is characterized by large-scale and high-density planting farms that may promote the development of plant pathogens like coffee leaf rust (CLR). Harvesting dynamics are also affected by the syndrome of production and generate spatial trajectories that could contribute to the dispersal of pathogens across and within plantations. However, these spatial trajectories have not yet been described, nor their relationship with the syndrome of production, and even less its potential ecological implications for pathogen dispersal. OBJECTIVEDescribe and analyze the daily spatial movement of coffee harvesters in two large-scale capitalist plantations, an organic and a conventional plantation, and systematize the drivers that might explain the differences in the spatial trajectories. METHODSUsing State-Space Models, we recorded and analyzed the spatial movements of harvesters. We then constructed a driver tree for harvest dynamics, which incorporated qualitative variables related to the environment, coffee biology, and management aspects reported by the harvesters or in previous studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe model differentiated two kinds of movements: 1) when trees have berries, harvesters remain in the coffee rows or areas nearby (Collect state; 94–98 % of the steps); 2) when not, harvesters make longer steps within the harvesting location or move to another area (Search state; 2–6 % of the steps). In the organic plantation, the Search state had a longer-tailed step-length distribution than in the conventional plantation, resulting in a significantly larger visited area per worker (p < 0.05). This might be directly related to the lower interplant ripening percentage or smaller harvesting locations (“pantes”) per number of harvesters. The number of harvested trees might be affected by the fruit load or the coffee variety, among others. Harvesting movements that explore a larger area, either by visiting more plants or by changing locations on the same day, could create more foci of CLR infection across the plantation. SIGNIFICANCEThese results constitute an initial analysis of harvesting trajectories and highlight practices that can reduce the potential impact of human dispersal of pathogens, like shorter harvesting trajectories by working fewer hours a day or avoiding harvesting at the end of the maturation season when few trees have berries and harvesters have to travel medium to long distances. This calls for organic coffee management that could prevent diseases and guarantee just and safe conditions for workers.

Low-Cost Electronic Nose for Robusta and Arabica Coffee Classification Using 1-D Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract The use of an electronic nose (e-nose) employing MQ-series sensors has become increasingly popular due to its cost-effectiveness. However, the impact of varying sampling durations on its performance, particularly in distinguishing between Robusta and Arabica coffee, has not been extensively studied. This research investigates how different sampling durations affect the e-nose’s classification accuracy. The study utilizes a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) and a Support Vector Machine (SVM), with both models enhanced by a Savitzky-Golay filter to reduce noise and improve data quality. Feature selection techniques are applied to address data complexity and improve model performance. The experimental results indicate that the 1D-CNN model achieves optimal accuracy of up to 100% at a sampling duration of 200 seconds, while the SVM reaches approximately 92% accuracy under the same conditions. Notably, for applications requiring faster processing times, the SVM proves to be more effective, achieving 70% accuracy at a 20-second sampling interval, compared to 60% for the 1D-CNN. The study demonstrates that integrating MQ sensors in e-nose systems can yield effective classification results for coffee varieties, even with shorter sampling times. These findings have the potential to influence the development of cost-effective e-nose devices, making them more accessible to small and medium-sized industrial enterprises.

Factors Affecting the Quality of Ethiopian Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.)

Ethiopia is fortunate in this regard, as it is home to many different types of. Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the main coffee variety in global coffee production, accounting for more than 60% of total production. Arabica coffee accounts for 30% of Ethiopia&amp;apos;s foreign exchange earnings. Arabica coffee is a popular coffee variety in coffee producing and consuming countries due to its unique aroma and taste and lack of caffeine. Ethiopia&amp;apos;s most important export is coffee, which is also its most important crop. Ethiopia is well known for producing very high-quality coffee, renowned for its excellent aroma and taste, and is also the birthplace of Arabica coffee. The coffee industry attaches great importance to coffee quality. Cup quality is a complex trait that depends on many factors, including species or variety (genetic factors), environmental conditions (ecological factors), agronomic practices (cultivation factors), processing systems (post-harvest factors), storage conditions, and industrial factors. process, beverage preparation and consumer preferences. However, the quality of coffee produced by Ethiopian farmers sometimes deteriorates. Additionally, local genotype, climate and soil characteristics, agricultural practices, harvesting strategy and timing, post-harvest handling procedures, grading, packaging, storage and transportation conditions all affect coffee quality, either improving or decreasing coffee quality.

Opportunities and Constraints of Promoting Coffee Plantation in Southern Tigray, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, coffee is a significant crop, but in the Tigray region, particularly southern Tigray, it receives less emphasis despite its national importance. This study investigates the status of coffee production in southern Tigray, Ethiopia, using a multistage sampling technique to gather data from 113 respondents during 2015. The goal is to identify opportunities and constraints in coffee production in the region. Data were collected using individual interviews and Focus Group Discussions, and analyzed using SPSS software and a ranking index. The study found that favorable agro ecology, fertile soils, accessibility to water, and existence of tolerant coffee varieties are the opportunities in southern Tigray, Ethiopia. However, constraints include irrigation competition, lack of training, limited input use, and shifting to khat (Catha edulis) cultivation. Additionally, most farmers do not practice pruning and rejuvenation due to lack of technical knowledge. This result in the coffee plants stand; more erect, less branched and unmanageably tall which rendering difficult to harvest berries. Hence, the study suggested that an integrated coffee production intervention is important to boost coffee production and local policy instrument is prerequisite that restrict the shifting of coffee to khat production in the study districts.

Association and Path Coefficient Analysis of Some Arsi Coffee Accesions (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Coffea arabica &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;L.) for Quality Traits at Mechara, Ethiopia

Coffee is still one of Ethiopian’s primary agricultural export crops accounting for more than 25% of export earnings. Arsi coffee is known to produce Harar C coffee quality grade and known for its unique flavor and aroma. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine association among coffee bean quality traits and, the direct and indirect effects of bean quality traits on overall quality of coffee. A total of 56 Arsi coffee accessions and four Hararghe coffee varieties were evaluated for bean physical and organoleptic coffee quality traits using Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The analysis of variance results showed significant variation among Arsi coffee accession for all traits except astringency, bitterness, and odor. The overall coffee quality had positive and significant phenotypic and genotype correlations with aromatic intensity, aromatic quality, acidity, body, flavor, overall standard quality and overall cup quality. These traits also had positive direct effects on overall coffee quality however; aromatic intensity and body exerted negligible negative direct effects at genotypic level whereas aromatic quality had negative direct effect at phenotypic level. All these traits through overall standard quality, and aromatic intensity, aromatic quality and acidity via each other and through body and flavor exerted positive direct effects on overall coffee quality at genotypic level. Thus majority of quality traits could be used for indirect selection of genotypes for overall coffee quality.

Microbiota of arabica coffee: insights from soil to fruit.

Studies have shown that a diverse and metabolically active microbiota exists throughout different stages of coffee processing, from pre- to post-harvest. This microbiota originates from both the cultivation and processing environments. Additionally, microorganisms from the soil can be found on the fruit due to the transfer between them. This study reviews the microbiota present in Arabica coffee fruits and the soils where the plants are grown. It examines how microbial profiles are related to coffee variety, altitude, cultivation region, and processing method, and establishes a connection between the microbiota in soil and fruit. A diverse microbiota was observed in both coffee fruits and soils, with similar microorganisms identified across different growing regions, processing methods, and coffee varieties. However, exclusive detections of some microorganisms were also observed. These differences highlight the influence of terroir on coffee's microbial composition, confirming that environmental conditions, genetic factors, and processing methods shape coffee microbiota. Since microbial development during coffee fermentation can affect the beverage's quality, the data presented in this review offer valuable insights for researchers and producers. Understanding the influence of processing methods, coffee varieties, and cultivation regions on coffee microbiota enables the selection of specific fermentation conditions or starter cultures to enhance terroir characteristics or adjust microbial populations to favor or introduce microorganisms beneficial for coffee quality.

Inhibition of Aspergillus spp. growth and ochratoxin A production in Conilon and Arabica coffees based-medium by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0159 is reported as a promising biocontrol agent against ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing fungi in coffee. Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora (var. Conilon or Robusta) are the most widely consumed coffee species around the world, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, each exhibiting distinct physicochemical and sensory characteristics. The objective of this study was to compare the growth and OTA production by Aspergillus carbonarius, A. ochraceus, and A. westerdijkiae in C. arabica and C. canephora, along with assessing the efficiency of S. cerevisiae CCMA 0159 in biocontrolling ochratoxigenic fungi in both coffee varieties. A. carbonarius exhibited a higher growth rate and OTA production in both coffee varieties, with C. canephora showing particular susceptibility. Conversely, A. ochraceus and A. westerdijkiae demonstrated lower growth and OTA production. S. cerevisiae was effective in biocontrolling the fungal isolates, inhibiting over 80 % of A. carbonarius growth in both coffee varieties. Among the mechanisms of action of the biological control agent, the production of volatile organic compounds stands out. The results of this study confirm the significant potential of S. cerevisiae CCMA 0159 as a biocontrol agent against Aspergillus for application in coffee-producing areas.

Exploitation of Ethiopian Coffee Land-race Potentials: Market Demand Oriented Specialty Variety Development

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the major cash crop of Ethiopia. The country is ecologically very diverse which allows the coffee plant to grow under wide range of environments between altitudes of 550 to 2600 m. a.s.l. Ethiopia, being the place of origin for Arabica coffee, is endowed with genetic pool wealth of the crop and with enabling environmental conditions to sustainably produce and supply fine specialty coffee that can address emerging international market demand. The prevailing wide range of ecological condition in the country has have allowed the production of coffees of different types that are with uniquely distinctive quality profile, resistance to major diseases, plant growth and yield potential among many other desirable traits. Of the coffees produced in Ethiopia, the most popular internationally branded types (named depending on area of production) are; Sidama, Yirga-cheffe, Limmu, Gimbi and Harerghe coffees. These specific coffee localities, despite their valuable potential and the recognition they deserved on the world market, were lacking their own improved local varieties where they had been using coffee varieties released for other areas (south-western region) until the 2010. However, most of southwest varieties showed multitude of constraints such as poor adaptation and inherent quality adulteration under the locations. Cognizant of this problem, local land race variety development program was designed and implemented to promote sustainable production of the distinct coffee types by origin maintaining inherent qualities of the specific localities for enhanced export market expansion. Through this breeding approach so far, outstanding achievements were recorded in germplasm collection, evaluation for desirable agronomical traits, and generation of basic information on the genetics aspects, and development and release of 12 speciality varieties suiting for the specific coffee landraces in Ethiopia, i.e., 4 Harerghe, 4 Wollega/Gimbi, 3 Sidama/Yirgachefe and 1 Limu coffees. As the main focus areas of future Arabica coffee landrace improvement program, it would be vital to give due attention to further identification of new and distinctive landraces, extensive collection of coffee genetic resource from unaddressed localities, application of molecular breeding techniques such as marker assisted selection and breeding for major /emerging/ diseases and stress tolerance, among others.

A systematic literature review on environmental, agronomic, and socioeconomic factors for the integration of small-scale coffee producers into specialized markets in Oaxaca, Mexico

The coffee sector’s challenges, such as low and volatile prices, prompt adopting strategies focused on product differentiation, including high-quality specialty coffee. Nevertheless, documented evidence shows that small producers in Oaxaca, Mexico, are not equally benefiting from this market opportunity compared to other states in Mexico, such as Veracruz or Chiapas. This review article identifies and analyzes the factors in integrating small Oaxacan producers into the specialty market. A total of 138 scientific contributions were analyzed, emphasizing three thematic axes: (1) Trends and behavior of the coffee market. (2) Factors to enable the production of high-quality coffee, and (3) Current situation and challenges of small coffee producers in the specialized market. We found that coffee quality depends on the environment (mainly altitude, temperature, and geographical conditions) and agronomic, genetic, and socio-economic factors. Moreover, agronomic and genetic factors should focus on choosing coffee varieties suited to the environmental conditions of the farm and adopting innovations in production, harvest, and post-harvest processes. The most significant socio-economic factors that hinder small coffee producers’ participation in the specialized market include but are not limited to, lack of information, social connection, and financial resources. However, in the literature analyzed here, it was also possible to identify specific farmworker experiences that operate with a community approach and have inserted their small producers into high-quality market transactions. For this reason, this article suggests that the standardization model of quality from the collective approach within the community-based enterprise is a sustainable and inclusive alternative to achieve the goal: the insertion of small Oaxacan coffee producers into the more significant specialty market.

Adoption of Coffee Technologies: A Multivariate Probit Model

The sector of agriculture in Ethiopia is a source of livelihood for over 80% population residing in rural areas. It contributes about 50% to the national value of production. The country has huge potential to increase coffee production as it endowed with suitable elevation, temperature, and soil fertility, indigenous quality plantation materials, and sufficient rainfall in coffee growing belts of the country. Adoption of improved coffee varieties and recommended coffee management practice together have a significant effect on annual coffee production. The study was aimed to see the adoption rate and intensity of coffee technologies which are improved coffee Varity and coffee management practice, determinant of adoption of coffee technologies in Jima zone south western Ethiopia. A total of 196 sampled households from three woreda in the zone and 430 plots of 196 farmers household is considered in the survey. The study develops a multivariate probit model econometric model of farmers&amp;apos; choice of combination of coffee technologies. And two primary results were found. First, adoption rate and intensity of Improved coffee variety is greater than adoption of coffee management practice. Secondly adoption of coffee technologies determined by many institutional, resource and other related factor. This implies that policy makers and other stakeholders promoting a combination of technologies can enhance coffee yield through reducing production costs and decreasing coffee vulnerability to disease.

The influence of shade tree species and coffee varieties on selected soil physicochemical properties in coffee-based farming system of southwestern Ethiopia

Different shade tree species are used in various coffee production systems across the world. Outside the benefits of biodiversity protection, temperature protection, and carbon sequestration shade trees can influence soil nutrient states through litter inputs and nitrogen fixation. However, little information is available in coffee plantations whether shade tree species and type of coffee variety planted under shade tree have an influence on soil physical properties and nutrient status in coffee-based farming systems of southwestern Ethiopia. Hence, the study was carried out to investigate the effect of shade tree species and coffee varieties in coffee plantation on the physicochemical properties of the soil. The study was conducted in Chora Botor district (Chalalaki coffee plantation), located in Jimma Zone, Oromia regional states of Ethiopia. The study was superimposed on coffee farm that has been established using four released coffee varieties (7440,744, F59 and 75227) under three recommended coffee shade trees (Albizia gummifera, Millettia feruginea and Acacia abyssinica). Soil physical properties and nutrient status were investigated in response to shade tree species, coffee varieties and their combination. The results indicated that the physical and chemical properties of the soil vary across the shade trees and coffee variety grown. The effect of shade tree species on soil depends on the type of coffee varieties grown under the shade tree species, Albizia gummifera and Acacia abyssinica trees enhanced more soil nutrient content and water-holding capacity of the soil than Millttia ferrugnia. Total nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorous, exchangeable potassium, Cations Exchange Capacity, and bulk density were higher underneath Albizia gummifera than other coffee shade tree species. On the other hand, moisture content, available P, exchangeable K and CEC were higher beneath Acacia abyssinica than other coffee shade tree species. Soil pH was negatively correlated with Millettia ferruginia. Use of Acacia abysinica and Albizia gummifera shade tree species with compatible coffee varieties could be a viable option to augment soil fertility management practices in the coffee production systems of the southwest Ethiopia.

Biochemical composition and volatile profile analysis of three varieties of Coffea arabica and their correlation with the microclimate of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Firnabillah RA, Mustari E, Marwani E. 2024. Biochemical composition and volatile profile analysis of three varieties of Coffea arabica and their correlation with the microclimate of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3264-3276. The quality of coffee is determined by various biochemical compounds, including chlorogenic acid, caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, and oil, as well as the volatile metabolite profile in coffee beans. Genetic factors and environmental conditions at the coffee cultivation site influence the composition of these compounds. This study aimed to analyze the biochemical composition and volatile profile of various coffee samples, including Ateng, Tim-Tim, and Sigarar Utang, and investigate their correlation with microclimate factors. Different analytical methods were used to examine the green beans, including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for caffeine, chlorogenic acids, sucrose, and trigonelline, Soxhlet methods for oil content determination, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for volatile compound analysis. The results showed distinct biochemical components and metabolite profiles among the three arabica coffee varieties. The Ateng variety had the highest concentrations of chlorogenic acid, while the Tim-Tim variety had the lowest content of these compounds. Trigonelline and caffeine content was similar across all varieties. Sucrose content was highest in the Sigarar Utang variety, while oil content was higher in the Ateng and Tim-Tim varieties compared to Sigarar Utang. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed significant metabolite variation among the three varieties, with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 69.2% of the variance. Furthermore, Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) successfully distinguished the three varieties and identified potential biomarker compounds for classification. Additionally, the study discovered that the environmental factor, specifically light intensity affected the sucrose and oil compounds in arabica green beans coffee. The study concluded that the three varieties' biochemical composition and volatile metabolites differed. Certain compounds were found to correlate with measured microclimatic factor.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Kenyan Coffee Variety ‘Ruiru 11’ according to Green Bean Processing Method

Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Kenyan Coffee Variety ‘Ruiru 11’ according to Green Bean Processing Method

Diagnosis Penyakit Tanaman Kopi Robusta Menggunakan Metode Dempster Shafer Berbasis Sistem Pakar

Robusta coffee is a coffee variety that has unique characteristics, a strong taste and a different level of bitterness from Arabica coffee because Robusta coffee contains lower sugar and 2.2% more caffeine than Arabica coffee so that Robusta coffee production is quite helpful for the economy. several coffee producing countries in the world. The quality and productivity of coffee plants can decrease due to several factors such as pests and disease. However, the limitations of experts regarding coffee plant diseases are a factor and obstacle. The aim of this research is to create an expert-based intelligent system to identify pests and diseases in robusta coffee plants. The method that will be applied is Dempster Shafer. Data on disease names amounted to 13 and data on symptoms amounted to 27. The final result was that Robusta coffee plants were tested for expertise on the system with an average accuracy of diagnosis results of 94% from 13 test cases on pests and diseases of coffee plants, so it can be concluded that the system Experts can diagnose coffee plant pests and diseases very well using the Dempster Shafer method

The Strategy for Developing an Arabica Coffee Plantation-Based Area in Banyumas Regency

The Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Banyumas Regency has increased over the past 5 years, with the largest contributor to the Gross Value Added category being the Agriculture and Forestry sector. Arabica coffee varieties are one of the mainstay commodities in the region and a source of income for the people of Kabupaten Banyumas. The main objective of this research is to develop a strategy in planning the development of arabica coffee plantation area in Kabupaten Banyumas. The research area covers all 29 sub-districts starting from January to April 2024. In looking at the actual distribution of arabica coffee plantations, overlay analysis techniques were used using data from land use maps, elevation maps. Land availability was analyzed through overlay and matching techniques with ArcGIS software and direct measurement. Arabica coffee agribusiness system was analyzed through R/C ratio descriptively. The development strategy of Arabica coffee plantation area in Banyumas Regency was conducted using AWOT analysis. The results showed that the actual distribution of arabica coffee plantations in the cultivation area in Banyumas Regency covers several sub-districts and the area reaches 1,214 ha. Available and suitable land for the development of arabica coffee plantation in the cultivation area is indicated to reach an area of 20,471 ha, of which the largest area is located in Lumbir Sub-district with an area of 3,726 ha or 18.09% of the total available land area.

Genome-wide analysis and identification of Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase (CCO) gene family in coffee (coffee arabica) under abiotic stress

The coffee industry holds importance, providing livelihoods for millions of farmers globally and playing a vital role in the economies of coffee-producing countries. Environmental conditions such as drought and temperature fluctuations can adversely affect the quality and yield of coffee crops.Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCO) enzymes are essential for coffee plants as they help break down carotenoids contributing to growth and stress resistance. However, knowledge about the CCO gene family in Coffee arabica was limited. In this study identified 21 CCO genes in Coffee arabica (C. arabica) revealing two subfamilies carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) and 9-cis-epoxy carotenoid dioxygenases (NCED) through phylogenic analysis. These subfamilies exhibited distribution patterns in terms of gene structure, domains, and motifs. The 21 CaCCO genes, comprising 5 NCED and 16 CCD genes were found across chromosomes. Promoter sequencing analysis revealed cis-elements that likely interact with plant stress-responsive, growth-related, and phytohormones, like auxin and abscisic acid. A comprehensive genome-wide comparison, between C. arabica and A. thaliana was conducted to understand the characteristics of CCO genes. RTqPCR data indicated that CaNCED5, CaNCED6, CaNCED12, and CaNCED20 are target genes involved in the growth of drought coffee plants leading to increased crop yield, in a conditions, with limited water availability. This reveals the role of coffee CCOs in responding to abiotic stress and identifies potential genes useful for breeding stress-resistant coffee varieties.

Assessing the Current Status of Vietnam's Coffee Exports in the Period 2014-2023 in the Global Coffee Value Chain

Vietnam has favorable geographical location and weather to grow and develop robusta coffee varieties. Vietnam's production area is more than 95% of robusta coffee output out of a total planting area of 600,000 hectares. In 2022, coffee productivity will reach about 28.2 tons/1 hectare, reaching the highest level since 2005, according to Department of Crop Production data. The robusta coffee variety in Vietnam is also considered the best coffee variety in the world. Therefore, according to statistics from the Vietnam Commodity Exchange, in 2023, Vietnam will be the country with the world's highest robusta coffee export value, accounting for 36% of the total global coffee export value, followed second by Brazil with 28%. In 2021, Vietnam ranks 5th globally, with coffee exports reaching 2.35 billion USD. In 2022, Vietnam exported 1.68 million tons of coffee, but the turnover reached only about 3.9 billion USD. Of these, 82% of Vietnam's coffee is exported raw (mainly Robusta), valued at 2.9 billion USD. In contrast, the export turnover of Arabica coffee is only 260 million USD for decaffeinated coffee. 76.9 million USD and roasted, ground-illat coffee worth 598 million USD. Colombia and Switzerland have a small amount of coffee exported, but the value is high thanks to the quality and coffee brands that the country has built. Vietnam's coffee exports set a new record with a turnover of 4.24 billion USD in 2023. Just past the beginning of the new year, Robusta coffee prices continue to record many new peaks. With this advantage, the coffee industry has a solid foundation for its export goal in 2024.

Extraction and characterization of pectin from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) pulp obtained from four different coffee producing regions

The pectin was extracted using H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl from the pulp of four coffee varieties (Harar, Sidama, Jimma, and Guji) collected from different regions of Ethiopia. The effect of extraction temperature, time, solid-to-liquid ratio, types of acid and coffee varieties on the physiochemical properties and yield of pectin were studied. A maximum pectin yield, which was 12.7 %, was obtained from Harar coffee pulp treated with H2SO4. The equivalent weight of the extracted pectin varied from 1111 to 1667 g/mol. The methoxyl contents of the extracted pectin ranged from 4.23 to 7.13 %. The degrees of esterification and anhydrouronic acid of the pectin ranged from 53 to 68.5 % and 35.5 to 68.8 %, respectively. The results show the yield and physiochemical properties of the coffee pulp pectin depend on extraction parameters, acid types, and coffee varieties. Moreover, the pectin extracted from coffee pulp showed strong gelling properties.