Variety Bintje Research Articles

Forecasting virus disease in seed potatoes using flight activity data of aphid vectors

AbstractWe compiled data from the Swiss seed certification programme for the country‐wide incidence of viruses in seed potato crops for the years 1989–2012. Model selection techniques were used to regress year‐to‐year variation in the incidence of potato viruses – largely dominated by Potato virus Y (PVY) – in three susceptible varieties against the abundance of virus vectors (winged aphids), obtained in a suction trap, to identify the most important vector species. The ultimate aim of this study was to develop a decision‐support system capable of forecasting virus spread during the current season using trap data of aphid flights. The average virus incidence in the varieties Bintje, Sirtema and Charlotte varied considerably among years, ranging from 1.0% in 2009 to 13.6% in 1989 (N = 150–611 seed lots per year). A linear regression model including the cumulative sums (until mid‐June) of two aphid species (Brachycaudus helichrysi and Phorodon humuli) as predictor variables for virus disease was remarkably well supported by the data (R2 = 0.86). Similarly, using counts of B. helichrysi alone resulted in a good model fit (R2 = 0.81). Cross‐validation revealed high predictive accuracy of the model. Although prediction root mean squared errors (RMSE) calculated for different timings of forecasts were high for extremely early forecasts, they rapidly declined for forecasts conducted by the end of May (i.e. 2–4 weeks after potato emergence). Winter temperature (January–February) was positively correlated with the abundance of B. helichrysi in early summer as well as with post‐harvest virus incidence. Remarkably, the abundance of Myzus persicae, often considered the main vector of PVY, was not correlated with virus incidence. Taken together, our analysis suggests that the early migrating aphid B. helichrysi, rather than M. persicae, is the main vector of PVY in Switzerland, and that suction trap data are useful for the design of decision‐support systems aimed to optimise virus control in seed potato production.

Engineered native pathways for high kaempferol and caffeoylquinate production in potato

Flavonols and caffeoylquinates represent important groups of phenolic antioxidants with health-promoting activities. The genetic potential of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to produce high levels of these dietary compounds has not been realized in currently available commodity varieties. In this article, it is demonstrated that tuber-specific expression of the native and slightly modified MYB transcription factor gene StMtf1(M) activates the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. Compared with untransformed controls, transgenic tubers contained fourfold increased levels of caffeoylquinates, including chlorogenic acid (CGA) (1.80 mg/g dry weight), whilst also accumulating various flavonols and anthocyanins. Subsequent impairment of anthocyanin biosynthesis through silencing of the flavonoid-3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'h) gene resulted in the accumulation of kaempferol-rut (KAR) to levels that were approximately 100-fold higher than in controls (0.12 mg/g dry weight). The biochemical changes were associated with increased expression of both the CGA biosynthetic hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (Hqt) gene and the upstream chorismate mutase (Cm) and prephenate dehydratase (Pdh) genes. Field trials indicated that transgenic lines produced similar tuber yields to the original potato variety Bintje. Processed products of these lines retained most of their phenylpropanoids and were indistinguishable from untransformed controls in texture and taste.

Run-time calibration of simulation models by integrating remote sensing estimates of leaf area index and canopy nitrogen

Dynamic simulations models may enable for farmers the evaluation of crop and soil management strategies, or may trigger crop and soil management strategies if they are used as warning systems, e.g. for drought risks and for nutrients shortage. Predictions by simulation models may differ from field observations for a variety of reasons, and such deviations can be revealed instantly by traditional or by new field monitoring techniques. The objective of this study was to improve simulation results by integrating remote sensing observations during the growing season in the simulation (i.e. run-time calibration). The Rotask 1.0 simulation model was used as it simulates daily interactions between climate (radiation temperature, vapour pressure, wind speed, precipitation), soils (water holding capacities, soil organic matter dynamics, evaporation) and crops (light interception, dry matter production, nitrogen uptake, transpiration). Various run-time calibration scenarios for replacing simulated values by remotely observed values were tested. For a number of times in the growing season, simulated values of leaf area index (LAI) and canopy nitrogen contents were replaced with values estimated from remote sensing. Field experiments were carried out in the Netherlands in 1997 (validation) and 1998 (calibration) with potato variety Bintje. Destructive field samplings were performed to follow LAI and canopy nitrogen development in the growing season. Remote sensing observations at canopy level were taken by CropScan™ equipment, covering the electromagnetic spectrum between 460–810 nm in eight spectral bands. LAI and canopy nitrogen were monitored at various moments throughout the growing season by relating them with vegetation indices (VI) that were calculated from the combination of specific remote sensing bands. The results of this study show that run-time calibration of mechanistic simulation models may enhance simulation accuracy, depending on the method how additional information is integrated. It is advised to synchronize dry matter balances and internal nitrogen balances in accordance with adjustments to observed calibration variables (in this case LAI and canopy nitrogen content). It is shown an integrated approach follows the actual crop–soil system more closely, which is helpful for specific crop management and precision agriculture in general. Run-time calibration with variables that can be estimated from remote sensing observations gives more accurate simulation results of variables that can not be observed directly, e.g. the evolution of soil inorganic nitrogen contents. High frequencies of remote sensing observations and interpolation in between them, allow reconstructing the evolution of LAI and canopy nitrogen contents to be integrated in the simulation, thereby increasing simulation accuracy of other model variables.

Identification and Nucleotide Sequence of a Tobacco rattle virus RNA‐1 Variant that Causes Spraing Disease in Potato cv. Bintje

AbstractAn isolate of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) obtained from a site in the Netherlands induced symptoms of spraing disease in tubers of the potato variety Bintje, which is generally considered to be resistant to infection by TRV. The isolate contained two phenotypically distinguishable RNA‐1 variants, one of which was shown to carry the determinant for the ability to cause spraing in cv. Bintje. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of this RNA‐1 was determined and found to differ at 5.2–5.4% of positions from other TRV RNA‐1 sequences in the database. The amino acid sequences of the predicted translation products were between 92 and 99% identical to those of a TRV RNA‐1 that did not cause spraing in cv. Bintje, with P1b being the most divergent and the replicase read‐through domain the least.

Germination en serre des microtubercules de Pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosumL.) produitsin vitro: influence du diamètre, de la densité de plantation et de l'âge des microtubercules sur le rendement

Summary The effects of diameter, plantation density and physiological age of in vitro microtubers on greenhouse yield of potato tubers of varieties Bintje and Désirée were described. Total tuber yield increased with increasing diameter of the microtubers, but for the 9 mm Désirée microtubers, the number of harvested tubers was low. When planted at high density, microtubers produced a larger number of tubers and the highest final tuber yields were obtained with physiologically older microtubers.

Small-scale field tests with transgenic potato, cv. Bintje, to test resistance to primary and secondary infections with potato virus y

The coat protein (CP) gene of the potato virus Y (PVY) strain N605 has been cloned into a plant binary expression vector and introduced into the potato variety Bintje. The transformed lines, Bt6, that contained two copies of the CP gene showed complete resistance to the homologous strain PVY-N605 and a good resistance to the related strain PVY-O803 in the greenhouse. The good resistance of Bt6 to primary and secondary infections by PVY was confirmed in two successive field tests where the virus was transmitted by its natural aphid vector.

Use of the growth retardant tetcyclacis for potato tuber formation in vitro

The effects of the plant growth retardant tetcyclacis on in vitro tuber formation in potatoes was studied, using two different approaches: 1. tuber formation in various lines that did not or hardly form tubers under control conditions, and 2. tuber formation by the variety Bintje, which readily forms tubers. The ABA-deficient (droopy) lines of S. phureja hardly formed tubers without the addition of tetcyclacis. In the presence of this growth retardant tuberization was nearly 100%, within three weeks of in vitro culture, even in the absence of cytokinin. A series of somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum and S. brevidens, that did not form tubers in field and pot experiments, were tested. They all formed tubers in vitro in the presence of tetcyclacis. Stoloniferous shoots formed on single-node cuttings from in vitro grown Solanum tuberosum var Bintje plantlets were transferred to media containing a high level of sucrose. In the presence of tetcyclacis, tuber formation started after 4 days, reaching a maximum level of 80% at day 7. Tubers formed in the presence of tetcyclacis, accumulated starch and expressed several tuber-specific genes. These effects were fully antagonized by gibberellic acid. It is concluded that the growth retardant tetcyclacis is a potent tool in the study of tuber formation in potatoes.

Effect of Storage in Darkness and in Light on the Content of Membrane Lipids of Potato Tubers

AbstractThe lipid composition of tubers from the potato varieties Bintje and Desirée was investigated during storage. Storage in total dark ness after harvest gave only small changes in the amounts of triglycerides. monogalactosyl diglycerides and digalactosyl digtycerides. Storage in light resulted in changes in these lipids and in their fatty acid composition. The absolute amount and the relative content of linolenic acid in the galactolipids increased. A simultaneous and equivalent decrease in the percentage of linoleic acid took place without any marked percentage changes in the other major fatty acids. The light induced changes of the lipids, which occur simultaneously with greening of the tuber, are discussed and related to the development of thylakoid membrane systems in the plastids.

Translocation of the potato viruses YN and YO in some potato varieties

In experiments on the rate of translocation of the potato viruses YN and YO in the varieties Bintje, Eigenheimer, Dore and Sirtema it was found that both viruses infect tubers of Bintje much more readily than those of Eigenheimer. The tubers of the four varieties proved to be infected by PVYN to a higher degree than by PVYO. Tubers of the variety Dore became infected by PVYN to a very high degree, whereas the PVYN infection of those of the variety Sirtema reached the same level as Bintje tubers. Mature plant resistance could be demonstrated with respect to both viruses, but it was much more pronounced in the experiments with PVYO than in those with PVYN.

A breeding programme to combine resistance to Phytophthora and the quality of the potato variety Bintje

Attempts are being made to breed a variety which can replace the potato variety Bintje and is resistant to wart disease as well as sufficiently resistant to Phytophthora. In order to realize this both Solanum demissum and selection in autumn growing were used. Crosses of seedlings which possessed "Bintje blood" are performed to preserve the quality of Bintje.

Diplópoda depredador de tubérculos de batatinha

In two independent Irish potato experiments carried out at the Lameira Exp. Sta. of the Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, in 1952, serious damage was observed in the tubers due to the attack of a Diplopoda - Pseudonannolenidae, Pseudonannolene paulista Brolemann, 1902. One of these experiments was undertaken in order to test the varieties Konsuragis and Eigenheimer imported from Sweden. Amonium sulphate, cotton or ricinus meal were used as source of Nitrogen at the rate of 80 kg of N per hectare. Superphosphate at the rate of 120 kg of P2O5 and Potassium sulphate at the rate of 60 kg of K2O were also used in this experiment. It has been observed that the number of affected tubers was greater in the Konsuragis variety and also that the attack by Diplopoda was more intensive in the plots where cotton or ricinus meal was used. In the other experiment the following varieties were tested, all them received from Holland: Bintje, Eersteling, Saskia, Gineke, Eigeriheimer, Voran and Alpha. Only Amonium sulphate was used as source of nitrogen, this element, P2O5, and K2O, having been added at the same rate as in the first experiment. The varieties Bintje, Eersteling and Saskia had a great number of damaged tubers while Alpha seemed to be much more resistent. The maximum temperature observed during the experiment varied from 21.3 to 30.2°C and the minimum temperature from 5.5 to 14.2°C. The amount of rainfall was very small, only 16 mm being registered during February to May. Chemical analysis of the soil revealed that it was poor in mineral contents and had high acidity. The present observation confirms the findings of Blunck, who established that when the soil is hot and dry, Diplopoda feeds on potato tubers in order to get water. It has been suggested that the attack by the Diplopoda here observed is of the same nature as that caused by the Diplopoda Cylindroiulus frisius Verhoeff and C. teutonicus Poc. observed in Germany in tubers of Irish potato.

Afgifte kweekmateriaal S.v.P.

Release of breeding material by the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding One of the aims of the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding is aiding and supplying information to the breeders of field crops in the Netherlands. Plant material is put at the disposal of the breeders partly free of charge, partly for a nominal fee. In 1951 the release of hybrid populations of cereals by the Institute of Agricultural Plant Breeding was continued. Seed obtained by crossing, young potato clones, and initial material to be used in lupin breeding were issued. In 1952 hybrid flax populations selected for rust resistance were released as well as second year's lines of oats and barley and tetraploid sugar- beet material. Thus in the spring of 1951 and the spring of 1952 respectively 75000 and 85000 potato hybrid seeds and 13000 and 30000 potato clones, raised in aphid-free green-houses, were distributed. The material consisted in hybrids involvingSolanum demissum. Many hybrids descended from the well-known variety Bintje.

Variedades de batatinha (Solanum tuberosum L.) procedentes da Holanda: parte II - resultados experimentais da segunda plantação, no país, com tubérculos importados em 1947

This paper presents the results obtained from six replicated experimental plantings of Irish potatoes in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The potatoes tubers employed as seed in these test plantings were selected from the crop produced from the original tubers introduced from Holland in 1947. The results obtained from plantings in February 1947 made of the original seed pieces were the subject of a previous publication. The current tests reported herein were carried out in the same areas as those previously reported. The date of the second planting was, September 1947 and the second crop was harvested in February and March of 1948. The results obtained from the second plantings were similar to those secured from the original tests. Phytopthora infection was prevailent and caused considerable damage to the Eersteling and Saskia varieties while the Alpha and Voran varieties appeared to have appreciably more resistance. Under the conditions tested, the Eersteling, Saskia, Dore, and Geelblon were found to be early maturing varieties, while Alpha, Voran, and Libertas, were late maturing varieties. The highest average yields per hectar were 16 tons with the variety Eigenheimer and 12.4 tons with the variety Bintje. The yields obtained from the second plantings were greater than those obtained from the first plantings. This difference in yield has been attributed to the more favorable distribution of rain in the second growing season.

Variedades de batatinhas (Solanum tuberosum L.) procedentes da Holanda: Parte I - Resultados experimentais da primeira plantação, no país, com tubérculos importados em 1947

This paper presents the results obtained from six replicated experimental plantings of Irish potatoes in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The potatoes tubers employed as seed in these test plantings were selected from the crop produced from the original tubers introduced from Holland in 1947. The results obtained from plantings in February 1947 made of the original seed pieces were the subject of a previous publication. The current tests reported herein were carried out in the same areas as those previously reported. The date of the second planting was, September 1947 and the second crop was harvested in February and March of 1948. The results obtained from the second plantings were similar to those secured from the original tests. Phytopthora infection was prevailent and caused considerable damage to the Eersteling and Saskia varieties while the Alpha and Voran varieties appeared to have appreciably more resistance. Under the conditions tested, the Eersteling, Saskia, Dore, and Geelblon were found to be early maturing varieties, while Alpha, Voran, and Libertas, were late maturing varieties. The highest average yields per hectar were 16 tons with the variety Eigenheimer and 12.4 tons with the variety Bintje. The yields obtained from the second plantings were greater than those obtained from the first plantings. This difference in yield has been attributed to the more favorable distribution of rain in the second growing season.