Varietal Combinations Research Articles

Taxonomic Revision of the Genus <I>Ophiorrhiza L.</I> (Rubiaceae) in Indian Subcontinent

The present study on the taxonomic revision of Ophiorrhiza L. (Rubiaceae) in Indian subcontinent was carried out on the basis of specimens extant in the Indian Herbaria and some received on loan from several foreign herbaria. 47 species and 9 extra typical varieties are described with original citations, synonymy, typification, distribution, phenology and ecology. 4 species and 1 variety proposed as new have been described earlier. 4 varietal combinations havz been made and published. One newly described species is reduced here to the status of a variety. For identification of ttlxa two sections and a dichotomous key are given.

The Genus <I>Rhynchospora</I> Vahl in India

A study of the genus Rhynchospora Vahl (Cyperaceae) based on its collections in various Indian herbaria and literature has revealed the presence of eight species and two varieties in India. These have been suitably distinguished, described and illustrated, with notes on taxonomy, ecology and distribution. Two new varietal combinations have been prosposed under R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale.

Comparative evaluation of ethylene oxide, electron beam and gamma irradiation treatments on commonly cultivated red chilli cultivars (Kunri and Hybrid) of Sindh, Pakistan

Chillies are considered a universal ingredient for imparting flavor and pungency to foods. Pakistan stood in the top twenty countries worldwide by producing 82 thousand Tons of chillies during 2022-23. Chilli fungal contamination and aflatoxin production during drying is a common problem during post-harvest process. Gasses treatment and Ionizing radiations are efficient methods for reducing toxigenic and pathogenic microbial growth in food items. The current study was designed to compare the effects of ethylene oxide (ETO), gamma (GB) & electron beam (EB) treatments on two red chilli local cultivars (Kunri and Hybrid) of Pakistan. After treatment, the chilli samples were analyzed for aflatoxins, physicochemical, quality & safety attributes. All results were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), dendrogram and ANOVA to check the correlations, grouping and level of significance within the varieties and treatments. The results showed that moisture and water activity mainly designated PC-2 directions and are slightly positively correlated. Conversely, both fat and proteins have a negative correlation with moisture, ash and water activity. Besides, carotenoids and ABTS assay mainly designated PC-2 directions and are slightly positively correlated. Color, flavonoids and TPC also possess positive correlations among them. ETO depicts effectiveness in the reduction of E. coli but is not effective in saving antioxidant potential such as total flavonoids. Similarly, gamma irradiations showed strong reduction trends in fungal and pathogenic count, however same trend was observed in ascorbic acid too. Besides, the electron beam with dosage levels of 12 and 15 kGy has shown effectiveness against Aspergillus spp., aflatoxins and pathogenic microbial load in addition to saving antioxidant potential (phenolics and flavonoids), physicochemical parameters and color values compared to other applied methods especially in Kunri variety. It was evident from the research that varietal combination in addition to applied treatment must be specially considered while designing a treatment for chillies.

Pre-anthesis spike growth dynamics and its association to yield components among elite bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. spp.) under Mediterranean climate

Wheat (Triticum spp.) grain yield (GY) is highly associated with grain number per unit area (GN m-2). Biomass accumulation and partitioning are essential to understand pre-anthesis spike growth dynamics which determines spike dry matter at anthesis (SDMa) - a GN determinant. Spike growth takes place during the stem elongation period (SE), from terminal spikelet to anthesis, following leaf and spikelet initiation (LS) from sowing to terminal spikelet. In this study, bread wheat cultivars were examined under Mediterranean semi-arid conditions to determine (i) the varietal differences in pre-anthesis phase duration, (ii) whether this variability influences biomass partitioning and spike-related traits, and (iii) to what extent, the genotypic variations in pre-anthesis phase duration and spike growth are associated with yield components. A panel of Israeli commercial bread wheat cultivars were grown in the field during 2016–17 (three environments) and 2017–18 (two environments) and characterized for pre-anthesis phases, floral conditions and spike fertility via histological measurements; spike traits, dry matter accumulation, partitioning at anthesis and maturity and for yield components. Significant variability in the timing of pre-anthesis phases was detected within the tested panel for both LS and SE phases. LS duration was positively associated with growing degree days (GDD) to anthesis across environments (0.72–0.90) while variation in SE was related with differences in GDD to anthesis but to a lesser extent and not in all environments (0.47–0.79). In addition, LS duration, and occasionally SE, were favourably related with a higher dry matter of fertile florets spike-1 (at anthesis) and SDM (at both anthesis and maturity). Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly separates environments and to a lesser extent cultivars within each environment. Two cultivar pairs 'Zahir-Yuval' and 'Negev-Gedera', which flowered concurrently, showed significant differences in the durations of LS and SE phases across most of the environments. Longer LS, in cultivars Zahir and Negev, exhibited increased spikelets spike-1, whereas longer SE (e.g., in Yuval and Gedera) enhanced spike fertility through improving the survival rate of floret primordia (FSR%) of central spikelets. However, there was a trade-off for FSR at the proximal and distal spike portions, resulting in lower grain set (%) leading to reduction of final GN (or GY) in cultivars with longer SE. In the tested panel and under our environmental conditions characterized by growing cycle and Mediterranean climate, the duration of both LS and SE contribute to spike fertility, but LS duration seemed a stronger driver than SE for GN and yield enhancement. Our results highlight the importance of pre-anthesis phases, especially the role of LS in wheat yield increment during the short growing cycle. The varietal combination with variable LS and SE duration could be implemented in breeding pipelines and used as pre-breeding materials for GN improvement. Furthermore, the findings will encourage pre-anthesis traits adoption in Mediterranean bread wheat future breeding programs.

A New Varietal Combination for a Narrowly Endemic Rock Daisy (Laphamia: Asteraceae) in Southern New Mexico

The recent restructuring of Perityle Benth. (Asteraceae), s.l., warrants a new varietal combination of a narrowly endemic taxon in south-central New Mexico. The previously recognized P. staurophylla (Barneby) Shinners var. homoflora Todsen becomes Laphamia staurophylla Barneby var. homoflora (Todsen) Z. S. Rogers & Spellenb. A brief history of this taxon, a rationale for its recognition, and its status as a rare plant for the state are discussed.

Survival of Intervarietal Grafts of Sweet and Serrano Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) on Pasilla 18M as a New Rootstock Against Phytophthora capsici Leo

The genus Capsicum has been distinguished by its lack of compatible rootstocks with commercial cultivars to successfully protect against Phytophthora capsici. Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334) has been used worldwide in crosses and as a rootstock to protect against P. capsici. However, novel sources of resistance to this pathogen, such as ‘Pasilla 18M’ have not yet been explored as rootstocks. A good rootstock should be highly compatible with the scion and also maintain the quality and/or provide a benefit to the grafted cultivar. Our objectives were 1) to evaluate grafting survival using ‘Pasilla 18M’ and CM334 as rootstocks of two susceptible commercial cultivars: Sweet Pepper California Wonder (CW) and Serrano Coloso; and 2) to evaluate the efficiency of ‘Pasilla 18M’ as rootstock against P. capsici using CM334 as a resistant control. Grafting survival was analyzed over 58 days after grafting in sets of 60 plants per varietal combination. Disease severity and incidence were recorded during 24 days after inoculation with P. capsici (DAI). Incidence was also evaluated at 54 and 84 DAI. A severity scale from 0 (healthy plant) to 4 (dead plant) was applied to evaluate root rot per plant. Incidence was recorded as the percent of diseased plants (severity >0). Grafting survival of intervarietal grafts was 87% to 94%, similar to ungrafted cultivars, and exceeding autograft survival. Ungrafted and autografted Sweet Pepper and Serrano showed root rot severities 2.3 to 3.3, with 89% to 100% incidence. In contrast, intervarietal grafts remained almost free of infection (severity 0.14; incidence 0% to 4%). CM334 and ‘Pasilla 18M’ rootstocks are highly compatible with ‘Serrano Coloso’ and ‘Sweet Pepper CW’. ‘Pasilla 18M’ confers the same level of protection against P. capsici as CM334.

Biochemical and SSR based molecular characterization of elite rice varieties for straw lignocellulose.

Lignocellulosic biomass from rice straw possesses enormous potential in generating bioenergy thereby reducing the dependence of human on non-renewable fuel sources. Developing rice varieties of such calibre necessitates biochemical characterization as well as assessing the presence of genetic diversity among the rice genotypes with respect to cellulose content. Forty-three elite rice genotypes were selected for biochemical characterization and SSR marker-based genetic fingerprinting. For genotyping, 13 cellulose synthase specific polymorphic markers were used. The diversity analysis was performed using TASSEL 5.0 and GenAlE × 6.51b2, software program. Of the 43 rice varieties, CR-Dhan-601, CR-Dhan-1014, Mahanadi, Jagabandhu, Gouri, Samanta and Chandrama were found to possess desirable lignocellulosic composition with respect to harnessing green fuels. The marker OsCESA-1.3 expressed the highest PIC (0.640), while the marker OsCESA-6.3 of lowest PIC (0.128). A moderate average estimate (0.367) of PIC was observed under current set of genotypes and marker system. The dendrogram analysis grouped the rice genotypes into two principal clusters i.e., cluster I and II. Cluster-II is monogenetic, while cluster-I is having 42 genotypes. The moderate level of both PIC and H average estimates indicate the narrow genetic bases of the germplasms. The varieties falling under different clusters possessing desirable lignocellulosic composition can be used in a hybridization programme to develop bioenergy efficient varieties. The promising varietal combinations that can be used as parents for developing bioenergy efficient genotypes are Kanchan / Gobinda, Mahanadi / Ramachandi, Mahanadi / Rambha, Mahanadi / Manika, Rambha / Manika, Rambha / Indravati and CR-Dhan-601 / Manika as they offer an advantage of higher cellulose accumulation. This study helped in identification of suitable dual purpose rice varieties for biofuel production without compromising food security.

Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) management with fungicide and varietal combination of potato at Fagita Lekoma, North Western Ethiopia

Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) management with fungicide and varietal combination of potato at Fagita Lekoma, North Western Ethiopia

Performance of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) hybrids for yield and quality in the Utkal plain region of Odisha state, India

Cocos nucifera L. is a perennial oil yielding crop with a long productive life span (>60 years); thus, identifying a suitable high yielding hybrid to a particular agro-climatic region plays a prime role in achieving sustainable coconut yield. In this context, an evaluation trial with varietal cross combinations involving Tall × Dwarf (six crosses) and Dwarf × Tall (two crosses) was conducted at All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Palms, Bhubaneshwar Centre, Odisha, for 15 years. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications maintaining six palms per replication. Observations on yield and yield attributing characters during 2018 to 2020 revealed the superior performance of ECT × GBGD (99.1 nuts), which was followed by ECT × MYD (86.9 nuts) over the local check (ECT) by recording higher nut yield. Copra output per palm was significantly the highest under ECT × GBGD (20.6 kg palm-1), followed by LCT × COD (18.6 kg palm-1). Hybrids possessed a higher quantity of organoleptically ‘good’ tender nut water (270.3 to 354.1 mL) with TSS of 5.8 to 6.9 °Brix, 25.4 to 34.0 ppm of sodium and 2065.9 to 2885.0 ppm of potassium.

Juice Index: an integrated Sauvignon blanc grape and wine metabolomics database shows mainly seasonal differences.

Although Sauvignon Blanc (SB) grapes are cultivated widely throughout New Zealand, wines from the Marlborough region are most famous for their typical varietal combination of tropical and vegetal aromas. These wines differ in composition from season to season as well as among locations within the region, which makes the continual production of good quality wines challenging. Here, we developed a unique database of New Zealand SB grape juices and wines to develop tools to help winemakers to make blending decisions and assist in the development of new wine styles. About 400 juices were collected from different regions in New Zealand over three harvest seasons (2011-2013), which were then fermented under controlled conditions using a commercial yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118. Comprehensive metabolite profiling of these juices and wines by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was combined with their detailed oenological parameters and associated meteorological data. These combined metabolomics data clearly demonstrate that seasonal variation is more prominent than regional difference in both SB grape juices and wines, despite almost universal use of vineyard irrigation to mitigate seasonal rainfall and evapotranspiration differences, Additionally, we identified a group of juice metabolites that play central roles behind these variations, which may represent chemical signatures for juice and wine quality assessment. This database is the first of its kind in the world to be available for the wider scientific community and offers potential as a predictive tool for wine quality and innovation when combined with mathematical modelling.

New Names and Combinations in Indian Acanthaceae

Abstract. A wider concept of Justicia L. and Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) is now generally accepted as the characters used to distinguish related genera, namely an elastic placenta and greater ovule numbers, are not diagnostic and appear to be derived characters. In consequence the following new combinations are needed to bring the names of Indian species into line with currently accepted generic limits: J. apiculata (Bedd.) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia apiculata Bedd.], J. himalayensis (C. B. Clarke) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia himalayensis C. B. Clarke], J. latior (Nees) J. R. I. Wood subsp. latior [≡ Rungia longifolia subsp. latior (Nees) Cramer], which results in the new varietal combination of J. latior var. anamalayana (Chandrab. & V. Chandras.) J. R. I. Wood, J. latior subsp. longifolia (Nees) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia longifolia Nees subsp. longifolia], J. mastersii (T. Anderson) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia mastersii T. Anderson], J. wightiana (Nees) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia wightiana Nees], Strobilanthes a...

Pleopeltis (Polypodiaceae), a redefinition of the genus and nomenclatural novelties


 Recent evidence from morphological, cytological, and gene sequencing studies has provided much additional evidence that the genus Pleopeltis (Polypodiaceae) requires redefinition to include other polypod genera and species with peltate scales on the leaf blades. Groups to be included are Polypodium subg. Marginaria (species treated in the group of Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt by Moran), and also including the Polypodium squamatum and Polypodium plebeium groups, Dicranoglossum , Microphlebodium , Neurodium , and Pseudocolysis . In this paper, we review all species of Polypodiaceae that we believe belong to Pleopeltis and make 35 species combinations, one varietal combination, and six hybrid combinations. In addition, three new names are necessary for species prevented from transfer because to do so results in homonymy. As redefined, Pleopeltis comprises ca. 90 species, mainly in the New World, but with two species and one hybrid in Africa, India, and Sri Lanka; it excludes Lepisorus in Asia and Africa, as well as many other especially simple-bladed Old World species once placed in Pleopeltis but now included in other Paleotropical genera, e.g., Lemmaphyllum , Leptochilus , and Selliguea . We provide a key to separate the American polypod genera, and address biogeographical data that derive from. In two appendices, we list previously accepted taxa of Pleopeltis for which combinations are already available, as well as salient synonymy

PRELIMINARY REVISIONS OF SOME GENERA OF MALAYSIAN IPILIONACEAE V - A CENSUS OF THE GENUS DESMODIUM

The generic circumscription accepted is in a rather wide sense, including the synonyms Phyllodium,Dicerma, Aphyllodium,Meibomia, Monar-throcarpus, Pteroloma, Coda/riocalyx, etc.The generic delimitation against Alysicarpus seems doubtful; see the discussion under 2. Desmodium alysicarpoides.In all 39 species have been recognized among which none is newly recorded for the Malaysian area. Another, 4-0. D. bolsteri Merr., of which no material was available, could not be clarified. Of Ul- D. uncinatum (Jacq.)DC, an American introduction, I had no material either.A number of specific names have been reduced: D. muelleri Bth. and D. neurocarpum Bth. to D. filiforme Zoll., which is not endemic in Malaysia and appears to be a species which finds its widest distribution in North Australia and Queensland; D. archboldianum Baker f. from New Guinea is reduced to D. nemorosum F. v. M.; D. cumingianum (Bth.) Bth. from the Philippines is merged with D. umbellatum (L.) DC; D. podocarpum DC. and D. fallax Schindl. cannot be separated from D. racemosum (Thunb.) DC; D. capitatum (Burm. f.) DC. is reduced to D. styracifolium (Osb.) Merr.; D, longibracteatum Schindl., D. rufihirsutum Craib, and D. virga-tum Zoll. are both merged with D. velutinum (Willd.) DC; Dicerma novo-guineense Schindl. and Dicerma hispidum Schindl. have both been reduced to D. biarticulatum (L.) F. v. M. Besides, two varieties in D. nemorosum and D. adscendens cannot be upheld.Two new names are proposed, viz D. alysicarpoides for D. parviflorum (Dalz.) Baker 1876, non Mart. Galeotti, 1843, and D. blandum for D. ele-ns (Lour.)Bth. 1861, non DC. 1825 nee Schlecht. 1838.Two new varietal combinations are D. biarticulatum var. australiense (Schindl.) van Meeuwen and D. velutinum var. longibracteatum (Schindl.) van Meeuwen.A key to and synonymy and distribution of the species has been given. Indexes to collections and to names are provided at the end.

Barleys Grown as Cultivar Mixtures Compared with Blends Made Before and After Malting, for Effects on Malting Performance

ABSTRACT J. Inst. Brew. 111(2), 144–152, 2005 Four barley cultivars were grown in replicated trials at three sites in Scotland in 2000, both as pure stands and in all four possible three-component mixtures. After harvest, some grain from the pure stands was used to synthesise four blends of three com-ponent varieties. Grain from the pure stands, the mixtures and the blends was malted and all samples were assessed for total -glucan content. At two of the sites, field grown mixtures were shown to have lower malt -glucan than blends made prior to malting, although their grain -glucan contents had not been sig-nificantly different from the means of the component varieties. At the other site, the mixtures had higher levels of soluble nitro-gen than the blends or the means of their component cultivars although, significant differences had not occurred in grain nitro-gen contents. Three component blends were also made from the malted grain of the pure stands and hot water extracts were mea-sured on all samples including the blends made before and after malting. There were considerable differences between sites and also between mixtures, blends and the mean of the mixture com-ponents when assessed separately. At all sites and for all varietal combinations, field grown mixtures were shown to be equal or superior to blends made after harvesting, in addition to fre-quently exceeding the mean of their components. It was con-cluded that the advantages, in -glucan or protein modification, associated with mixtures resulted from interactions between components in the growing environment and that interactions in the malting and mashing environments had little if any effect.

Notes on Grasses (Poaceae) for the Flora of China, II: Paniceae

This paper comprises nomenclatural changes needed for the Flora of China account of Poaceae tribe Paniceae. The new combinations Digitaria fujianensis and Pseudoraphis sordida are proposed for nomenclatural reasons. The varietal combination Ottochloa nodosa var. micrantha is validated and lectotypified. Pseudoraphis balansae is lectotypified, and P. longipaleacea is placed in synonymy. Urochloa cordata is reduced to synony- my under U. setigera. The three species of the ge- nus Pseudoraphis occurring in China are reviewed and a key is provided. African specimens previ- ously considered conspecific with Asian Urochloa setigera are shown to belong to a different species, Urochloa trichopodioides, which is lectotypified.

Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) in Texas, with a New Varietal Combination

A review of the taxonomy of Hymen- ocallis in Texas since the publication of names by Lloyd H. Shinners is presented. The new varietal combination H. occidentalis (J. Le Conte) Kunth var. eulae (Shinners) G. Lom. Smith & Flory is made, recognizing leaf and cytological differences. A short key is provided to distinguish between the varieties.

A New Combination in Polygala (Polygalaceae) for Southeast Asia

The new varietal combination Polygala glaucoides L. var. laotica (Gagnepain) Pendry is published herein. The taxon is known from Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. During preparation of accounts of the Polygalaceae for the Flora of Thailand and La Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam, it has been found that a new varietal combination needs to be published. Wight (1834), in his Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis, wrongly used the name Polygala ciliata L. for the collection Wallich 4177 (collected by Wight in southern India). The use of the name PR ciliata was mistaken because that name correctly refers to a quite different taxon which had already been transferred to Salomonia by De Candolle (1824) as S. ciliata (L.) DC. Gagnepain (1909) treated Polygala ciliata sensu Wight as consisting of three varieties. Variety typica has the syntypes Wallich 4177 and Thomson s.n. from Maisor (= Mysore), Carnatic in southern India, and this taxon was later named Polygala bolbothrix by Dunn (1915). The other two varieties, var. laotica Gagnepain and var. brachystachya (A.W. Bennett) Gagnepain, can be ascribed to P. glaucoides L., but because of the misapplication of the name P ciliata, it is necessary to publish a new combination. Variety brachystachya is referable to the element of P glaucoides L. that contains the type of the name P glaucoides (van der Meijden, 1988) and must therefore be called variety glaucoides. Variety laotica is published here as a new combination within P. glaucoides. It is distinguished from variety glaucoides by its indumentum: in addition to the usual short, curved hairs seen on all specimens of P. glaucoides, variety laotica possesses distinctive 1-mm-long, spreading, stiff, white hairs, which are found on the stems, leaves, inflorescences, and capsules. There has been considerable confusion about the correct name for P glaucoides and several other related species (notably P chinensis L.); a full discussion and complete synonymy are found in van der Meijden's (1988) Flora Malesiana account. Polygala glaucoides L. var. glaucoides. TYPE: Herb. Hermann 270, vol. 3: 24 (BM). Polygala ciliata L. var. brachystachya (Blume) Gagnepain, Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr. 56: 20. 1909. TYPE: In graminosis circa Buitenzorg, Blume (not seen). Polygala glaucoides L. var. laotica (Gagnepain) Pendry, comb. nov. Basionym: Polygala ciliata L. var. laotica Gagnepain, Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr. 56: 19. 1909. TYPE: Cambodia. Oudon ( Oudong, Kandal), Thorel 2066 (lectotype, designated here, P). Additional material seen. CAMBODIA. Kampot: Kamchay, Thorel s.n. (P). Kompong Speu: Poilane 17384 (P). Siem Reap(?): Compong-luong (= Kamp6ng Hluong), Thorel s.n. (P). THAILAND. Ratehaburi: Nawng Ke, 5 m, Collins 1629 (ABD); Prachaup Khiri Khan: Hua Hin, Kerr 13454 (BK, BM, L). VIETNAM. Dong Nai: Pierre s.n. (P). KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF POLYGALA GLAUCOIDES la. Stems, leaves, petioles, and inflorescence with indumentum of short curved hairs only; capsule with only short, curled hairs on margin ...... . P. glaucoides var. glaucoides lb. Stems, leaves, petioles, and inflorescence with indumentum of short curved hairs and 1-mmlong, stiff, straight hairs; capsule with short, curled and long, straight hairs on margin .... .... ........ . P. glaucoides var. laotica Acknowledgments. I thank the Royal Society for financial support for my work, and the School of Botany, Trinity College, for hosting my project. I thank curators of ABD, L, and P for loaning their specimens, and BK, BM, and P for their assistance during my visits. I also thank David Middleton, Matthew Jebb, Mark Newman, and Robert Mill for their advice in the preparation of this manuscript.

A New Variety and New Varietal Combinations in Chinese Verbenaceae

During preparation of the treatment of Verbenaceae for the Flora of China, it became evident that the nomenclature of several infraspecific taxa in various genera needed adjustment. I propose the following novelties in order to make these names available for this and other Chinese floristic works now in progress. A new variety and three new varietal combinations in Callicarpa and one new combination each in Vitex and Clerodendrum are proposed.

Phylogeny and Distribution of Luffa (Cucurbitaceae)

Phylogeny and Distribution of Luffa (Cucurbitaceae)

Varietal grass names and combinations published by Hackel in Cheeseman's Manual of the New Zealand Flora, 1906

Abstract A number of varietal names and new combinations for grasses were cited with the authority Hack. MS., in the first edition of Cheeseman's “Manual of the New Zealand Flora” (1906). There has been some uncertainty whether these names should be attributed to Hackel or to Cheeseman. A comparison of diagnostic descriptions III Hackel's letters to Cheeseman, held at the Auckland Institute and Museum Library, with descriptions in Cheeseman's Manual, confirmed that all names should be attributed to Hackel.