Variation Of Temperature Profile Research Articles

Non-similar analysis of heat generation and thermal radiation on Eyring-Powell Hybrid nanofluid flow across a stretching surface

This paper portrays a two-dimensional mathematical model developed for the analysis of Eyring-Powell hybrid nanofluid flow, incorporating variable temperature and velocity profiles. This study investigates the flow through a porous media with a mixture of hybrid nanoparticles (copper dioxide, magnetite) integrated into ethylene glycol ([Formula: see text]) across a stretching sheet. The model takes magnetic effects, heat generation, and thermal radiation into account. Additionally, nonsimilar partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations using the local nonsimilarity approach. These equations are then numerically solved using the built-in Matlab function bvp4c. To examine the effects of adjusting parameters on heat, mass transfer, and skin friction, the results are displayed graphically. With an increase in the given values of magnetic field [Formula: see text], the velocity profile [Formula: see text] is seen to decay. Moreover, it is observed that the hybrid nanofluid density and dynamic viscosity increase as the volume fraction rises. It is estimated that the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the [Formula: see text] hybrid nanofluid are expected to increase to 4.1% and 12.35%, respectively, and to 71.55% and 78.01%, respectively, for volume concentrations ranging from 0.02% to 0.05%. It is also concluded that the local skin-friction coefficient has the opposite trend while the local Nusselt number rises monotonically with both the slip velocity parameter and the surface convection parameter. This research has broad applications In the glass and polymer industries, metallic plate cooling, plastic sheet contractions, etc.

Effects of magnetic nanoparticle distribution in cancer therapy through hyperthermia

Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) is a promising cancer treatment that exploits the heating capabilities of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) when exposed to alternating magnetic fields. The primary challenge in optimizing MHT lies in understanding the influence of MNP distribution within the tumor microenvironment. This study presents realistic simulations of MNP distribution within a tumor, accounting for diffusion, convection, and internalization dynamics, alongside the presence of a necrotic core. Additionally, a vascular network was modeled based on diagnostic images to assess its impact on nanoparticle behavior and heat generation within the tumor. Our results show that uneven MNP distribution, particularly in areas influenced by the tumor's vasculature and necrotic regions, results in highly variable temperature profiles and irregular thermal damage. By contrast, a more uniform distribution of MNPs leads to a consistent rise in temperature and a broader region of thermal damage, with maximum temperatures reaching 47 °C and 99 % tumor cell death after 60 min of treatment. Key quantitative findings indicate that the tumor's vascular architecture plays a crucial role in determining the heat distribution and treatment efficacy. This study highlights the importance of fine-tuning MNP delivery and distribution to maximize therapeutic outcomes in MHT. The approach offers significant potential for applications in treating deep-seated or inoperable tumors, where precise and localized therapy is critical.

Numerical analysis of the energy efficiency of drying a flooded masonry wall by applying a variable drying air temperature profile

The masonry wall initially saturated with moisture and without internal or external water sources was considered to simulate the drying of a wall after a flood. Numerical calculations using the in-house non-equilibrium heat and moisture model were performed to investigate the impact of variable drying air temperature profiles on the drying efficiency of the thermo-injection method. A drying process lasting twelve days was simulated. Based on previous studies, four drying air temperature variation strategies, i.e., jump, stepwise, periodic, and constant temperature (reference), were computed and compared. The drying air temperature profile was changed from 20°C to 60°C with heating intervals of 24 h and different characterization strategies. The jump strategy changed rapidly in a single step. Stepwise one changed by 10°C after each heating interval, and the period strategy changed from 20°C to 60°C or from 60°C to 20°C after each heating interval. Furthermore, the relative humidity of the drying air corresponded to the three seasons in Poland (i.e., winter, summer, and spring) and ranged between 70% and 90% at ambient conditions. It was found that the proposed drying strategies with variable temperature profiles can reduce energy consumption compared to the reference strategy with a constant temperature.

The relative effects of artificial shrubs on animal community assembly

Facilitative associations between the foundational shrub species Ephedra californica and local vertebrate species can drive positive interactions within desert ecosystems that influence diversity and assembly processes. These foundational shrubs can contribute to the structural heterogeneity of ecosystems for plants and animals including variation in temperature profiles, refuge from predation, and habitat for foraging. Artificial structures can also influence fine‐scale ecological and micro‐environmental dynamics. We tested the hypothesis that artificial shrubs (mimics) positively influence desert vertebrate association through facilitative interactions, similar to foundational shrub species. Mimics were deployed at four distinct sites within the central deserts of Southern California. A combination of camera traps and temperature pendants were utilized to measure the association patterns of vertebrate species and the microclimatic variation at mimic, open, and shrubs. A total of 21 species were observed in this study. Mimics had a significantly higher vertebrate abundance and richness than open microsites and functioned similarly to shrubs. These findings suggest that mimics can be utilized as a stop‐gap replacement for foundational shrub species as they can act as a novel fine‐scale habitat for many desert vertebrate species.

Dynamic Optimization of Lactic Acid Production from Grape Stalk Solid-State Fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae Applying a Variable Temperature Profile

Lactic acid is widely used in the food industry. It can be produced via chemical synthesis or biotechnological pathways by using renewable resources as substrates. The main challenge of sustainable production lies in reaching productivities and yields that allow for their industrial production. In this case, the application of process engineering becomes a crucial tool to improve the performance of bioprocesses. In this work, we performed the solid-state fermentation of grape stalk using Rhizopus oryzae NCIM 1299 to obtain lactic acid, employing three different temperatures (22, 35, and 40 °C) and a relative humidity of 50%. The Logistic and First-Order Plus Dead Time models were adjusted for fungal biomass growth, and the Luedeking and Piret with Delay Time model was used for lactic acid production, obtaining higher R2 values in all cases. At 40 °C, it was observed that Rhizopus oryzae grew in pellet form, resulting in an increase in lactic acid productivity. In this context, the effect of temperature on the kinetic parameters was evaluated with a polynomial correlation. Finally, using this correlation, a smooth and continuous optimal temperature profile was obtained by a dynamic optimization method, improving the final lactic acid concentration by 53%.

Fiber Optical Temperature Sensor Based on 980nm Excitation of CaWO4: Yb3+, Er3+ with Up-conversion Fluorescence Intensity Ratio

The Yb3+, Er3+ co-doped calcium tungstate materials were prepared. The temperature-sensitive fiber optic probes made from CaWO4:Yb3+, Er3+ were prepared by the high-temperature solid-phase sintering method. The XRD lattice structure of CaWO4: Yb3+, Er3+ was tested. The fluorescence spectra of the probe under 980nm excitation were tested, and the variable temperature profile of the probe was analyzed to derive its two-photon absorption process. The temperature characteristics of the up-conversion fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of the probe in the temperature range of 303-673K were investigated, and the results showed that this optical fiber probe can be used as a fiber optic temperature sensor with a linearity of 5.8% and a temperature measurement return difference of only 1.5%; it was found that the temperature characteristic curve of FIR of this fiber optic probe was reproducible. These properties show that CaWO4: Yb3+, Er3+ is feasible to be made into a fiber optic sensor.

Numerical analysis on the energy efficiency improvement of thermo-injection method of masonry walls drying by applying the variable temperature profiles of drying air

The influence of the drying air temperature profile on the effectiveness of the thermo-injection masonry wall drying method was investigated by applying numerical modeling. The in-house non-equilibrium heat and moisture transfer model was used to perform simulations. A two weeks drying process was simulated. Four drying strategies characterized by constant, jump, stepwise, and periodic drying air temperature profiles were studied and compared. Three different heating intervals (i.e., 12, 24, and 48 h), which referred to drying air temperature profile changes, were examined. The drying air temperature varied between 20 and 60 °C. Moreover, the relative humidity of the drying air corresponded to the three seasons in Poland, i.e., winter, spring, and summer, and ranging between 70 and 90% at ambient conditions. It was found that drying strategies with the jump and stepwise temperature profiles may decrease the energy consumption required for masonry wall drying by up to 5.9% during the season with a low drying air relative humidity (i.e., during winter). However, energy savings were insufficient during the highly humid season (i.e., summer). The heating interval of 48 h was the best for the jump strategy and may be the best for the stepwise approach in a longer than two weeks drying process. The stepwise strategy removed significantly more water from the wall to reach the same level of moisture mass fraction in the drying zone as the constant and jump strategies. The slower wall heating process and the continuous action of capillary water uptake were responsible for this behavior. The same phenomena caused the periodic strategy to be ineffective.

4E assessment of integrated photovoltaic/thermal-based adsorption-electrolyzer for cooling and green hydrogen production

An energetic, exergetic, economic, and environmental multicriteria evaluation of the feasibility for an integrated system comprised of an adsorption system and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer operating via photovoltaic/thermal collectors is introduced. The present system produces concurrent green hydrogen, cooling, and hot water under the meteorological conditions of Alexandria, Egypt. The generated electricity from photovoltaic/thermal collectors drives the electrolyzer for hydrogen production. The waste heat from photovoltaic/thermal collectors drives the adsorption unit during summer for cooling purposes, while in winter, it is used for domestic hot water supply. The adopted analysis is built in Simulink and consequently justified with existing literature. The transient variation of temperature profiles, cooling capacity, heating power, COP, input and output exergies, energetic and exergetic efficiencies are investigated. Investigating the daily performance of the adsorption cooling system during the summer exhibits an average daily COP of 0.47 and a system cooling capacity of about 7 kW. The results reported that the adopted system annually yields cooling, heating, and hydrogen of 8282 kWh, 1723 kWh, and 626 kg, respectively. Moreover, it is exhibited that the present system could attain annual energetic and exergetic efficiencies of 12.3% and 10.6%, respectively. The proposed system demonstrated a substantial payback period of 0.8 years and carbon dioxide mitigation of 52.2 tons. Consequently, combining the photovoltaic/thermal collectors with adsorption cooling systems and electrolyzers could be pronouncedly appropriate for multigeneration systems.

Study on heat allocation and temperature profile in a T-shaped branched tunnel fire with different branch slopes under natural ventilation

Reduced scale experiments in a T-shaped branched tunnel with different branch slopes (0%, 6% and 9%) were carried out to study the variation of temperature profile beneath the ceiling under natural ventilation. Numerical simulation with branch slopes of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% was also executed. A methodology to estimate the mass and heat flux into the branch was proposed. The results show that the branch slope has limited influence on the maximum temperature beneath the ceiling in the main tunnel when fire locates at the intersection of main tunnel. A correlation for maximum temperature beneath the ceiling in the main tunnel is proposed and agrees well with others’ experiments (in full scale and reduced scale). Higher branch slope could transport more hot smoke and heat into the branch. When the branch slope is within 0–9%, about 28–35% of the total released heat enters the branch. When the branch slope is 0%, maximum ceiling temperature in the branch can be well-estimated by Li’s model, if the heat flux into the branch is treated as the heat release rate of ‘virtual fire source’. The longitudinal temperature decay factor in the branch can be estimated based on the mass flux into the branch. This work could help to understand the flow characteristics of hot smoke of branched tunnels scientically.

Steady Squeezing Flow of Magnetohydrodynamics Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Comprising Carbon Nanotube-Ferrous Oxide/Water with Suction/Injection Effect.

The main purpose of the current article is to scrutinize the flow of hybrid nanoliquid (ferrous oxide water and carbon nanotubes) (CNTs + FeO/HO) in two parallel plates under variable magnetic fields with wall suction/injection. The flow is assumed to be laminar and steady. Under a changeable magnetic field, the flow of a hybrid nanofluid containing nanoparticles FeO and carbon nanotubes are investigated for mass and heat transmission enhancements. The governing equations of the proposed hybrid nanoliquid model are formulated through highly nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) including momentum equation, energy equation, and the magnetic field equation. The proposed model was further reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity transformation. A rigorous numerical scheme in MATLAB known as the parametric continuation method (PCM) has been used for the solution of the reduced form of the proposed method. The numerical outcomes obtained from the solution of the model such as velocity profile, temperature profile, and variable magnetic field are displayed quantitatively by various graphs and tables. In addition, the impact of various emerging parameters of the hybrid nanofluid flow is analyzed regarding flow properties such as variable magnetic field, velocity profile, temperature profile, and nanomaterials volume fraction. The influence of skin friction and Nusselt number are also observed for the flow properties. These types of hybrid nanofluids (CNTs + FeO/HO) are frequently used in various medical applications. For the validity of the numerical scheme, the proposed model has been solved by another numerical scheme (BVP4C) in MATLAB.

Towards geochemical alternatives to geophysical models of the internal structure of the lunar mantle and core

Based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, we present a reconciliation analysis of the three most important but not directly related sets of seismic, selenodetic, and geochemical data (Apollo seismic travel times, mean mass (M) and moment of inertia (MOI), tidal Love number (k2), quality factors, bulk silicate Moon (BSM) models) to determine the composition and internal structure of the four-layer mantle, deep-seated transition layer (LVZ), liquid outer and solid inner Fe-based core. A distinctive feature of this approach is the inclusion of geochemical parameters as “observed” values when calculating the likelihood function in combination with phase-equilibrium computations. We consider the effect of two bulk composition models with different refractory oxide contents (models E with terrestrial values of Al2O3 and models M with a higher Al2O3 content) and variations in temperature profiles on the geochemical and geophysical parameters of the mantle, LVZ, and core. The inversion results show that all successful E and M models are grouped around bulk FeO 11–13 wt% and Mg# 79–81, indicating a significant difference in the composition of the silicate Earth (BSE) and its satellite. A slight SiO2 enrichment is necessary for the pyroxenite upper mantle, where low-Ca orthopyroxene, not olivine, is the dominant mineral. The primordial lower mantle (=BSM) is enriched in Al compared to the overlying differentiated layers: ∼4.5% Al2O3 (1 × BSE) for models E and ∼6 wt% Al2O3 (1.5 × BSE) for models M. Comparison of measured high-pressure density and sound velocity data for liquid Fe(Ni)-C-S-Si alloys with inverted models constrains the relatively narrow range of physical parameters for the lunar core and favors the presence of Fe(Ni)-S liquid outer core with 3–10 wt% S. The results correspond to inverted P-wave velocities in the range of 3600–4100 m/s and densities in the range of 6200–7000 kg/m3 for the outer core with a radius of 300–350 km and are consistent with the speed of sound (but not density) and the radius of the lunar outer core by Weber et al. (2011).

Towards a new MHD non-homogeneous convective nanofluid flow model for simulating a rotating inclined thin layer of sodium alginate-based Iron oxide exposed to incident solar energy

In today's era, energy resources are among the essential objectives for the economic advancement of any developed country. Alternatively, fossil fuels that meet a large percentage of the world's energy needs are becoming increasingly rare and their quantity is dwindling. Solar systems which convert solar radiation into useable heat or electricity now play a vital part in the production of renewable energies. Solar energy, despite its somewhat higher operating costs, is a better alternative energy type when considering environmental safety and substantial uncertainty about future energy provisions. Due to the demand for solar radiation in nowadays era, the features of solar radiation towards the heat transfer of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic generalized and sodium alginate-based iron oxide Fe3O4- SA nanofluid flows past a spinning disk are investigated in this article. Furthermore, the Brownian motion and thermophoresis phenomena, and Arrhenius activation energy are taken into account. The obtained equations are altered from partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations with the help of reasonable similarity transformations. The transformed system is solved thereafter semi-analytically by the homotopy analysis method. The convergence area of the applied technique is displayed with the help of figures and tables. Here, we have found that the variation in sodium alginate-based iron oxide nanofluid due to film width is greater as compared to generalized nanofluid. The greater magnetic parameter has reduced the velocity profiles. Also, the generalized nanofluid has gained extraordinary velocity as compared to Fe3O4- SA nanofluid. On the other hand, the greater thermophoresis parameter has augmented the temperature profile while the opposing impact is observed for the concentration profile. Additionally, the generalized nanofluid has gained the greater variation in temperature profile as compared to Fe3O4- SA nanofluid, while no difference is found for concentration profile. The augmented absorption parameter, irradiance parameter, and thermal Biot number have amplified the temperature profile. In addition, the temperature profile of the generalized nanofluid increases significantly as compared to Fe3O4- SA nanofluid.

Characterising thermal water circulation in fractured bedrock using a multidisciplinary approach: a case study of St. Gorman\u2019s Well, Ireland

A hydrogeological conceptual model of the source, circulation pathways and temporal variation of a low-enthalpy thermal spring in a fractured limestone setting is derived from a multidisciplinary approach. St. Gorman’s Well is a thermal spring in east-central Ireland with a complex and variable temperature profile (maximum of 21.8 °C). Geophysical data from a three-dimensional(3D)audio-magnetotelluric(AMT) survey are combined with time-lapse hydrogeological data and information from a previously published hydrochemical analysis to investigate the operation of this intriguing hydrothermal system. Hydrochemical analysis and time-lapse measurements suggest that the thermal waters flow within the fractured limestones of the Carboniferous Dublin Basin at all times but display variability in discharge and temperature. The 3D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface revealed two prominent structures: (1) a NW-aligned faulted contact between two limestone lithologies; and (2) a dissolutionally enhanced, N-aligned, fault of probable Cenozoic age. The intersection of these two structures, which has allowed for karstification of the limestone bedrock, has created conduits facilitating the operation of relatively deep hydrothermal circulation (likely estimated depths between 240 and 1,000 m) within the limestone succession of the Dublin Basin. The results of this study support a hypothesis that the maximum temperature and simultaneous increased discharge observed at St. Gorman’s Well each winter is the result of rapid infiltration, heating and recirculation of meteoric waters within a structurally controlled hydrothermal circulation system.

Variable Retort Temperature Profiles (VRTPs) and Retortable Pouches as Tools to Minimize Furan Formation in Thermally Processed Food.

Furan and its derivates are present in a wide range of thermally processed foods and are of significant concern in jarred baby and toddler foods. Furan formation is attributed to chemical reactions between a variety of precursors and a high processing temperature. Also, some kinetic models to represent its formation in different food materials have been studied and could predict the furan formation under simulated operating conditions. Therefore, this review aims to analyze and visualize how thermally processed foods might be improved based on optimal control of processing temperature and package design (e.g., retort pouches) to diminish furan formation and maximize quality retention. Many strategies have been studied and applied to reduce furan levels. However, an interesting approach that has not been explored is the thermal process design based on optimum variable retort temperature profiles (VRTPs) and the use of retortable pouches considering the microstructural changes of food along the process. The target of process optimization would be developed by minimizing the microstructural damage of the food product. It could be possible to reduce the furan level and simultaneously preserve the nutritional value through process optimization.

Numerical evaluation of the effects of asymmetric membrane heat conductivity and moisture adsorption hysteresis on the performance of air-to-air membrane enthalpy exchanger

Effects of tangential heat conduction and moisture adsorption hysteresis of the membrane on the heat recovery performance of cross-flow and counter-flow membrane enthalpy exchangers are investigated numerically. The accuracy of the numerical simulation model is evaluated by predicting an experimental case and a reasonable accuracy is achieved. It is found that the temperature profile at the membrane surface is significantly influenced by the tangential heat conduction in the membrane. The variation of temperature profile at the membrane surface results in variations of the convective heat resistance and the sensible heat effectiveness. Simulation results demonstrate that the sensible heat effectiveness firstly increases and then decreases with the increasing membrane heat conductivity. The optimal membrane heat conductivity is about 0.1 ∼ 1 W m−1 K−1. Two types of the moisture adsorption hysteresis are assumed and expressed by simple expressions. It is found that the moisture adsorption hysteresis decreases the moisture diffusion flux across the membrane and accordingly decreases the latent heat effectiveness obviously for both counter-flow and cross-flow patterns. Current results indicate that membranes with large heat conductivity are not beneficial for sensible heat recovery and membranes with small adsorption hysteresis are beneficial for latent heat recovery.

Effect of operating temperature conditions in 21-year-old insulated pipe for a district heating network

Since the insulated pipe in the district heating network should have a service life of more than 30 years based on EN253, the long-term thermal performance of PU foam is substantially important to guarantee sufficient shear strength. To examine the effect of operating temperature conditions on the degradation of PU foam in 21-year-old insulated pipe, two types of aged pipes were prepared from public office and general residence, since a large fluctuation in temperature profile with low average temperature is noted at the public office, while a small variation in temperature profile and high average temperature is noted at the general residence. The rate of thickness reduction in the cell wall of the aged PU foam is relatively faster at the public office than at the general residence since it underwent large fluctuation in operating temperature despite being exposed to low average temperature. In terms of the shear strength of the aged pipe, it exhibits relatively low shear strength at the public office compared to general residence, which reveals that the temperature fluctuation in the operating condition for the DH network tends to influence the degradation rate of the insulated pipe, substantially, compared to average exposed temperature.

Transient heating in a spherical tissue due to thermal therapy in the context of memory-dependent heat transport law

The objective of the present study is to formulate the bio-heat model to study the variations of temperature profile and thermal damages within a spherical living tissue subjected to a thermal therapy, whose outer surface is thermally insulated. The heat conduction equation is formulated in the context of convolution-type Dual-phase (DP) lag memory-dependent derivative, having kernels to be power functions, from which, the Lord–Shulman model can be obtained as a particular case. The Laplace transform technique is implemented to solve the governing equations. The influences of the memory-dependent derivative and effect of time-delay parameters on the temperature of skin tissues and the thermal injuries are precisely demonstrated. The thermal injuries of the tissue are assessed by the denatured protein range. The numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is performed with the help of Zakian methods. The numerical outcomes of thermal injuries and temperatures have been represented graphically. Excellent predictive capability is demonstrated to identify an appropriate therapy to select different kernel functions for effective heating in hyperthermia treatment. Significant effect of the thermal therapy is reported due to the effect of delay time also.

An estimation method for the fuel burn and other performance characteristics of civil transport aircraft in the cruise. Part 1 fundamental quantities and governing relations for a general atmosphere

AbstractThis paper is one of a series addressing the need for simple, yet accurate, methods for the estimation of cruise fuel burn and other important aircraft performance parameters. Here, a previously published, constant Reynolds number model for turbofan-powered, civil transport aircraft is extended to include Reynolds number effects. Provided the variation of temperature with pressure is known, the method is applicable to flight in any atmospheric conditions. For a given aircraft, cruising in a given atmosphere, there is a single Mach number and Flight Level pair, at which the fuel burn per unit distance travelled through the air has an absolute minimum value. Both these quantities depend upon the Reynolds number, which, in turn, depends upon the aircraft weight and the atmospheric vertical temperature profile. Simple, explicit expressions are developed for all parameters at the optimum condition. These are shown to be in close agreement with numerical solutions of the governing equations. It is found that typical operational mass and temperature profile variations can change cruise fuel burn rate by several percent. In the International Standard Atmosphere, when the speed and altitude deviate from their optimum values, the fuel burn penalty is reduced slightly relative to the constant Reynolds number case. By way of example, the method is used to estimate the minimum fuel, speed-versus-height trajectory for cruise in a realistic atmosphere.For each aircraft, cruise fuel burn is found to be governed by six independent parameters. All are constants. Two are simple, involving only size and weight, whereas four are complex and must be determined by either theoretical, or empirical, means. The estimation of these quantities will be considered in Part 2.

Cycle life and calendar life model for lithium-ion capacitor technology in a wide temperature range

Abstract A lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is a hybrid energy storage device combining the energy storage mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), and it incorporates the advantages of both technologies and eliminates their drawbacks. This technology has shown a long cycle life in a wide temperature range. This article presents a lifetime model for LIC technology considering different operating conditions and stress factors that affect the lifetime of LICs. The capacity degradation trend and internal resistance growth are discussed thoroughly. Later, the capacity degradation and internal resistance growth models are explained. Finally, the lifetime model is combined with the developed electrothermal model and is validated using a validation profile that involves dynamic cycling in a variable temperature profile with an acceptable error of less than 5%.

Assessment and outlook of variable retort temperature profiles for the thermal processing of packaged foods: Plant productivity, product quality, and energy consumption

Thermal processing has been used for packaged foods for many years and remains one of the most common and safe processes to preserve foods and extend their shelf life. Advances in thermal processing in the last two decades have helped maintain its relevance in international food trades. In this study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of thermal food processing using variable retort temperature profiles (VRTPs). VRTPs were assessed to optimize processes, either by ensuring high quality level or minimizing the operating process time. Based on the research results, VRTPs could improve quality retention; however, the improvement was not sufficient to be detectable by consumers and to justify implementation of VRTPs at the industrial level. Our general assessment provided a preliminary guide for processors to discover real opportunities for VRTPs, e.g., increased productivity by reducing operating process time and energy consumption.