Variations In Blood Composition Research Articles

Microwave Frequency Dependent Dielectric Properties of Blood as a Potential Technique to Measure Hydration

Tissue dehydration is known to have adverse effects on health and is highly challenging to characterize in vitro due to the complexity of the cell/tissue organisation. There have been a large number of studies reporting the dielectric properties of animal and human tissue explants or bodily fluids such as urine or blood over a wide frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 GHz. However, variations in blood composition involving the cell type, haematocrit (HCT) protein levels, ionic conductivity, electrolyte or glucose concentration will affect the dielectric measurements. The present study examined the effects of physiological osmotic solutions with NaCl (280 mOsmol/kg to 300 mOsmol/kg), HCT (35% to 50%) and albumin (3.5 g/dl to 5.5 g/dl) isolated from bovine blood on the dielectric properties measured at frequencies spanning from 0.5 GHz to 20 GHz using an open-ended co-axial probe. Measurements demonstrated linear correlations between permittivity and loss factor of blood solutions with varying HCT levels, albumin or osmolality such that a high protein concentration reduced the dielectric response in a dose-dependent manner. Whilst the spectral trends for the permittivity response to HCT and albumin were similar in a concentration-dependent manner, the loss factor profile was influenced by osmolality of the solution. In summary, we characterized the dependence of the microwave dielectric properties of blood on HCT, albumin and osmolality. The dielectric measurement technique has the potential to determine hydration levels for future diagnostic and therapeutic devices.

Prevention of Dominant IgG Adsorption on Nanocarriers in IgG-Enriched Blood Plasma by Clusterin Precoating.

Nanocarriers for medical applications must work reliably within organisms, independent of the individual differences in the blood proteome. Variation in the blood proteome, such as immunoglobulin levels, is a result of environmental, nutrition, and constitution conditions. This variation, however, should not influence the behavior of nanocarriers in biological media. The composition of the protein corona is investigated to understand the influence varying immunoglobulin levels in the blood plasma have on the interactions with nanocarriers. Specifically, the composition of the nanocarriers' coronas is analyzed after incubation in plasma with normal or elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, and cellular uptake is monitored in cell lines containing different immunoglobulin receptors. Here, it is reported that upon doubling the IgG concentration in plasma, the IgG fraction in the protein corona increases by a factor of 40 independent of the nanocarrier material. This results in a significant increase in uptake in cells exhibiting IgG binding receptors. Furthermore, precoating nanocarriers with clusterin successfully prevents dominant IgG‐adsorption and additionally reduces cellular internalization, after incubation with IgG‐enriched plasma. Therefore, precoating nanocarriers may be utilized as a powerful method to reduce the influence of individual variations in blood composition on the protein corona.

Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors.

When de Castro entered the carotid body (CB) field, the organ was considered to be a small autonomic ganglion, a gland, a glomus or glomerulus, or a paraganglion. In his 1928 paper, de Castro concluded: “In sum, the Glomus caroticum is innervated by centripetal fibers, whose trophic centers are located in the sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal, and not by centrifugal [efferent] or secretomotor fibers as is the case for glands; these are precisely the facts which lead to suppose that the Glomus caroticum is a sensory organ.” A few pages down, de Castro wrote: “The Glomus represents an organ with multiple receptors furnished with specialized receptor cells like those of other sensory organs [taste buds?]…As a plausible hypothesis we propose that the Glomus caroticum represents a sensory organ, at present the only one in its kind, dedicated to capture certain qualitative variations in the composition of blood, a function that, possibly by a reflex mechanism would have an effect on the functional activity of other organs… Therefore, the sensory fiber would not be directly stimulated by blood, but via the intermediation of the epithelial cells of the organ, which, as their structure suggests, possess a secretory function which would participate in the stimulation of the centripetal fibers.” In our article we will recreate the experiments that allowed Fernando de Castro to reach this first conclusion. Also, we will scrutinize the natural endowments and the scientific knowledge that drove de Castro to make the triple hypotheses: the CB as chemoreceptor (variations in blood composition), as a secondary sensory receptor which functioning involves a chemical synapse, and as a center, origin of systemic reflexes. After a brief account of the systemic reflex effects resulting from the CB stimulation, we will complete our article with a general view of the cellular-molecular mechanisms currently thought to be involved in the functioning of this arterial chemoreceptor.

External and internal influences on indices of physiological stress: II. Seasonal and size‐related variations in blood composition in free‐living lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis

Seasonal changes in blood composition (plasma osmolality, total plasma protein, hematocrit) in two free-living populations of fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, one living in a very arid environment (Pearblossom, CA) and another in a milder desert (Bend, OR), were analyzed. In this analysis, two features of reptilian physiology and ecology were incorporated: ontogenetic variation in blood composition and seasonal variation in body-size distribution. The population living in the arid environment, but not the mild environment, exhibited significant seasonal changes in blood composition: mean plasma osmolality increased (345 +/- 4 to 356 +/- 3 mOsmol/kg) and mean plasma protein (4.19 +/- 0.20 to 3.34 +/- 0.14 g/dl) and hematocrit decreased (43.8 +/- 0.3 to 31.6 +/- 0.4) from April to August. These changes suggested that the physiological condition of the California population was affected by seasonal changes in the external environment. However, among individuals, a significant portion of the variation in blood composition was associated with an internal factor, body size. Larger lizards had higher osmolality, total protein, and hematocrit than smaller lizards in all seasons. In addition, the mean body size of active lizards decreased from April to August in California, but not Oregon. Because the body-size distribution of active lizards in California shifted between seasons, changes in mean population values of these blood parameters probably do not accurately reflect changes that occur within individuals and therefore may be misleading in assessing the physiological consequences of drought.

Week-to-week variation in blood composition of dairy cows and its effect on interpretations of metabolic profile tests

Blood samples were collected weekly from 16 cows in a dairy herd between November and April in two years (10 cows in year 1; six cows in year 2) and analysed for several blood metabolites. Week-to-week variations were very small for blood haemoglobin and serum magnesium but large for serum potassium, sodium and calcium. Except for these three constituents, and possibly serum albumin, variations were within acceptable limits and did not constitute an important source of error in interpretation of results of metabolic profile tests. For blood glucose there appeared to be both clinical and statistical justifications for reducing the reference range from ±2 to ±1·8 standard deviations.

Variations in blood composition in dairy cows during pregnancy and after calving

The effects of pregnancy and of the onset of lactation on blood composition was studied in 21 Friesian cows. Among the 23 components studied only seven showed significant variations. Serum iron decreased at the end of pregnancy while creatinine increased throughout the last six months. There were decreases in blood glucose, cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase at the end of pregnancy. Triglycerides increased rapidly after drying-off and serum urea increased in the first month after calving.

Variability of the blood composition of dairy cows in relation to time of day

SUMMARYA blood sample was taken at each hourly interval between 07.00 and 16.00 h on five consecutive days from each of two groups of five lactating and two groups of five nonlactating cows. The sampling was organized so that each cow was sampled twice daily and once at each time of day. Samples were analysed for blood glucose and haemoglobin, serum urea, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Mg, Na, K, total protein, albumin, Fe and Cu and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. The sources of variation in the concentration of each constituent were determined.Definite patterns of changes in concentrations with time of day were observed for β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, Ca, Na, Mg and Cu. In lactating cows there was a 2½-fold increase in the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate from the lowest at 07.00 to the highest at 11.00 h. Variation in the concentrations of the other constituents with time of day was a relatively small proportion of the total variance.It was concluded that diurnal variation in blood composition was unlikely to be a major source of error in interpretation for the usual constituents of a metabolic profile test. However, if β-hydroxybutyrate were to be included great care would be required in selecting a time for sampling.

Genotype as a source of variation in selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity of whole blood from grazing sheep and cattle

Selenium and glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were measured in a herd of 213 cattle containing Bos indicus and Bos taurus heifers and their crosses grazed at Rockhampton, Qld, and in a herd of 125 pregnant cows containing Hereford, Friesian x Hereford, Brahman x Hereford, and Simmental x Hereford genotypes, which was grazed at Grafton, N.S.W. Similar measurements were made on a flock of 18 Suffolk and 24 Cheviot lambs, and on a flock of 358 ram and ewe lambs of the Dorset Horn, Merino and Corriedale breeds and their reciprocal crosses. All lambs grazed at Armidale, N.S.W. Genotype was a significant source of variation in blood composition in all herds and flocks; there were differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle, between Bus indicus x Bos taurus cattle and Bos taurus cattle, between breeds of sheep and between sire groups within breeds. Heterosis was identified in blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities of blood from Dorset-Merino lambs. Other significant sources of variation were nematode and tick infestation in cattle and single versus twin births in sheep.

Seasonal variations in blood composition in high and low potassium type Marwari sheep

SummaryBlood samples were obtained at monthly intervals for 12 months from 8 HK and 8 LK wethers of the Marwari breed maintained at Jodhpur (26° 05′ N, 73° 01′ E). The samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), plasma inorganic phosphorus and plasma specific conductance.The HK animals, on average, had significantly higher PCV, RBC, Hb, MCHC and plasma inorganic phosphorus values than the LK animals but the MCV was significantly higher in the LK group. There was no difference in the plasma specific conductance.PCV, RBC and Hb values differed considerably from animal to animal within each group. These individual variations could help the breed to survive in a desert environment.No particular tendency or pattern in the effect of season on the blood characters studied has been observed. This indicates that the animals of both groups responded in a similar way to the environmental changes.

The effect of salts on cell permeability as shown by studies of milk secretion—(continued)

It has been shown by Peskett (1933) that in a group of cows of the same breed certain of the differences in milk composition which are associated with different animals at the same time, or with the same animal at different times, can be correlated to some extent with variations in blood composition. In these experiments evidence of correlation between the ratio of solids-not-fat to fat in milk and that of sodium to diffusible calcium in blood was obtained. It was suggested, too, that the variations in milk composition may occur as a result of alterations in the relative permeability of the membranes of the mammary cells to lipoids and non-lipoids, caused by changes in the proportions of those salts in the blood. In keeping with the approximate constancy in milk composition that is generally observed among cows of the same breed, the variability of the blood and milk values was small in these experiments which were confined to cows of the Dairy Shorthorn breed. With cows representative of a number of breeds, wider variations in milk composition are to be expected. In the following experiments we have extended our observations to include Ayrshire, British Friesian, and Guernsey cows in addition to Dairy Shotthorns. Of these, Guernseys and British Friesians occupy extreme positions as regards differences in milk composition, the former yielding milk very much richer in fat than the latter, while Ayrshires and Dairy Shorthorns are placed intermediately. The fat variations are associated with comparatively small differences in solids-not-far content. In studying these different breeds we hoped, therefore, to provide some explanation of the marked differences in milk composition occurring between them, whilst confirming the earlier work under a wider range of conditions.

Experiments on variations in blood composition

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 486-495 ArticleFree Access Experiments on variations in blood composition S. J. Folley, S. J. FolleySearch for more papers by this authorG. L. Peskett, G. L. PeskettSearch for more papers by this author S. J. Folley, S. J. FolleySearch for more papers by this authorG. L. Peskett, G. L. PeskettSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 November 1934 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1934.sp003200Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume82, Issue4November 12, 1934Pages 486-495 RelatedInformation