Variations In Ascorbic Acid Content Research Articles

Screening of short-day onion cultivars of India for vitamin-C content

Onion has been used to cure various health problems and has many functional and therapeutic values. Its bulbs are a rich source of sulphur containing organic compounds, minerals, vitamins, etc. However, onion bulbs as a source of vitamin C is specifically undervalued. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is an indispensable constituent of all living cells and tissues for various metabolic functions and acts as a strong antioxidant to mitigate oxidative stress. For quantification of ascorbic acid, forty-five short-day Indian commercial varieties representing white to red bulb colour were used for the present study. A highly significant variation in the concentration of ascorbic acid among genotypes was observed. The ascorbic acid concentration in raw bulbs ranged from 4.94 to 45.05 mg/100 g on a fresh weight (FW) basis, whereas, it varied from 59.51 to 173.56 mg/100 g on a dry weight (DW) basis. Variations in ascorbic acid content were observed with respect to bulb colour. White onion exhibited lower concentration compared to red coloured varieties. As per the recommendation of ICMR, one hundred grams of raw onion bulb of variety containing the highest ascorbic acid could supply 8590% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamin C to adults per day. This information would also be of great help for future breeding programs to develop new cultivars possessing higher amounts of ascorbic acid to ensure nutritional security in India.

Irradiation to Ensure Safety and Quality of Fruit Salads Consumed in Bangladesh

Food was, is and perhaps will be the greatest concern for humankind due to outbreak of foodborne diseases and for sake of good health. Food suppliers and/or industries follow various techniques for ensuring their food safety. One way to overcome this situation is the use of ionizing radiation applied to food for assuring microbial as well as nutritional safety concern. Here apple, grape, guava, pear and plum sample were treated with 0.5, 1 and 1.5 kGy radiation from a 60Co gamma irradiator. Changes of the native microflora and some specific nutritional and physico-chemical properties of irradiated fruit were determined. It was observed that 0.5 kGy irradiation dose reduce a significant amount of microbial load compared to control and 1 kGy irradiation reduce microbial load under the sanitary level recommended by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).Samples treated with 0.5kGy were healthier acceptance than samples treated by 1kGy and 1.5kGy during the six successive days of storage. Moisture content more than 90%were found in apple, plum and pear and statistically no significant changes (p<0.05) were observed in irradiated samples compared to the non-irradiated samples. At 1.5 kGy carotenoid content was increased 45.7926% in apple. Statistically significant increase of total carotenoid was observed in plum at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 kGy but the decrease in apple, pear and guava at dose 1 and 1.5 kGy. Thus, insignificant variation of ascorbic acid content was observed at radiation dose 1±0.5kGyin fresh cut fruit produce.

イチゴ果実におけるビタミンＣ含量の品種間差異および収穫時期による変動特性

Variations of ascorbic acid content in strawberry fruits among cultivars during harvest were investigated. Relationships between ascorbic acid content and other fruit quality traits were established. In 1995 and 1996, 293 and 149 cultivars, respectively, were cultivated under forcing and open cultures. Samplings were made 4 times in 1995 and 7 times in 1996 during the harvest season. 1. Ascorbic acid content of cultivars ranged from 15.9mg/100gFW to 114.8mg/100gFW, the average was 59.1mg/100gFW. Ascorbic acid content among the cultivars varied much during harvest. The enviromental stability of ascorbic acid content was estimated by the Finlay & Wilkinson's method (1963). Cultivars with high ascorbic acid content tend to be environmentally sensitive so that it was difficult to select breeding material with high and stabilized ascorbic acid content. 'Sachinoka', 'Shizunoka' and 'Akashano mitsuko' accumulated high levels of relatively stable ascorbic acid during harvest. These cultivars may be useful as breeding stock for high ascorbic acid content. 2. The correlations between varietal ascorbic acid content and different harvesting dates within the same season were significantly high. Hence, varietal ascorbic acid content might be estimated by sampling several times during harvest season. 3. Ascorbic acid content was highly correlated with soluble solids content and sucrose/total sugar content ratio, but poorly correlated with organic acid content and malic acid/total organic acid ratio. The coefficient of variation of ascorbic acid content through the season was correlated positively with those of sucrose/total sugar content and glucose/fructose ratio. Therefore, it is possible to select the breeding materials having high sugar content and high sucrose/total sugar content ratio for breeding cultivars with high, stable ascorbic acid content and excellent taste.

Variation of ascorbic acid content in different live food organisms

Ascorbic acid (AA) is an essential nutrient both in particle and live aquafeeds. In order to better assess the needs for this nutrient during larviculture the AA content of algae, rotifers and Artemia was studied with respect to their suitability at startfeeding. In general, the microalgae evaluated were rich in AA (1000–4000 μg AA/g DW), but showed a considerable variability among the different species: e.g. the concentration in Isochrysis and Chlorella reached values 3-to 4-fold the percentage of Tetraselmis (0.11 % of DW). Brachionus routinely cultured on Chlorella contained 2300 μg AA/g DW. Cysts of various batches and strains of Artemia differed considerably in ascorbic acid-2-sulphate (AAS) concentration (296–517 μg AA/g DW). The amount of AA available in the freshly-hatched nauplii reflected exactly the AAS reserve present in the cysts, what evidences the complete conversion of AAS to free AA during completion of embryonic development into nauplii. Boosting techniques both for Brachionus and Artemia using ascorbyl palmitate (AP) as the vitamin C source were established. The addition of 20% AP in the diet of Brachionus enhanced their AA content 10-fold over 3 days of culture. Supplementation of the enrichment emulsion for Artemia with 20% AP increased the AA content up to 2000 μg/g DW after 24 h enrichment. This lipophilic derivative of AA appeared to be a stable form of vitamin C for enhancing AA levels in the live diets during culture and/or enrichment. This bioencapsulation method provides a tool for hatcheries to build up high AA concentrations in the live prey administered to first feeding larvae of aquaculture organisms in case of specific requirements (e.g. with respect to handling stress, deformities). A survey of commercial hatcheries indicated that a wide range of products is used for the cultivation and boosting of rotifers, which consequently affect their AA levels. In general, the AA content in the algae and, consequently, the algal enrichment of Brachionus tended to score lower in the hatcheries than under lab conditions.

Variation of ascorbic acid content in the different tissues of the frog Rana tigrina as a function of season.

Ascorbic acid concentrations of the liver, thigh, and cardiac muscles, ventral and dorsal skin, as well as muscles of the frog Rana tigrina were higher during summer and lower in winter. Ascorbate concentration also showed another high peak in February. The cardiac ascorbate showed minimal seasonal fluctuations.

The variations of ascorbic acid content in vegetable processing

The variations of ascorbic acid in fresh and canned vegetables were studied in an attempt to correlate variability due to the variety, grower, size of the product and the effect of each processing operation in a commercial operation, which would result in a guide for better control of nutrients and nutritional labelling. It was found that variations in ascorbic acid content due to the variety, grower and size of product were dependent upon individual crop. However, in most cases, the heating processes such as blanching and retorting had a significant detrimental effect on the ascorbic acid content in all crops studied.

Variations du taux d'acide ascorbique au cours du d�veloppement de l'ovaire et du cycle d'intermue chez Palaemon serratus (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Variations in ascorbic acid content of the ovary, somatic tissues and the whole female body were studied during ovarian development and the molting cycle of Palaemon serratus. The conclusions are incomplete, due to insufficient data on the role of ascorbic acid in the physiology and metabolism of animals, and especially crustaceans. However, some results indicate that Vitamin C is accumulated in the female as the gonad index increases. Ascorbic acid is concentrated preferentially in the ovarian tissue. Some hypotheses are put forward relating to the role of ascorbic acid in the biosynthesis of chitin, steroid hormones, and in ovarian maturation.

SEASONAL VARIATION IN ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF SHOOT APEX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH EXTENSION GROWTH OF &lt;italic&gt;CALLISTEMON VIMINALIS&lt;/italic&gt;

SEASONAL VARIATION IN ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF SHOOT APEX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH EXTENSION GROWTH OF CALLISTEMON VIMINALIS A. N. PUROHIT, A. N. PUROHIT Botany Department, Punjab UniversityChandigarh, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. K. NANDA K. K. NANDA Botany Department, Punjab UniversityChandigarh, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 7, Issue 3, September 1966, Pages 499–501, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a079201 Published: 01 September 1966 Article history Received: 20 April 1966 Published: 01 September 1966

Variations in ascorbic acid content of gramineae during germination and the effect of β‐ and γ‐ radiation

AbstractThe ascorbic acid content of three types of Gramineae, viz., Triticum vulgare, Hordeum vulgare and Zea mays (Nab El‐Gamal and Beladi), is given and also the average variations in the seeds during germination are shown.The effects on the seedlings of β‐irradiation emitted from small doses of radioactive H332PO4 as well as by irradiation with 131 I, are investigated.

DIURNAL VARIATION IN ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF THE OVARY OF THE PSEUDOPREGNANT RAT.

Significant diurnal variation was observed in ovarian ascorbic acid (OAA) content in rats rendered pseudopregnant by injections of PMS and HCG. Exposing the rats to varying periods of light throughout the day did not change the diurnal pattern. Since the level of OAA is an important variable in the assay of LH by the OAA depletion method of Parlow (1, 2), the time of day that assays are performed appears to be critical. (Endocrinology 74: 493,1964) P (1, 2) described a convenient and sensitive method for assaying luteinizing hormone (LH) by measuring the depletion of ovarian ascorbic acid (OAA) in immature pseudopregnant rats following an intravenous injection of LH. Sakiz and Guillemin (3) have pointed out some of the variables encountered with this method, such as the strain of rats used, priming of assay animals, and methods of expressing the results of the assay. We have made an additional observation on the variation in OAA content in pseudopregnant rats during a 24-hr period. This variation appears to be an important variable in the procedure described by Parlow. Materials and Methods The Holtzman strain of the Sprague-Dawley rat was used throughout the study. Twenty-fiveday-old female rats were injected with 100 IU of pregnant mare's serum (PMS) and 56-64 hr later with 50 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Seven days following the HCG injection the animals were used for study. In 2 of 3 experiments, the ascorbic acid content of both ovaries was determined in 10 rats every 3 hr starting at 8:00 AM and continuing for 27 hr, while in a third the experiment was continued for only 21 hr. The 3 experiments were performed at approximately 2-month intervals. Experiments 1 through 3 were conducted on Received August 1, 1963. 1 Work performed during tenure as a Postdoctoral Fellow supported by the Population Council, Rockefeller Institute, New York. Present address: The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. January 24, 1963, March 4, 1963, and May 10, 1963, respectively. The rats were housed in an air-conditioned room for at least 10 days prior to use and allowed constant access to food throughout the study. In routine studies the rats were exposed to 14 hr of light and 10 hr of darkness per day. In order to determine the acute effects of light on OAA content, an experiment was performed with some rats exposed to constant light for 24 hr and others to only 10 hr of light during the same interval. The animals were sacrificed by dislocation of the cervical vertebrae, the ovaries were removed, and the ascorbic acid content was determined by a modification of the method of Mindlin and Butler (4). Only those ovaries weighing 80 mg or more were used for the study.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION AND COLD HARDENING IN YOUNG WINTER WHEAT SEEDLINGS

The ascorbic acid content of winter wheat varieties, germinated in the dark at various temperatures on the surface of moist vermiculite, was much higher at a hardening temperature of 1.5 °C than at higher temperatures of 5°, 10°, or 20 °C. There were no differences between the ascorbic acid contents of wheat grown at the three higher temperatures. Ascorbic acid content was dependent on the stage of development at all temperatures. At 1.5 °C, the ascorbic acid content increased during the first 6 weeks of growth (shoots about 15 mm) and then decreased rapidly. This variation in ascorbic acid content was closely associated with the increase and decrease in cold hardiness of wheat grown under similar conditions.Ascorbic acid content was highest in shoots, intermediate in roots, and lowest in the endosperm of wheat grown for 6 weeks at 1.5 °C.At hardening temperatures (1.5° and 3 °C) the more cold hardy winter wheat varieties had higher contents of ascorbic acid. At higher temperatures the differences between varieties were small. The ranking of varieties by ascorbic acid content could be influenced by relative stages of growth.Artificial cold hardiness was imparted to winter wheat seedlings by feeding them aqueous ascorbic acid solutions of adequate concentration. The ascorbic acid content of leaves required for artificial hardening appeared to be similar to that accumulated in sprouts hardened fully by growth at low temperature.

Physiological and Morphological Studies on Potato Plants : Part 18. On the influences of nature and of age of seed tubers on some physiological behaviors at the time of sproutiong of the tubers

With a desire to see the variations in ascorbic acid content, and in amylase and phosphorylase activities at the time of sprouting of potato tubers, the present investigation was carried out. At the sprouting period of the normal and greening potato tubers, ascorbic acid (especially reduced form) contents decreased remarkably, which in turn caused striking rise of amylase activity, while the phosphorylase activity falled gradually. Judging from these results, it may be assumed that the enzymatic degradation of reserve starch in potato tubers may be hydrolytic, as catalyzed by amylase system, rather phosphorylytic, as catalyzed by phosphorylase system. on the other hand in the old tubers, owing to the senility of the tubers, lowering of ascorbic acid content and of amylase and phosphorylase activities were recognized.

Stability of ascorbic acid in neera from date palm (Phonix silvers tres)

1. Ascorbic acid in neera was estimated by titration against 2:6 dichlorophenol indophenol. The samples showed a marked variation in ascorbic acid content. 2. The loss of ascorbic acid in neera was very small on storage at 37° C. for 72 hours. 3. A high concentration of sulfhydryl compounds was observed in neera. 4. Presence of dehydro-ascorbic acid reductase has been shown in neera. 5. The stability of ascorbic acid in neera has been attributed to the presence of (i) sulphahydryl compounds and (ii) dehydro-ascorbic acid reductase.

Physiological and morphological studies on potato plants : Part 10. On the physiological behavior of ascorbic acid in the formation of potato tubers

This investigation is one of a series of experiments carried out under the title of physiological studies on potato plants. It has long been known that potato tubers are an important source for the supply of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as a dietary essential for human nutrition. Although a great number of studies on the ascorbic acid contents in potato tubers [graph] have recently been reported by many investigators, few data concerning the influence of ascorbic acid on the tuberization and maturity of the potato tubers, especially on the accumulation of starch in the new tubers, are available. In the present investigation, in extending the work on the carbohydrate metabolism of potato tubers, particular attention was given to a study on the physiological interrelationship between the accumulation of starch and the variation of ascorbic acid content in the potato tuber during the time of its development. The analysis was carried out on the following fractions, namely, total ascorbic acid, reduced ascorbic acid, oxidized ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, and starch during the period from late May to the beginning of August. The experimental results obtained may be summarized as follows: (1) The ascorbic acid metabolism during the stolon elongation stage. The stolon arises in the axis of underground main stem soon after the germination. The total ascorbic acid and the reducing sugar contents in the stolon increase with the development of the stolon. At this stage, however, the amount of ascorbic acid, especially in the reduced form, in the stolon tips was less than that of the following stage ; the decline of the ratio of reduced form/oxidized form of ascorbic acid may be pointed out as a characteristic feature at this stage. (2) The ascorbic acid metabolism during the tuberization stage. The duration of this stage is very short, from the middle of June to late in June. The tips of the stolons began to swell into a spindle shape as soon as the elongation ceased and then gradually became tuberous through the deposition of starch in them. As a characteristic feature at this stage a conspicuous increase of ascorbic acid content and a decrease of reducing sugar content in the stolon tips were recognized. When reviewing the works of PURR (1934), HANES (1935) and NISHIDA (1951) which state that the ascorbic acid is very effective for inhibiting amylase activity it is very interesting to assume that the ascorbic acid in the potato tubers may act as an activator in the formation of starch in the stolon tips. In the previous paper, the authors have reported the fact that the amylase activity declined rapidly with the development of new tuber. This experimental evidence reported by the author added confirmatory support to the previous assumption of inhibitory effect of the ascorbic acid upon the amylase activity. At any rate, a close relationship between the accumulation of starch and the increase of the ascorbic acid content in the new tubers is supposed to exist. (3) The ascorbic acid metabolism during the tuber maturing stage. When the tubers attained maturity the leaves gradually died, and the onset of ripening of the new tubers roughly coincided with the yellowing and drying up of the vines. With the increasing maturity of the tuber the rate of increase of the ascorbic acid content in the new tuber slackend gradually. With respect to the detailed ratio of the constituents of ascorbic acid, an increase of the reduced form and a decrease of the oxidized form were recognized. Accordingly the ratio of reduced form/oxidized form of ascorbic acid also rose. Concomitant with these changes of the ascorbic acid content according to the tuber maturity, the starch content in the new tuber increased steeply.

Physiological and morphological studies on potato plants : Part 11. On the variation of ascorbic acid content of potato plants in irregular tuber formation.

The present investigation is one of a series of experiments carried out under the title of physiological and morphological studies on potato plants. In the previous papers (1949, 1951), the authors have reported some assumptions concerning the mechanism of sprout tuber formation due to the senility of mother tubers. Judging from the results described in the above papers, it seems very reasonable to assume, therefore, that the irregular tuber formation of potato plants, such as sprout tuber, might be attributable to the changes of the reserve substances in the mother tuber and of the respiration rate of the sprout and tuber according to their storage conditions. In recent studies on the tuber formation of potato plants, the authors (1952) have made it obvious that the accumulation of ascorbic acid and the variations of carbohydrates contents in the potato tuber stand physiologically in a close interrelationship, namely, that the ascorbic acid may serve as an activator in the formation of starch in the potato tuber. The purpose of the present, investigation was chiefly to determine the relation between the variations of ascorbic acid and carbohydrate contents in the abnormal tuberization of potato plants under the various conditions, with a view to narrowing the problem whether the ascorbic acid may also act as an activator in the formation of starch in the abnormal tuberization of potatoes. The variety Irish Cobbler was used as material. The fractions analysed in the present experiments were similar to those described in the previous papers, so full descriptions are omitted here. The experimental results obtained may be summarized as follows ; (1) Under the storage conditions of dried and high temperature, the accumulation of starch and the rapid acceleration of growth in thickness of the sprout were recognized. With regard to the ascorbic acid content in the sprout tuber under these conditions, the content of oxidized form was much greater than that of the reduced form of ascorbic acid. The low content of the latter may be attributable to the oxidation of reduced ascorbic acid due to the high temperature condition. Accordingly, the accumulation of starch in the sprout tuber was less than that in the control tuber. (2) Being accompanied with the development of sprout tuber arose directly on the mother tuber, due to its senility resulting from long storage in a cellar. The accumulation of starch and the increase of ascorbic acid, especially of the reduced form, in the sprout tuber ran parallel. Accordingly the increase of the ratio of reduced from/oxidized form of ascorbic acid was one result. (3) When the seedlings of potatoes were placed in the dark, the ascorbic acid content in the tips of etiolated sprouts was much higher than the content in other parts of the sprouts. In the new tubers formed on the axils of the sprouts, however, the highest amounts of ascorbic acid and starch contents were recognized. (4) Judging from the results described above, if may be concluded that the localization of ascorbic acid in the tissue of potato plants tends to be parallel to that of the starch. Hence, in the case of the tuberization of potato plant, it seems very probable that the ascorbic acid, especially in the reduced form, plays an important role in the accumulation of starch and in the development of the tuber.

THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN ROOTSTOCKS AND SCIONS ON THE ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF POTATO TUBERS

existed between varieties. Is this variation in ascorbic acid content due to the genetic constitution of the aerial portion or to the genetic constitution of the underground portion of the potato plant? To study this question an experiment was designed in which plants were produced with aerial and underground portions of different genetic constitution. This was done by grafting scions from varieties which produce tubers with a low ascorbic acid content on rootstocks of varieties which produce tubers with a high ascorbic acid content. The reverse combination was also made. In addition, scions of each variety were grafted on their own rootstocks. Thus, it was possible to separate the effect of the genetic constitution of underground and of aerial portions of potato plants on the ascorbic acid content of the tubers. Procedure