Variational Pattern Research Articles

Modeling of water surface profile in non-prismatic compound channels

Abstract Estimating the water surface elevation of river systems is one of the most complicated tasks in formulating hydraulic models for flood control and floodplain management. Consequently, utilizing simulation models to calibrate and validate the experimental data is crucial. HEC-RAS is used to calibrate and verify the water surface profiles for various converging compound channels in this investigation. Based on experimental data for converging channels (θ = 5°, 9°, and 12.38°), two distinct flow regimes were evaluated for validation. The predicted water surface profiles for two relative depths (β = 0.25 and 0.30) follow the same variational pattern as the experimental findings and are slightly lower than the observed values. The MAPE for the simulated and experimental results is less than 3%, indicating the predicted HEC-RAS value performance and accuracy. Therefore, our findings imply that in the case of non-prismatic rivers, the proposed HEC-RAS models are reliable for predicting water surface profiles with a high generalization capacity and do not exhibit overtraining. However, the results demonstrated that numerous variables impacting the water surface profile should be carefully considered since this would increase the disparities between HEC-RAS and experimental data.

Optimization of Daily Trading Strategy

This study proposes a novel method that integrates variational pattern decomposition (VMD), long short-term memory (LSTM) models, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to optimize daily trading strategies for a portfolio. By analyzing historical price data for gold and bitcoin, we have successfully identified the optimal investment actions (buy, hold, or sell) for a portfolio comprising different assets. The VMD-LSTM model proposed by us mitigates the long-term dependence problem of machine learning algorithm RNN in financial time series prediction through batch normalization optimization, and realizes the accurate prediction of the future price of gold and bitcoin, whose R-squared values reach 0.99 and 0.98 respectively. We also applied the particle swarm optimization algorithm to a sequence of trading decisions generated by predicting prices, ultimately obtaining a maximum portfolio value of $20,560,265.5, which is more than 14.2 times the 10-year growth of Bitcoin and 12,310.5 times the 10-year growth of gold. By verifying the universality and local optimal properties of our model, we use the Sharpe ratio as an objective function to evaluate the effect of the portfolio. After several perturbation tests, the results show that the original scheme is superior to other perturbation schemes considering the Sharpe ratio and the final return, which verifies the validity of the investment scheme selected by us as the local optimal value. These findings make our research more coherent and provide investors with a reliable basis for making decisions to achieve long-term capital appreciation and risk control.

A Low-Complexity Non-Contact Vital Sign Detection System and Heartbeat Extraction Algorithm

A low-complexity vital sign detection system is proposed. The system uses a phase discriminator as the demodulation module and a phase shifter to solve the null problem in CW radar. This design significantly reduces the complexity. In the subsequent processing of this system, variational pattern decomposition (VMD) is used to analyze vital sign signals. Experiments using this system show that VMD is efficient and accurate in extracting human target respiration and heartbeat frequencies.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Analysis of complex cognitive task and pattern recognition using distributed patterns of EEG signals with cognitive functions

The arrangement and functional distribution of an EEG signal structure related to higher cortical functions are being analyzed by both recent and substantial hypothesis experiments. This article provides a technique for analyzing the distribution pattern of EEG signals with cognitive functions utilizing the variational pattern recognition based on brain computation. The nonparametric rules of decision reveal vital EEG patterns that distinguish between several tasks. The general truth of findings is measured by the cross-validation recognition rate. This method is employed to derive signals from a group of adults performing several complex works. These cognitive signals that distinguish between assignments are keeping with visual EEG understandings and spectral intensity analysis and enhance the results. Since tasks recognized, it is clear that EEG signals can distinguish that complex behavior or sensory-motivating and performance-related factors that are related to the cognitive components of the work. The obtained results achieve high accuracy and sensitivity rate with less error rate.

Popliteal Artery Branching Variations: A Study on Multidetector CT Angiography

Determining the branching pattern of the popliteal artery (PA) is an important step in planning some radiological and surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the course and morphology of the terminal branches of the popliteal artery using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography, and also to determine possible role gender in branching pattern. Three-hundred forty lower extremity MDCT angiography images for 170 patients (118 M, 52 F), who were between 20–80 years old, were examined. Popliteal artery branching types were grouped as percentage incidences. TPT diameters and lengths in Type IA extremities were compared based on gender and right or left side. Anterior tibial artery (ATA), posterior tibial artery (PTA) and peroneal artery dominance rates were calculated. 5000 times measurement data was mixed so that the cascade mean filter values were calculated for the right and left TPT length each time. It was observed that Type IA was the most common branching pattern (89.4%). The variational pattern incidence was 10.6% and the most common category was Type III (4.1%). The most common pattern was Type IB (3.2%). Variational pattern was 2 times more prevalent in females when compared to the males. The mean TPT diameter was 4.5 mm (2.7–7.3 mm) and there was no difference based on gender and the right-left side. The most common dominant artery for the right and left legs was PTA in both genders. The cut-off values calculated for the right and left TPT independent of gender were 31.30 ± 2.40 and 28.36 ± 2.58, respectively. Three new subtypes were identified as short (S ≤ 2 cm), standard (N = 2–4 cm) and long (L ≥ 4 cm) in Type IA, since it is in a wide variational range although it is a typical PA branching pattern.

DeepArrNet: An Efficient Deep CNN Architecture for Automatic Arrhythmia Detection and Classification From Denoised ECG Beats

In this paper, an efficient deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is proposed based on depthwise temporal convolution along with a robust end-to-end scheme to automatically detect and classify arrhythmia from denoised electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, which is termed as `DeepArrNet'. Firstly, considering the variational pattern of wavelet denoised ECG data, a realistic augmentation scheme is designed that offers a reduction in class imbalance as well as increased data variations. A structural unit, namely PTP (Pontwise-Temporal-Pointwise Convolution) unit, is designed with its variants where depthwise temporal convolutions with varying kernel sizes are incorporated along with prior and post pointwise convolution. Afterward, a deep neural network architecture is constructed based on the proposed structural unit where series of such structural units are stacked together while increasing the kernel sizes for depthwise temporal convolutions in successive units along with the residual linkage between units through feature addition. Moreover, multiple depthwise temporal convolutions are introduced with varying kernel sizes in each structural unit to make the process more efficient while strided convolutions are utilized in the residual linkage between subsequent units to compensate the increased computational complexity. This architecture provides the opportunity to explore the temporal features in between convolutional layers more optimally from different perspectives utilizing diversified temporal kernels. Extensive experimentations are carried out on two publicly available datasets to validate the proposed scheme that results in outstanding performances in all traditional evaluation metrics outperforming other state-of-the-art approaches.

Entropy of the Multi-Channel EEG Recordings Identifies the Distributed Signatures of Negative, Neutral and Positive Affect in Whole-Brain Variability

Individuals’ ability to express their subjective experiences in terms of such attributes as pleasant/unpleasant or positive/negative feelings forms a fundamental property of their affect and emotion. However, neuroscientific findings on the underlying neural substrates of the affect appear to be inconclusive with some reporting the presence of distinct and independent brain systems and others identifying flexible and distributed brain regions. A common theme among these studies is the focus on the change in brain activation. As a result, they do not take into account the findings that indicate the brain activation and its information content does not necessarily modulate and that the stimuli with equivalent sensory and behavioural processing demands may not necessarily result in differential brain activation. In this article, we take a different stance on the analysis of the differential effect of the negative, neutral and positive affect on the brain functioning in which we look into the whole-brain variability: that is the change in the brain information processing measured in multiple distributed regions. For this purpose, we compute the entropy of individuals’ muti-channel EEG recordings who watched movie clips with differing affect. Our results suggest that the whole-brain variability significantly differentiates between the negative, neutral and positive affect. They also indicate that although some brain regions contribute more to such differences, it is the whole-brain variational pattern that results in their significantly above chance level prediction. These results imply that although the underlying brain substrates for negative, neutral and positive affect exhibit quantitatively differing degrees of variability, their differences are rather subtly encoded in the whole-brain variational patterns that are distributed across its entire activity.

The study of lateral circumflex femoral artery and its applied aspects

Introduction: The anatomy of arterial variational pattern of lower limb are utmost important for catheterization, reconstructive procedures and surgical intervention for embolism. LCFA is used as a long vascular pedicle in anterolateral perforator thigh flap and in breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Ignorance of variations can lead to fatal intraoperative haemorrhage and incapacitating sensory and motor deficit due to injury to femoral nerve branches which are closely related to these vessels1. Aims and Objective: The study aims at the origin of LCFA and its origin from main arterial origin; 1: Origin of LCFA is it from PFA or FA; 2: Distance of origin from PFA those which are branches of PFA& FA respectively. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in 50 formalin-fixed lower limbs from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute and Bowring & Lady Curzon Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore. Dissection of PFA and its branches were carried out & the following parameters were observed and photographed. Percentage of origin of LCFA from PFA / FA. Distance of origin of LCFA from PFA/FA. Measurements were done using digital callipers. Result: Origin of LCFA was from PFA in 46 cases (92%) & FA in 4 (8%). The mean distance of origin of LCFA was 2.3 cm (range 0.3-7 cm). 1: 38 (82.6%) were 0.3-2.8 cm from PF & 8 (17.4%) were 2.9-5.8 cm from PF; 2: (50%) were 0.3-3 cm from FA & 2 (50%) were 3.1-7 cm from FA. Keywords: Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Profunda femoris artery, Femoral artery, Femoral nerve.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Discrete Noetherian ring variational pattern feature sets for space-air-ground network protocol monitoring

Communication protocol is the rule and process of information exchange between every communication entities. It is the technical support of seamless interconnection between heterogeneous networks from SAGN (space-air-ground network). SDN (software-defined network) is a significant attempt framework on SAGN to manage all the entities. However, there are the following problems of protocol monitoring based on SDN. To define a unified monitoring framework on a heterogeneous network is difficult. What’s more, demanded monitoring features are much less than the real traffic in the network. The captured features are always redundancy in the case of protocol monitoring. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method of discrete Noetherian ring variational pattern features set for SAGN protocol monitoring. We build the real time traffic model of SAGN based on discrete Noetherian ring multi-dimensional vector. Employing the traffic between heterogeneous network elements to describe the non-linear features by reasoning the origin traffic. To make the discrete features into finite feature of the Noetherian ring, furtherly operate Legendre equation to design reversible multidimensional feature matrix. Those enhance the aggregation of protocol features. Continuous feature set and content monitoring of real-time monitoring traffic are designed. Associating spatial information features is enhances the adaptive ability of traffic feature set. The simulations and tests demonstrates that the new method has improve the accuracy of protocol test by 28% and response time by 3.53 s.

Optimal Energy Scaling for Micropatterns in Transport Networks

We consider two variational models for transport networks, an urban planning and a branched transport model, in which the degree of network complexity and ramification is governed by a small parameter $\varepsilon>0$. Smaller $\varepsilon$ leads to finer ramification patterns, and we analyse how optimal network patterns in a particular geometry behave as $\varepsilon\to0$ by proving an energy scaling law. This entails providing constructions of near-optimal networks as well as proving that no other construction can do better. The motivation of this analysis is twofold. On the one hand, it provides a better understanding of the transport network models; for instance, it reveals qualitative differences in the ramification patterns of urban planning and branched transport. On the other hand, several examples of variational pattern analysis in the literature use an elegant technique based on relaxation and convex duality. Transport networks provide a relatively simple setting to explore variations and refinements of this technique, thereby increasing the scope of its applicability.

Development Shapes a Consistent Inbreeding Effect in Mouse Crania of Different Line Crosses.

Development translates genetic variation into a multivariate pattern of phenotypic variation, distributing it among traits in a nonuniform manner. As developmental processes are largely shared within species, this suggests that heritable phenotypic variation will be patterned similarly, in spite of the different segregating alleles. To investigate developmental effect on the variational pattern in the shape of the mouse skull across genetically differentiated lines, we employed the full set of reciprocal crosses (a.k.a. diallel) between eight inbred mouse strains of the Collaborative Cross Project. We used geometric morphometrics and multivariate analysis to capture cranial size and shape changes in 8 parentals and their 54 F1 crosses. The high heterozygosity generated in the F1 crosses allowed us to compare the multivariate deviations of the F1 phenotypes from the expected midparental phenotypes in different haplotype combinations. In contrast to body weight, we found a high degree of nonadditive deviation in craniofacial shape. Whereas the phenotypic and genetic divergence of parental strains manifested in high dimensionality of additive effects, the nonadditive deviations exhibited lesser dimensionality and in particular a strikingly coherent direction in shape space. We interpret this finding as evidence for a strong structuring effect of a relatively small set of developmental processes on the mapping of genetic to phenotypic variation.

Assessment of Textural Variational Pattern and Electrical Conduction of Economic and Accessible Quaternary Hydrolithofacies via Geoelectric and Laboratory Methods in SE Nigeria: A Case Study of Select Locations in Akwa Ibom State

Abstract: Textural variational pattern of economic and accessible Quaternary aquifer repositories and its conductivity in the south-eastern Nigeria have been assessed through the integration of vertical electrical sounding and laboratory measurements. The results have shown the lithological attributes, pore-water and amount of residual clay minerals in the assumed clean sand; mechanism of charge fixation at the fluid - surface interface; intricate geometry of pores and pore channels; formation’s ability to transmit pore-water and cation exchange capacity.The connections of electrical and hydraulic properties and their distributions have been established. The average interface conductivity contributed by residual clay minerals in assumed clean sands of the aquifer repositories in the study area have been estimated as 30μS/m. Intrinsic average porosity and formation factor have been respectively deduced as 12% and 14.75. Comparing the simulated aquifer formation factor obtained from the observed porosity data with the observed aquifer formation factor, indicates the that study area has 0.5 ≤ a ≤ 0.8 pore geometry factor and 1.5 ≤ m ≤ 2.0 cementation factor as the best fitting values. The interrelations between aquifer parameters have been established through different plots and the aquifer have been empirically proved to be associated with residual clay minerals as the interface conductivity Cq is not equal to zero. The wide ranges of parameters estimated are an indication of variations in grain size. The estimated intrinsic average porosity, formation factor and the average BQv are viable in characterizing the aquifer flow dynamics and contaminant modelling in the associated aquifer sands For low pore geometry factors a (0.2) and low cementation factor m (0.5) the formation factor remains fairly constant. However, marked variability is noticed at higher a (1.0) and m (2.5). Despite the observed variability in formation factors at the indicated porosities, the spatial or geometrical spread of the formation factor remains unchanged in the aquifer units. The Tables for geoelectric and petrophysical parameters and the associated mathematical models generated in this study can be used for groundwater contaminant modelling and simulation of pore space parameters with reasonable accuracy.

Mahalanobis distance on extended Grassmann manifolds for variational pattern analysis.

In pattern classification problems, pattern variations are often modeled as a linear manifold or a low-dimensional subspace. Conventional methods use such models and define a measure of similarity or dissimilarity. However, these similarity measures are deterministic and do not take into account the distribution of linear manifolds or low-dimensional subspaces. Therefore, if the distribution is not isotopic, the distance measurements are not reliable, as well as vector-based distance measurement in the Euclidean space. We previously systematized the representations of variational patterns using the Grassmann manifold and introduce the Mahalanobis distance to the Grassmann manifold as a natural extension of Euclidean case. In this paper, we present two methods that flexibly extend the Mahalanobis distance on the extended Grassmann manifolds. These methods can be used to measure pattern (dis)similarity on the basis of the pattern structure. Experimental evaluation of the performance of the proposed methods demonstrated that they exhibit a lower error classification rate.

Study of the variational patterns for corrosion kinetics of carbon steel as a function of dissolved oxygen and NaCl concentration

The simultaneous occurrences of electrochemical reactions responsible for corrosion of carbon steel in NaCl solutions have been analyzed on the basis of the mixed potential theory in order to determine the combined effect of dissolved oxygen and NaCl concentration on corrosion potential, corrosion current density and hydrogen evolution. This was achieved through the estimation of the functional dependence from both, the dissolved oxygen and the NaCl concentration for each of the kinetic parameters involved in the corrosion process. The main finding is the existence of the critical dissolved oxygen value at which a notorious change in variational pattern for corrosion potential, corrosion current density and hydrogen evolution is observed. The validity of this feature is supported from experimental evidence reported in previous investigations. In this context the role of pitting corrosion, oxide film and diffusional effects are discussed.

Nucleating characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa above 0 °C and the role of l-leucine

It has been reported earlier that the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the ability to nucleate ice over a long temperature range below 0 °C. In the present work, the same bacteria are shown to have nucleating ability even above 0 °C. It is found to reach a peak at 4 °C and then gradually falls off as the temperature is raised, vanishing altogether at 12 °C. When the bacteria are irradiated by UV-rays, the nucleating ability above 0 °C has the same variational pattern with change of temperature, though the ability is significantly less. When the bacterial medium is boiled for 20 min, the bacteria loose their nucleating ability completely. Since ice cannot exist above 0 °C, some supporting experiments are performed to establish the identity of the nucleated crystals: (a) Crystals grown around a small sample of cultured P. aeruginosa in an incubator were shown to be identical with the nucleated crystals in the Cold Room experiments. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the grown crystals is found to be consistent with the presence of amino acids like l-leucine, isoleucine and l-isoleucine, amongst which l-leucine is the most abundant. When droplets of an aqueous solution of l-leucine are seeded, their nucleation characteristics are similar to those with P. aeruginosa. From XRD, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermal analysis, one can conclude that the crystals formed by P. aeruginosa above 0 °C are hydrate crystals with water phase caging around the seeded agent; the amino acid l-leucine present in the protein of the bacteria plays the dominant role in the nucleation.

The dentist's communicative role in prosthodontic treatment

Dentist-patient verbal communication is important for patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the dentist's role in the provider-patient relationship as to verbal communication and patient satisfaction with the treatment outcome in prosthetic dentistry. The dentist-specific properties were analyzed in random coefficient modeling.Sixty-one dentist-patient pairs were followed through 61 prosthodontic treatment periods. The treatment performed was fixed prosthodontic restorations on teeth or implants. One encounter at the end of each treatment period was tape recorded. The verbal communication on the recordings was analyzed using an interaction analysis instrument. Various measures of communication were used, summarizing the variational pattern of verbal interaction. Two different aspects of the patient satisfaction concept were used as dependent variables: cure (overall patient satisfaction with prosthodontic treatment), and care (patient satisfaction with a particular dental encounter during the prosthodontic treatment period).In the multilevel model for care, the dentist variance was mostly explained by the communication variables. In the cure model, there was no dentist variance. The communication patterns used by the dentists thus influenced patient satisfaction in a short-term perspective but not in an intermediate perspective.Patient evaluation of the care during an encounter is dependent on the dentist's verbal communication activity during the encounter, but this communication has no impact on the patient evaluation of overall prosthetic treatment outcome in the intermediate time perspective.

Texture Spectrum Descriptor Based Image Retrieval

This paper presents a new texture spectrum descriptor for content-based image retrieval (CBIR). The relation between wavelet transition and texture spectrum method is discussed. This paper proposes the concept of texture pattern equivalent according to texture visual nature to educe more rational texture spectrum descriptor. The proposed texture patterns depict the variational pattern of pixel gray scales in a domain to descript images texture feature. It represents image content in the form of texture spectrum histogram. The symmetry invariant and rotation robusticity are discussed. Comparison with Gabor features using general image dataset indicate that the proposed texture descriptor takes lower extracting time and provides higher image retrieval accuracy.

Some rain rate and rain attenuation statistics at millimeter wavelengths in the tropics

A study of rain rate and rain induced attenuation characteristics over two tropical stations in India has been made. The observed rain rate distributions differ significantly when compared with the CCIR report. The refractive indices have been calculated for certain frequencies at a tropical rain temperature of 20°C showing the variational pattern at different millimeter wavelengths. The present analysis also reveals that in the range 0.05 cm–0.3 cm drop diameter the variations of scattering amplitudes are systematic while in the range 0.4 cm–0.6 cm they are irregular.

Variational algorithms and pattern formation in dendritic solidification

We present a completely new variational algorithm for computing dendritic solidification. This algorithm reproduces the Gibbs-Thomson relation as a balance between bulk and surface energy and is able to operate in the infinite-mobility limit with no unphysical time-step restriction. It may be used with arbitrary non-smooth surface energy functions and may include finite kinetic mobility. We perform computations with isotropic and anisotropic surface energy; from a small irregular initial seed we generate radial tip-splitting structures for isotropic energy and parabolic dendrites with side-branching for anisotropic energy. For anisotropic energy, the final structure is determined by the material and environmental properties; the initial shape is forgotten. For the parabolic dendrite tips, we obtain agreement with the Ivantsov solutions within a few percent and proper dimensional scaling of lengths and velocities with surface energy.

Variational Algorithms and Pattern Formation in Dendritic Solidification

Variational Algorithms and Pattern Formation in Dendritic Solidification