Stress Variation Research Articles

Seasonal variation in aggression and physiological stress in wild female and male redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons)

Intraspecific competition with fellow group members represents an unavoidable cost of group living. However, the causes of competition can vary among group members, and ecological and reproductive challenges faced by individuals throughout the year can trigger physical conflicts and or physiological responses. To date, few studies in mammals have described both physiological and behavioral responses to competition simultaneously across the year in both males and females. However, such an approach may shed light on ultimate drivers of sex-specific competitive strategies. In this six-year study on multiple groups of wild redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons), a primate species from Madagascar, we intended to identify the relative importance of feeding vs. reproductive competition for both sexes. We combined data on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGCM) levels, a proxy for the physiological stress response, with behavioral observations on agonistic interactions during ecologically and socially challenging phases across the year. We found that while FGCM levels increased in both sexes with decreasing fruit consumption, this increase was not accompanied by concomitant changes in agonistic behavior. Female aggression and FGCM levels instead peaked during the birth season, while for males, aggression remained fairly constant across the year. Our results suggest that redfronted lemurs have mechanisms to avoid direct competition through aggression at times when individuals may need to conserve energy.

Study on stress concentration and fatigue life of tubing with slip indentation

The indentation caused by slip on the outer wall of tubing is a significant contributor to stress concentration and, consequently, fatigue failure in the tubing string. Through an analysis of the interaction between slips and tubing, a mathematical model to predict slip-tubing interaction and slip crushing load is formulated, accounting for external pressure, internal pressure, and axial forces. On this basis, the influence factors and influence rules of slip crushing load are studied, and three-dimensional yield surface and tri-axial stress ellipse of tubing are investigated, considering different transverse load factors and design factors. To accurately forecast the fatigue life of tubing subjected to slip indentation, two models are established: one for fatigue life prediction and the other for tubing string vibration. In order to quantitatively assess the stress concentration arising from slip indentation, a finite element model of tubing featuring slip indentation is established. Finite element analysis reveals that stress concentration and non-uniformity are evident in the vicinity of slip indentation, with their severity intensifying as the indentation depth grows. The initial step in assessing fatigue life involves fatigue life tests on tubing material subjected to varying stress levels. Subsequently, a case study is conducted and the variations of wellhead pressure and axial stress are evaluated. Fatigue life analysis reveals that the fatigue life is notably sensitive to variations in stress amplitude and slip indentation depth. An increase in the magnitude of alternating stress and the depth of slip indentation will result in a significant reduction in the fatigue lifespan. The methodologies employed in this research, along with the resulting findings, offer a robust theoretical framework and a solid practical basis for forecasting and managing stress concentration and fatigue durability in tubing affected by slip indentation.

Mental stress analysis by measuring heart rate variability during learning programming: Comparison of visual- and text-based languages

Visual-based programming languages that facilitate block-based coding have gained popularity as introductory methods for learning programming. Conversely, programming experts typically use text-based programming languages like C and Java. Nevertheless, a seamless method for transitioning from a visual- to text-based language has yet to be developed. Therefore, our research project aims to develop a methodology that facilitates this transition by bridging the gap between the two languages and verifying the variations in the biometric information of learners of both languages. In this study, we measured the participants’ heart rate variability (HRV) and evaluated variations in mental stress experienced while learning visual- and text-based languages. The experimental results confirmed that participants proficient in text-based languages experienced lower HRV (indicating higher stress levels) when learning visual-based languages. Conversely, those poorly proficient in text-based languages exhibited higher HRVs (indicating more favorable stress levels) while learning text-based languages. This study successfully observed differences in stress levels while learning both language types using experimental methods. These findings serve as a preliminary step toward clarifying the impact of stress experienced during learning outcomes and identifying the factors that constitute beneficial stress. This study establishes a foundation for an intermediate language that can enhance transitions between the two types of languages.

Research on heat transfer characteristics and prediction methods of supercritical liquified natural gas flowing horizontally under the influence of buoyancy

An exhaustive elucidation of the heat transfer performances and mechanisms of supercritical LNG under water-bath heating conditions is paramount for optimizing heat transfer and designing related heat exchangers. This study employs experiments and numerical simulations to explore the heat transfer mechanisms and prediction methods of supercritical LNG flowing horizontally under buoyancy. The experimental investigation was executed within a small SCV using the N2-Ar mixture as a substitute medium for safety considerations. Concurrently, the accuracy of the numerical model employed is rigorously authenticated through a comparative analysis with the empirical findings obtained from the experimental endeavor. The investigation delves into the impacts of operating conditions, structural parameters, and medium composition on heat transfer through numerical simulations. The influence mechanism of buoyancy on heat transfer is meticulously explicated by examining the distribution of flow fields and thermophysical properties within the boundary layer. The introduction of a novel criterion, Bufull, derived from the analysis of wall shear stress variation caused by buoyancy, facilitates a quantitative assessment of the impact of buoyancy on heat transfer. Additionally, a simplified buoyancy criterion, FBu, is introduced, dependent solely on fundamental operating parameters and tailored for engineering applications, with a determined critical value of 1/ FBu = 60.3. Based on the dramatically variable thermophysical and transport properties, that occurs near the critical point, as well as buoyancy correction, a correlation is formulated for predicting mixed convection heat transfer, exhibiting an MAE of merely 3.04% and accurately predicting 81.28% of the data within a ± 5% margin of error, surpassing existing correlations. Finally, the proposed heat transfer calculation method is validated using five groups of operational data from two in-service SCVs. The maximum absolute discrepancy between the computed outlet temperature and the monitored value is 1.95K. The findings of this paper can support practical applications.

Circadian modulation of behavioural stress indicators varies between diurnal and nocturnal fish species

In the wild, most animals experience daily fluctuations in threats and resources that are synchronised with environmental time cues such as the light-dark cycle. Consequently, animals have evolved daily behavioural patterns (i.e., diurnal or nocturnal) that enhance their fitness by, for example, reducing the temporal overlapping with predators. In fish, previous studies revealed stronger physiological stress responses during the resting period of the species. However, little is known about the circadian modulation of stress indicators and how they are influenced by daily behavioural patterns. In this research, we investigated the behavioural stress responses of two farmed fish species with different activity patterns: the diurnal Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the nocturnal tench (Tinca tinca). To this end, we examined the behavioural response of individuals exposed to the diving test every 4 h over a 24 h cycle (n = 12 fish/species/time point). Results indicated that most behavioural indicators varied according to the time of day, aligning with the daily rhythmic pattern of the two species. Tilapia exhibited stronger stress responses to novelty during the dark phase, while tench displayed higher stress during the light phase. This was supported by stress-related behaviours such as freezing and erratic movements (in both tilapia and tench) and bottom-dwelling (in tench only). These results indicated that stress responses peaked during the resting phase of each species, although behavioural indicators exhibiting this daily variation did not completely coincide between the studied species. Overall, these findings suggest interspecific differences in the daily modulation of behavioural stress indicators in farmed fish, an effect with potential relevance for welfare. Understanding the activity rhythmic patterns, resting periods, and associated daily variation in stress for each fish species of interest can precisely help tailor farming procedures to minimise suffering.

New insights of the imprint at the catalyst-layer/ microporous-layer interface in PEMFC after heavy duty operation of commercial vehicles

Structural degradation and property decay of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) are primary causes for the stack performance and lifetime degradation. This study particularly investigates the structural damage and properties evolution of the catalyst-layer/microporous-layer (CL/MPL) interface in the MEA by conducting real-vehicle heavy-duty operational durability test and interfacial structure characterization. This research presents the first report and revelation of the causes and effects of CL/MPL interface imprints, and provides targeted advice for relieving MEA interfacial degradation. Results indicate that excessive assembly stress and stress variation during operation of stack causing the detachment of MPL materials at the region below the bipolar plate ridges is the essential cause of the imprints. The average surface contact angles of the aged CLs generally increase and the imprinted region exhibit stronger hydrophobicity than non-imprinted region due to the attachment of MPL materials. While the opposite is observed in MPL. Carbon corrosion induce structural degradation of the CL/MPL interface, leading to significant loss of carbon support and hydrophobic agent. The surface of aged CL become rougher and the pore size become more larger compared to the fresh CL. The formation of the interface imprint makes the contact between CL and MPL at the imprint region tighter, which reduces the interface resistance and inhibits the increase in ohmic polarization.

Effect of thermal change on acoustoelastic effect in concrete

Acoustoelastic technology, which measures changes in ultrasonic wave velocity to determine structural stress, shows significant potential for assessing stress in concrete structures. However, environmental temperature variations can affect ultrasonic wave velocity, thereby influencing the accuracy of acoustoelastic measurements. This study examines the impact of thermal changes on ultrasonic wave velocity in concrete (thermo-acoustoelastic effect) and compares it with changes caused by stress variations (classical acoustoelastic effect). Theoretical expressions for both thermal and classical acoustoelastic effects in a natural coordinate system are derived, and the sensitivity coefficients for each effect are provided. Equivalent elastic constant method is proposed for preliminary numerical analysis of both effects. Experimental investigations further explore how the thermal changes influence the classical acoustoelastic effect. Results reveal that the velocity change due to a unit temperature variation is approximately 40 % of that caused by a unit stress variation. This underscores the significant impact of temperature fluctuations on the application of classical acoustoelastic technology and highlights the need for an effective temperature compensation mechanism to ensure measurement reliability. This finding is of substantial significance for advancing acoustoelasticity-based stress detection technology in concrete structures.

Numerical simulation of impact response for pantograph slide plate

As a key component, the performance of pantograph slide plate is directly related to the normal operation of train and the stability of power supply. The pantograph slide plate is exposed to the complex environment and thus it would face mechanical impacts. In this paper, two types of slide plate models (wide and narrow) are constructed to explore the mechanical behavior of pantograph slide plate under impact using the finite element method. The results show that the slide plates rapidly deform at the beginning of the impact, and then the stress variation speed gradually slows down and tends towards a stable and low amplitude of self vibration. Under strong impact, the vibration frequency and amplitude of the slide plate significantly increase. The stress level of wide slide plate is lower than that of narrow slide plate. Narrow slide plate exhibits higher sensitivity and instability. This indicates that when the train is running at a high speed, factors such as track irregularities and airflow disturbances have a more significant impact on the narrow slide plate. This work provides valuable references for subsequent optimization design.

Modelling of coronary artery stenosis and study of hemodynamic under the influence of magnetic fields

Investigating magnetic blood flow characteristics through arteries and micron-size channels for clinical therapies in biomedicine is becoming increasingly important with the rise of point-of-care diagnostics devices. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation is conducted to explore blood flow within a coronary artery affected by an elliptical stenosis near the artery wall under the influence of a magnetic field. The novelty of our study is the integration of Navier-Stokes and Maxwell's equations to calculate body forces on fluid flow, coupled with the application of magnetic fields both longitudinally and vertically, and the use of the Carreau-Yasuda model to analyse non-Newtonian blood rheology. Blood flow is modelled by solving the incompressible continuity and momentum equations, considering laminar and non-Newtonian properties, with the finite element-based solver COMSOL Multiphysics. The CFD model is validated using previously published analytical and computational data. This study investigates the effects of magnetic fields on blood flow through stenotic arteries with 25 %, 35 %, and 50 % stenosis, examining how the magnetic field and its orientation impact variations in velocity profiles, pressure drop, and wall shear stress (WSS). Our results show that magnetic fields can effectively manipulate blood flow, causing acceleration or deceleration depending on field direction. Significant changes in hemodynamics are observed, particularly at 50 % arterial stenosis, highlighting the profound impact of stenosis on flow characteristics. Compared to healthy arteries, the velocity change in stenosed arteries increased by 16.5 %, 29.4 %, and 62.1 % for 25 %, 35 %, and 50 % stenosis, respectively. The findings advance experimental models of blood flow in magnetic fields, highlighting the critical importance of regulating blood velocity and pressure. These insights are particularly valuable for developing drug delivery systems and magnetic-driven blood pumps.

Localization and Delocalization During Seismic Slip

AbstractThe thickness of a seismic slip layer controls style and rate of rupture propagation, frictional heating, weakening, and energy budget of earthquakes. Slip layer thickness changes dynamically with feedbacks between temperature rise, roughness, damage, and fluid pressurization. Natural faults have complex slip histories, ambiguating which layer thicknesses represent a record of seismic slip. The thickness of proven paleoseismic slip layers in nature are 1 mm–1 cm. Thicker slip layers do not get hot enough to retain coseismic frictional temperature anomalies and thereby prevent the detection of big earthquakes using current methods. We suggest that delocalization—the spontaneous increase in slipping layer thickness during slip—plays a role in coseismic healing and cause biases in the rock record of earthquakes. Recognizing the importance of feedbacks affecting slipping layer thickness is critical to understanding strength and stress variations during earthquakes and to correctly interpreting earthquake source parameters from exhumed faults.

A single computational model to simulate the three foot-rocker mechanisms of the gait cycle

The use of computational models of the human foot based on finite element analysis offers a promising alternative for understanding the biomechanical internal changes of this structure. However, the evaluation of dynamic scenarios has been challenging. This research aims to design a computational model that accurately simulates foot biomechanics during the stance period of the gait cycle in healthy and flatfoot scenarios. The model is focused on analyzing stress variations in soft tissues such as the plantar fascia and spring ligament to provide valuable insights into the internal biomechanics of the foot. The results were evaluated using maximum principal stress. Validation was performed by measuring clinical angles and comparing the range of motion of foot joints with known values for each phase. Results show that the plantar fascia and spring ligament stress increase during the second and third rockers compared to the first rocker. Additionally, as was expected, flatfoot simulations show stress increments in those evaluated soft tissues, while surgical treatment scenarios contributed to stress reduction in these regions. These findings emphasize the active role of the plantar fascia and spring ligament, particularly during approximately 50% of the stance period when the plantar arch deformity is greater. Results show valuable insights into the internal biomechanics of the foot through computational models.

Simulation and experimental study of local high frequency resistance distribution in proton exchange membrane fuel cells under steady and dynamic conditions

Proton-exchange membrane (PEM) dry–wet variation during PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) operation markedly affects PEMFC lifespan. Therefore, deeper insights into the mechanical degradation mechanism of PEM require analysis of the membrane dry–wet change process. The stress changes caused by PEM dry–wet variations may induce mechanical failure. In practice, although high-frequency resistance (HFR) is often used to indirectly characterize PEM dry–wet degrees, numerical simulation can effectively analyze the mass transfer inside a PEMFC for parameters that are difficult to measure directly experimentally (such as membrane water content). Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) model validation requires more comprehensive experimental methods. In this study, we validate the simulated resistance distribution results through local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We also discuss the mass- and heat-transfer distribution characteristics under different current densities and analyze the influence of these characteristics on local HFR distribution variations. The calculated HFR distribution results show a certain degree of agreement with the experimental results. Due to the membrane self-humidification effect, the position of the minimum HFR value shifts upstream of the cathode at a high current density. The observed change in membrane stress results from variations in membrane water and temperature distributions with changes in current density. Steady-state HFR distribution analysis to uncover the membrane dry–wet variations caused by load changes—which would affect the HFR distribution changes—reveal that the HFR at the air outlet and the membrane dry–wet variations are more pronounced than at other locations due to the influence of reaction rate and gas velocity. Overall, this study demonstrates that 3D simulations can reliably predict the local HFR distribution of PEMFCs, enabling membrane stress variation analysis and providing guidance for fuel cell design and operation.

Turbulent flow structure around a single submerged angled spur dike under ice cover

Abstract This experimental study examines the velocity fields around the single submerged spur dike in a large-scale flume under three flow conditions: open channel, smooth ice-covered, and rough ice-covered. The effects of dike orientation were investigated for alignment angles of 90°, 120°, and 135°. Instantaneous three-dimensional velocity components were recorded using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Results show that the spur dikes generate distinct transverse flow regions in the streamwise, lateral, and vertical directions. Alignment angles greater than 90° reduced streamwise velocity near the dikes, while the frontal surface of the dike tip exhibited increased velocity magnitudes. Downstream, significant variations in Reynolds shear stress were observed, driven by flow separation and the formation of a recirculation wake zone. Quadrant analysis revealed that under ice-covered conditions, turbulent interactions near the dike tip were dominated by ejection and sweep events, whereas sweep events were more prevalent in open channel flows, influencing overall flow dynamics.

Effects of Differential Displacements Between the Ground Anchors in Suspension Bridges

A simple model to evaluate the effects of relative displacements between the ground anchors of a suspension bridge is proposed. An equation system is defined, which allows for the evaluation of the structural response under a general displacement set of the ground anchor points. Then, the most interesting and likely cases are analyzed in detail with reference to a suspension bridge having geometrical and mechanical characteristics typical of a long-span bridge. A simple procedure for the assessment of variation in cable stress is also given, which can be used to choose the optimum values for stress in cables under dead loads, as a percentage of their strength. The results obtained showed that expected movements do not significantly impact the structure in its lifetime and that the effects become negligible for very long-span bridges. Finally, the results obtained can be easily used for the condition monitoring of suspension bridges.

A spatially-resolved model of neutron-irradiated tungsten coupling stochastic cluster dynamics and finite deformation plasticity

Structural materials used in nuclear reactors face severe degradation in mechanical properties, such as hardening and embrittlement. At the microscopic scale, this occurs due to creation and accumulation of irradiation-induced defects and their interaction with system dislocations. Although techniques exist which can model evolution of irradiation defects, for instance kinetic transport theory-based models, their interaction with mechanical deformation of the bulk material has not been investigated extensively. In this work, we demonstrate a novel spatially-resolved multiscale coupling between microscopic irradiation defect evolution, modeled using Stochastic Cluster Dynamics (SCD) and macroscopic mechanical deformation modeled using a finite-deformation plasticity model. SCD is used to determine the statistically averaged defect cluster spacing, dependent on operating conditions such as irradiation dose and temperature. This acts as an initial condition that governs the critical resolved shear stress of dislocation glide in the macroscopic plasticity model. This framework is used to predict mechanical behavior in post-mortem test of irradiated Tungsten samples, which has found its importance as structural material used in nuclear reactors. The results obtained using the coupled approach are in good agreement with experimental data of uniaxial tension tests. The model is able to capture the effect of temperature and irradiation dose on the material hardening. Two methods are proposed to estimate hardness – using Tabor's Law relating uniaxial yield stress to hardness and from flat-punch simulations. The results are in reasonable agreement with hardness data from micro-indentation experiments of irradiated Tungsten samples. The model is also able to reveal microstructural details such as spatial variation in defect density and local stress.

Experimental study of magnetorheological fluids under large periodic deformations

Abstract Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are smart materials whose properties can be controlled by a magnetic field. They are used in a variety of applications with tailored operating parameters, facilitating broad and relatively straightforward implementation and control of the functional properties of these systems.

The aim of the study was to determine the variation in shear stress of MR fluids under varying shear deformation directions and different magnetic field induction levels. The experiments were carried out with the use of three commercially available fluids: MRF-122EG, MRF-132DG, and MRF-140CG, which primarily differ in the volumetric fraction of ferromagnetic particles. These fluids are designed for use in mechanical energy dissipation devices clutches, and brakes are characterized by high stability and a broad controllability range.

The experiments were performed using a rotational rheometer with a parallel plate measuring system to examine shear stress variability during both the deformation and rest phases. The study applied relatively large deformations, exceeding the linear viscoelastic range and the deformation corresponding to the yield point.

The test results revealed variations in the shear stress values across successive loading cycles, as well as fluctuations during the rest phase. It was also found that, depending on magnetic field induction level (i.e., the level of fluid magnetization), the rest period could result in either a decrease (relaxation) or an increase (hardening) in shear stress values. These findings have practical significance, particularly for MR fluid devices operating in shear mode.

Effect of an incoming Gaussian wave packet on underlying turbulence

We present a simulation-based study of the effect of a passing wave packet on underlying fully developed turbulence. We propose a novel wave-phase-resolved simulation method inspired by Helmholtz decomposition to directly couple the turbulence simulation with instantaneous wave orbital motions without wave-phase averaging. We also introduce a boundary condition treatment for the turbulence at the wave surface, which allows the turbulence simulation to be conducted in a rectangular domain while retaining the wave-phase effect. The results obtained from the proposed method reveal considerable variations in turbulence statistics, including the enstrophy and Reynolds normal stresses, during wave packet passage. Most changes occur rapidly when the narrow bandwidth around the wave packet core passes. Further analyses of the energy spectra indicate that the enhancement of turbulence occurs across a wide range of scales, with the near-surface small-scale motions experiencing the most significant intensification. Meanwhile, large-scale motions with scales comparable to the boundary layer depth are also enhanced. The mechanisms underlying the Reynolds normal stress variation at different length scales are related to the energy transfer from the wave orbital straining to turbulence through production, the pressure–strain effect, the pressure diffusion and the wave advection. By assessing the turbulence statistics and dynamics impacted by a wave packet in detail, this study provides an improved understanding of the response of a developed turbulent flow to a transient wave field. The proposed simulation method also proves to be a promising phase-resolved approach for efficiently modelling the wave effect on turbulence.

Effects of foundation conditions on failure modes of jacket type offshore platforms using incremental irregular wave dynamic analysis

Quantitative assessment of environmental conditions and their loading effects is crucial for the optimal design of marine structures, especially offshore platforms subject to extreme environmental conditions. Wave load, particularly irregular wave load, significantly influences the structural response and ultimate strength of jacket-type offshore platforms (JTOPs) throughout their operational life. The dynamic nature of these irregular wave loads necessitates the use of advanced time history analysis to accurately capture their impact. This study aims to enhance the understanding of how foundation conditions impact failure modes and the structural response of JTOPs through an innovative incremental irregular wave dynamic analysis procedure. By focusing on an existing steel jacket-type platform in the Persian Gulf, this research evaluates six models with varying soil profiles and pile conditions to assess their effects on structural performance. The application of incremental irregular wave dynamic analysis provides a more precise and realistic modeling of wave impacts compared to traditional methods. The findings demonstrate that stronger soil profiles and improved pile conditions significantly enhance structural integrity, particularly under extreme loading conditions. Specifically, optimizing pile configurations is critical for enabling the structure to endure larger waves, whereas variations in the yield stress of steel material have a lesser impact on the platform's response. Additionally, the dynamic results are compared with pushover analysis, which serves as a benchmark to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the pushover analysis compared to incremental irregular wave analysis method used in this study.

Influence of micro-milling machining parameters on residual stresses in alumina bioceramics-a three-dimensional finite element simulation study.

The formation and distribution of residual stress during the micro-milling process significantly affect the crack resistance and service life of alumina bioceramics. This study aims to optimize the surface residual stress distribution by adjusting machining parameters, thereby improving the machining quality of alumina ceramics. A three-dimensional finite element model of alumina bioceramics was developed, and numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the effects of feed per tooth, cutting depth, and spindle speed on temperature and residual stress. The study further explores the patterns of residual stress variation. The results show that both surface temperature and residual tensile stress exhibit systematic trends with parameter changes. Specifically, surface residual tensile stress increases with cutting depth initially but decreases sharply once the cutting depth exceeds 25 μm. Residual tensile stress increases with spindle speed, reaching its peak at 21,000 r/min before stabilizing. Additionally, the residual tensile stress rises with feed per tooth at first but gradually declines when the value exceeds 25 μm/z. This research reveals the mechanisms by which micro-milling parameters influence surface temperature and residual stress in alumina bioceramics, providing theoretical guidance for optimizing micro-milling processes. The findings can also be extended to the micro-milling of other hard-to-machine materials, offering broad engineering application potential.

Geometric and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Skeletal Gyroid Structures Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Biomedical Implants

Skeletal gyroid structures possess promising applications in biomedical implants, owing to their smooth and continuously curved surfaces, open porosity, and customisable mechanical properties. This study simulated the geometric properties of Ti6Al4V skeletal gyroid structures, with relative densities ranging from 1.83% to 98.17%. The deformation behaviour of these structures was investigated through a combination of uniaxial compression tests and simulations, within a relative density range of 13.33% to 50% (simulation) and 15.19% to 41.69% (experimental tests). The results established explicit analytical correlations of pore size and strut diameter with the definition parameters of the structures, enabling precise control of these dimensions. Moreover, normalised Young’s modulus (ranging from 1.05% to 20.77% in simulations and 1.65% to 15.53% in tests) and normalised yield stress (ranging from 1.75% to 17.39% in simulations and 2.09% to 13.95% in tests) were found to be power correlated with relative density. These correlations facilitate the design of gyroid structures with low stiffness to mitigate the stress-shielding effect. The presence of macroscopic 45° fractures in the gyroid structures confirmed that the primary failure mechanism is induced by shear loads. The observed progressive failure and plateau region proved the bending-dominant behaviour and highlighted their excellent deformability. Additionally, the anisotropy of gyroid structures was confirmed through variations in stress and strain concentrations, deformation behaviour, and Young’s modulus under different loading directions.