Solvent Variation Research Articles

Acid-catalyzed co-hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge and mixed straws to produce high-quality solid fuel

To improve the hydrochar fuel quality, acid-catalyzed co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of sewage sludge with mixed straws were performed at 220 °C. The impacts of mixing ratio (1:0, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 0:1) and solvent (0.5 M HCl or dionized water) on hydrochar quality were assessed. The acid-catalyzed co-HTC increased the higher heating value and fuel ratio of the hydrochar by decreasing the H/C atomic ratio and increasing the O/C atomic ratio. The devolatilization index (Di) and combustibility index (S) of the hydrochar from co-HTC at a sludge-to-straws dry-mass ratio of 1:1 reached 64.6 and 26.8 (10−8 wt%2 min−2 K−3), respectively, which was over three times and 2.5 times that from sludge. Di was affected by the surface functional groups, whereas S was related to the chemical composition and fuel properties. Less energy is required after acid-catalyzed co-HTC for both pyrolysis and combustion processes, because of the increase in O/C atomic ratio. This study not only demonstrates the yields and quality of the hydrochar in response to the variation of mixing ratio and solvent, but also uncovers the relationship between hydrochar quality and pyrolysis/combustion performance, thereby providing valuable information for optimizing the acid-catalyzed co-HTC process.

Synthesis of Phosphorus/Arsenic Tridentate Ligands and Their Application for Luminescent Copper (I) Halide Complexes

AbstractWe synthesized arsenic analogs of a tridentate PPP ligand, bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino) phenyl] phenylphosphine, achieving yields of 40 % to 71 %. Additionally, we prepared copper (I) halide (CuX, X=Br, I) complexes with these ligands, with yields between 43 % and 84 %. Using both experimental and computational methods, we examined their structures and photophysical characteristics. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction showed that all eight complexes had distorted tetrahedral geometries. These complexes exhibited photoluminescence with emission bands peaking from 506 nm to 551 nm and quantum yields up to 0.92 at room temperature. Emission lifetimes varied and showed no direct correlation with quantum yields or wavelengths. Physical manipulation and solvent variations significantly altered their photoluminescent properties. DFT and TD‐DFT calculations revealed that higher arsenic content increased spin‐orbit coupling constants, with iodide complexes performing better than bromide ones due to heavier elements enhancing spin‐orbit coupling. Substituting phosphorus with arsenic significantly affected the luminescence quantum yield and lifetime, demonstrating the heavy‐atom effect of arsenic. The position of arsenic in the ligands critically influenced the photophysical outcomes of the CuX complexes.

Calcium-Based Metal-Organic Framework: Detection and Idiosyncratic Removal of Copper by Nano-Particle Deposition.

A novel calcium-based metal-organic framework (CaMOF@LSB) was designed and synthesized, exhibiting dual functionality for both selective detection and removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The framework's stability, including solvent and pH variations, was established with notable thermal resilience. Colorimetric Cu2+ detection (≥5 ppm) with a high capture capacity of 484.2 mg g-1 by CaMOF@LSB places this material among the few that ensure efficient colorimetric detection and high removal capabilities of Cu2+ ions. Batch adsorption experiments revealed pH-dependent behavior and competitive interactions. Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics models aptly described adsorption isotherms and kinetics, respectively. Thermodynamic assessments confirmed spontaneous and endothermic adsorption. Mechanistically, nanoparticle deposition contributes to the Cu2+ uptake. CaMOF@LSB also exhibited one of the best removal behaviour of Cu2+ by means of oxide formation on the surface. Regeneration of CaMOF@LSB was achieved by simple sonication in 0.1 M aqueous NaOH solution. The recyclability was also tested up to 5 cycles, and it exhibited a small decrease in adsorption capacity observed across the cycles. This research presents a promising avenue for addressing heavy metal pollution using metal-organic frameworks, thereby offering potential applications in water purification and environmental pollution monitoring and remediation.

Tailoring MOF-5 Photocatalysts: Low-Temperature Synthesis and Solvent Variations for Enhanced Performance in Dye Degradation

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as pivotal porous crystalline materials with diverse applications. Typically, MOFs are synthesized using solvothermal techniques at high temperatures and pressures. In this study, a novel approach was employed to synthesize zinc-based MOFs, specifically MOF-5, at low temperatures (up to 50 °C) via chemical mixing at standard pressures. Varying the temperature and solvents, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), in the chemical mixing process, the highest yield of the material was observed with DMF at 50 °C (M1). Two additional samples, M2 and M3, are synthesized at room temperature using DMF and NMP, respectively. Despite similarities in XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses confirming successful MOF-5 formation, noticeable differences in sample morphology arise due to distinct synthesis conditions, particularly solvent and temperature variations. The MOF-5 samples exhibit UV absorption with varying band gaps. Notably, when employed as photocatalysts for organic dye (methylene blue) degradation, M2 outperforms others, achieving an impressive 85% degradation under simulated solar light irradiation. This work underscores the significance of tuning MOF photocatalyst properties through tailored synthesis routes, recognizing the profound impact of morphology and elemental composition on enhancing photocatalytic dye degradation performance. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Solvent Effects on the Spin Crossover Properties of Manganese (III) (sal‐N‐1,5,8,12) Complexes

AbstractThe interplay of host‐guest interactions and controlled modulation of spin‐crossover (SCO) behavior is one of the most exploited topics regarding data storage, molecular sensing, and optical technologies. This study examines the effect of solvents on the spin‐crossover (SCO) behavior of manganese(III) complexes [Mn(sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]I•S (S=CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3CN) (1) and [Mn(sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]I3 (2), where (sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)2− is 2,2′‐((1E,13E)‐2,6,9,13‐tetraazatetradeca‐1,13‐diene‐1,14‐diyl)diphenol synthesized by salicylaldehyde and 1,2‐bis(3‐aminopropylamino)ethane. The complexes, crystallizing in orthorhombic or monoclinic systems, exhibit similar supramolecular arrangements with one‐dimensional cationic chains at low temperatures. Magnetic studies reveal that solvent inclusion sharpens the SCO transition and lowers the transition temperature. Specifically, 1⋅CH3OH shows a 13 K thermal hysteresis due to methanol‘s mobility through the channels in the cationic framework. Although the solvent‐free compound was not obtained, compound 2 with a linear I3− anion was synthesized, displaying extensive cation‐anion contacts and a distinct 13 K thermal hysteresis upon heating due to altered intermolecular cooperativity. This emphasizes the significant role of solvent introduction and variation in crystal packing and their impact on the SCO properties.

Effect of regional disparities and solvent variations on the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial efficacy of Cupressus sempervirens extracts

ABSTRACT The ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water extracts of cypress from three Tunisian regions (Bizerte, Ben Arous, and Nabeul) were reported for their phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Cypress extract had an important antiradical and antibacterial potential which was strongly related to the organoleptic quality of the extract which appeared strongly region dependent. The highest contents of polyphenols were obtained in the methanol extract at the region of Bizerte (315.75 mg GAE/g DW). Cupressuflavone was the major compound with high proportions in methanol extract of Bizerte (68%). Amentoflavone also constituted an important flavonoid compound presented in higher proportion in the ethyl acetate extract of Ben Arous (21.2%). For Gram-positive bacteria strains, Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to the ethanol extract of Nabeul with IZ = 40 mm. This study suggests cypress as potential natural source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents.

USE OF SENGGANI LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR PRINTER REFILL INK THAT IS LOW VOC (VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND) ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

This study aims to determine the content of senggani leaves and utilize senggani leaves as a raw material for printer refill ink. This can increase the utilization of senggani leaves into products that are low in VOC levels. The method used in this study the first test is done, the ink absorption rate test on HVS paper is done by using a medium such as paper by comparing the length of the absorption path ∆x with a time interval t during the absorption process. The next test is the ink performance test using the volume of aqueous solvent and comparing the quality of the ink obtained. The ink consists of 3 components, namely pigment, solvent, and thickening agent the pigment used in this study is carbon obtained from the carbonization of senggani leaves, 98% alcohol is used as a carbon solvent as a thickener and adhesive in the form of gum arabic. The variation of carbon used is 1 gram, 2 grams, and 3 grams, while the volume of aquadest, the volume of alcohol, and gum arabic mass is made fixed that is sequentially 15 mL, 3 mL, and 3.5 grams. The test results of senggani leaf ink with the best composition resulted in solvent and mass variation values by the standard. Meanwhile, from the results of the print test, the resulting printer ink has provided good print and color results as well as commercial ink and does not easily fade if exposed to water.
 Keywords: senggani leaf, ink, pigment.

Development of in situ forming implants for controlled delivery of punicalagin

Due to efficient drainage of the joint, the development of intra-articular depots for long-lasting drug release is a difficult challenge. Moreover, a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD) that can effectively manage osteoarthritis has yet to be identified. The current study was undertaken to explore the potential of injectable, in situ forming implants to create depots that support the sustained release of punicalagin, a promising DMOAD. In vitro experiments demonstrated punicalagin’s ability to suppress production of interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2, confirming its chondroprotective properties. Regarding the entrapment of punicalagin, it was demonstrated by LC-MS/MS to be stable within PLGA in situ forming implants for several weeks and capable of inhibiting collagenase upon release. In vitro punicalagin release kinetics were tunable through variation of solvent, PLGA lactide:glycolide ratio, and polymer concentration, and an optimized formulation supported release for approximately 90 days. The injection force of this formulation steadily increased with plunger advancement and higher rates of advancement were associated with greater forces. Although the optimal formulation was highly cytotoxic to primary chondrocytes if cells were exposed immediately or shortly after implant formation, upwards of 70 % survival was achieved when the implants were first allowed to undergo a 24–72 h period of phase inversion prior to cell exposure. This study demonstrates a PLGA-based in situ forming implant for the controlled release of punicalagin. With modification to address cytotoxicity, such an implant may be suitable as an intra-articular therapy for OA.

Melinjo Seeds (Gnetum gnemon L.) Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effects on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: A Study Based on Tracing of Resveratrol Compound.

Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. One of the polyphenols, namely, resveratrol, has been proven to have anticancer activity. Melinjo seeds which contain resveratrol need to be tested for their potential as an anti-breast cancer agent. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of melinjo seeds based on solvent variations and resveratrol tracing. Extraction of melinjo seeds was performed using the soxhletation method. Antioxidant test was performed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil method. The in vitro cytotoxic test was carried out using the microtetrazolium method. Cytotoxic test was carried out on MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a concentration range of melinjo seeds between 31,25 and 1000 μg/mL. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials are expressed in inhibitory concentration (IC)50 values. Resveratrol was traced using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC). Melinjo seed ethanol extract provided the largest total phenolics (126,154 ± 0,865 mg GAE/g sample) and total flavonoids (44,576 ± 0,611 mg QE/g sample) among all solvent fractions. The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds from ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction was 263,307 ppm, 317,595 ppm, 160,878 ppm, and 181,159 ppm, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds showed the strongest cytotoxic effect (94.6 μg/mL) among all extracts and solvent fractions. Prep-HPLC showed that the ethanol extract of melinjo seeds contained resveratrol, while the ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of melinjo seeds were thought to contain resveratrol derivatives. The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds showed a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, which varied based on solvent polarity and total phenolic and total flavonoid. The ethyl acetate fraction which is thought to contain resveratrol derivatives provides the most potent antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect. These results indicate that melinjo seeds containing resveratrol and its derivatives have the potential for anticancer of the breast. Further studies are still needed in determining the structure of resveratrol compounds and their derivatives to ensure their biological activity and mechanism of action.

Challenges of Scaling-up the Wet-Chemical Synthesis of β-Li3PS4

All-solid-state batteries are considered the next generation in battery technology due to increased energy and power density as well as freedom of design, e.g. by constructing batteries in bipolar stacks. Solid-state electrolytes offer advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes, such as greater thermal safety, because of high melting points, and higher mechanical strength. This is believed to suppress growth of lithium dendrites and, therefore, opens up the possibility of using a lithium metal anode. One promising material group is sulfides, because they are ductile and have a good intrinsic ionic conductivity. Some sulfide solid electrolytes can be synthesized wet-chemically. This offers advantages like tailoring the particle size, working at ambient temperatures, short synthesis durations, stabilizing meta-stable phases by using new synthesis routes and the possibility of transferring the routine to a continuous process. The particle size and morphology are important factors regarding the suitability to produce all-solid-state batteries wherefore small (< 10 µm) and homogeneous particles are preferred. The present research mainly focusses on finding and improving new materials and their usage in battery production, but there is little progress on mass-production of sulfide solid electrolytes. To scale-up a synthesis, multiple aspects have to be considered since they often influence both product and process. Therefore, an analysis and optimization of the synthesis process is necessary to support the development and to increase the economic attractiveness of new materials.In this presentation, the reaction enthalpy and the influences of concentration and solvent variation of synthesizing the sulfide solid electrolyte β-Li3PS4 are examined and discussed. β-Li3PS4 is synthesized by mixing lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide in a solvent, e.g. THF, at ambient conditions. After removing the solvent, heat treatment is used to obtain the crystalline product. We found that the mixing step contains a highly exothermic reaction and determined the reaction enthalpies using a reaction calorimeter. To handle the heat development, two options were investigated: First, the solvent amount was increased and second, the synthesis was performed using alternative solvents with different thermal properties. The examined solvents are THF, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate. The reaction enthalpies of the synthesis in different solvents are compared. A strong influence on the particle size and morphology caused by the amount and choice of solvent could be detected by SEM. While the particle size increases with increasing amount of solvent, the shape of the particles alters under solvent variation. With low solvent amount the smallest particle sizes (< 10 µm) are synthesized. Finally, suggestions regarding the scale-up will be given based on the findings of these examinations.

Mitigation of Shape Evolution and Supercapacitive Performance of CuCo2S4 Electrodes Prepared via a Simple Solvent Variation Approach

This work demonstrates the evolution of different architectures of Cu-Co bimetallic sulfide on Ni-foam. A simple solvent-changing strategy has been adopted to develop these architectures through a solvothermal approach. When water and ethylene glycol was used as a solvent, the surface of Ni-foam seemed to be covered with a snowflake-like architecture. On the addition of glycerol instead of ethylene glycol, the growth of spongy rectangular prisms from mud-like bricks was initiated. Analyzing electrochemically, both electrodes deliver excellent capacitance. The electrode developed with water and glycerol was found to be richer in terms of capacitive performance, which gives 1459.7 F/gm (5692.8 mF/cm2) at a higher current density of 5 mA/cm2. An over-33% increment in capacitance was noted when compared with the specific capacitance (areal capacitance) of another electrode which can provide 986.6 F/gm (3157 mF/cm2) at the same current density. Both electrodes are richer in terms of providing higher rate capability above 75%, even if the current density is increased by three times. Furthermore, both electrodes deliver long-lasting storage capability, with above 80% capacitance retention over 10,000 charge–discharge cycles even at a higher current density of 60 mA/cm2. This simple solvent-changing approach can be useful for developing electrode materials with outstanding capacitive performance.

Pengaruh Variasi dan Konsentrasi Pelarut Terhadap Yield Antosianin Ekstrak Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Sebagai Pewarna Alami

One of these resources that may be used as a source of natural dyes is the telang flower (Clitoria ternatea L). Telang flower contains anthocyanin pigments that give it a blue color so that it can be used as a natural dye that can be applied to food or drinks. The purpose of this study was to determine the anthocyanin levels in the telang flower extract using various types of solvents and solvent concentrations. The solvent variations used were acetic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid with solvent concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% (w/v). The method used in this research is the maceration extraction method with a maceration time of 25, 50, 75, and 100 minutes. The results obtained The type of acid, namely acetic acid, citric acid, and acetic acid affected the anthocyanin yield, with values of 0.4729, 0.758, and 0.785 respectively at a solvent ratio of 1: 6. Variation of solvent concentration from 0.5%, 1 %, 1.5%, and 2% (v) 2% (v) acetic acid solvent can produce a maximum anthocyanin yield of 0.254 g/5 g, citric acid is 0.317 mg/5 gram, and tartaric acid is 0.343 at a concentration of 2% ( b/v).

A DFT Study of Solvent and Substituent Effects on the Adsorptive and Photovoltaic Properties of Some Selected Porphyrin Derivatives for DSSC Application.

A DFT/TD-DFT method was employed to study the effects of structural modification and solvent variation on the solubility, adsorptive, and photovoltaic properties of six porphyrins (A-F) obtained by structurally modifying two literature porphyrins A and D. The properties of interest were studied in vacuum, acetonitrile (AcCN), dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), and ethanol (EtOH) for possible application of the molecules as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Electronic absorption properties of the molecules were computed via potential energy surface scan, and thermodynamic data were obtained by DFT calculations in the selected media. Solubility properties of the molecules were mostly enhanced with DMSO as the solvent. The adsorptivity of the molecules onto mesoporous titanium (IV) oxide surface were predicted to be enhanced in the presence of DMSO. Most of the molecules were found to exhibit their highest photovoltaic activity measured in terms of the incidentphoton conversion efficiency (IPCE) in AcCN and DCM, rather than in DMSO due to its high viscosity and the ability to use its oxygen to form the catenating O-Ti4+ bond with the Ti4+ of the TiO2, causing inhibition of electron movement on the semiconductor surface. In general, the computed photovoltaic (PV) properties were found to be enhanced with -CO2H group as the substituent, and in AcCN or DCM as the solvent.

Optimization of Extraction Lannea coromandelica for Antioxidant Activity using Analytical Factorial Design Approach

Background: The yield of active compound in a plant can be affected by the extraction method, such as variety of solvent and extraction technique used. Objectives: This study aimed to optimize the yield of Lannea coromandelica leaf extract using several types of solvent and extraction techniques and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Material and Methods: This study used a variety of solvent like distilled water, ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate with maceration, reflux, and sonication extraction techniques. The extract obtained was calculated for the percent yield and analyzed for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method by UV -Vis Spectrophotometry with 523.5 nm maximum wavelength. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by factorial design analysis in Minitab 21 software. Results: The highest percentage yields was obtained from the extract with ethanol solvent, followed by distilled water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The highest extraction techniques was obtained from reflux and followed by maceration and sonication extracts. Analytical factorial design analysis showed that the linearity of solvent variation and extraction technique had a significant effect (P&gt;0.05). From the analysis, it was found that there was a significant difference between the effect of the solvent on the antioxidant activities compared to the extraction technique. The extracts obtained have a very strong antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals. T Conclusions: L. coromandelica plant aquadest extract has potential to be developed in optimalization extraction method.

Pyroglutamination-Induced Changes in the Physicochemical Features of a CXCR4 Chemokine Peptide: Kinetic and Structural Analysis.

We investigate the physicochemical effects of pyroglutamination on the QHALTSV-NH2 peptide, a segment of cytosolic helix 8 of the human C-X-C chemokine G-protein-coupled receptor type 4 (CXCR4). This modification, resulting from the spontaneous conversion of glutamine to pyroglutamic acid, has significant impacts on the physicochemical features of peptides. Using a static approach, we compared the transformation in different conditions and experimentally found that the rate of product formation increases with temperature, underscoring the need for caution during laboratory experiments to prevent glutamine cyclization. Circular dichroism experiments revealed that the QHALTSV-NH2 segment plays a minor role in the structuration of H8 CXCR4; however, its pyroglutaminated analogue interacts differently with its chemical environment, showing increased susceptibility to solvent variations compared to the native form. The pyroglutaminated analogue exhibits altered behavior when interacting with lipid models, suggesting a significant impact on its interaction with cell membranes. A unique combination of atomic force microscopy and infrared nanospectroscopy revealed that pyroglutamination affects supramolecular self-assembly, leading to highly packed molecular arrangements and a crystalline structure. Moreover, the presence of pyroglumatic acid has been found to favor the formation of amyloidogenic aggregates. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering pyroglutamination in peptide synthesis and proteomics and its potential significance in amyloidosis.

The Potential of Cellulolytic Yeast Pichia manshurica UNJCC Y-123, Saccharomyces cerevisiae UNCC Y-84, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae UNJCC Y-83 to Produce Cellulase Enzyme by Using Substrate Skin Delignification of Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa)

Exploring the possibility of using agricultural waste as a substrate for the synthesis of cellulase enzymes for fuel and renewable energy is the main goal of this study, which is in line with the notions of sustainable development and environmental stewardship. The product of delignification of cocoa peel can be used as a substrate for cellulase enzymes producing by yeast isolated from Balinese palm wine. Cellulase enzymes made from yeast from Balinese palm wine can be produced using the delignified cocoa peel as a substrate. This study aims to analyze the cellulase enzyme activity of yeast from Bali's palm wine on delignified cocoa bark substrates. The tests carried out were delignification of cocoa bark (solvent variations: HCl, H2SO4 and NaOH; concentrations: 1, 1.5 and 2 %; biomass 1:15 and 1:20 (w/v)); screening of cellulolytic yeast from Balinese palm wine; molecular identification and morphological characteristics of yeast; and cellulase enzyme activity (variation of yeast isolates and fermentation time of 48, 72 and 96 h). The results of delignification of cocoa shells showed that the use of 1.5 % NaOH solvent with cocoa shell powder biomass of 1:15 (9.59 ± 0.11) significantly differed from the value of reducing sugar content. Based on the screening results of 6 yeast isolates, 3 yeast isolates with the highest cellulolytic index values were selected, namely UNJCC Y-83 (0.29 ± 0.01 mm), UNJCC Y-123 (0.24 ± 0.01 mm) and UNJCC Y-84 (0.23 ± 0.01 mm). For testing cellulase enzyme activity. S. cerevisiae UNJCC Y-83 (4.11 ± 0.41 U/mL); S. cerevisiae UNJCC Y-84 (4.11 ± 0.33 U/mL) and P. manshurica UNJCC Y-123 (4.06 ± 0.12 U/mL) at 96 h of fermentation had significantly different cellulase enzyme activity. The results of identification of yeast rDNA in the D1/D2 region with NL1/NL4 primers obtained the identity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae UNJCC Y-83; Saccharomyces cerevisiae UNJCC Y-84 (99.66 % homology); and Pichia manshurica (100 % homology). Theobroma cocoa rind can be used as a yeast substrate to produce cellulase enzymes for fuel and renewable energy. HIGHLIGHTS Screening of 6 yeast isolates, 3 yeast isolates with the highest cellulolytic index values were selected, namely UNJCC Y-83 (0.29 ± 0.01 mm), UNJCC Y-123 (0.24 ± 0.01 mm) and UNJCC Y-84 (0.23 ± 0.01 mm) for testing molecular identification and cellulase enzyme activity The result of rDNA sequence analysis in the D1/D2 region showed that the yeast isolates UNJCC Y-83 and UNJCC Y-84 had a homology level of 99.66 % as Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a bootstrap value of 92 %. UNJCC Y-123 yeast isolate has a homology level of 100 % as Pichia manshurica with a bootstrap value of 100 % cerevisiae UNJCC Y-83 (4.11 ± 0.41 U/mL); S. cerevisiae UNJCC Y-84 (4.11 ± 0.33 U/mL); and P. manshurica UNJCC Y-123 (4.06 ± 0.12 U/mL) at 96 h of fermentation had significantly different cellulase enzyme activity Theobroma cocoa rind can be used as a yeast substrate to produce cellulase enzymes for fuel and renewable energy GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Evolution of phase diagrams of polymer adsorption over attractive surfaces as a function of flexibility and solvent quality

ABSTRACT We describe the equilibrium conformations of a polymer near an attractive surface for different conditions in solvent quality and polymer stiffness. Using molecular dynamics techniques in a canonical ensemble, we show the evolution of the phase diagrams as function of temperature and surface interaction strength. Phase diagrams show an ampler variety of possible conformations due to changes in solvent quality compared to stiffness for which variations in conformations appear mainly in the degree of adsorption. We show that the adsorption transition is independent of solvent quality and stiffness. When both parameters change simultaneously, solvent effects are stronger than the stiffness secluding the stiff conformations to regions of low temperature and high surface attraction. A remarkable observation is that the radius of gyration perpendicular component to the surface, , signals the adsorption transition at coincidental points for each system independently of solvent and stiffness variations in all simulations, which may be of aid in locating this transition in other systems.

Optimization of Extraction Lannea coromandelica for Antioxidant Activity using Analytical Factorial Design Approach

Background: The yield of active compound in a plant can be affected by the extraction method, such as variety of solvent and extraction technique used. Objectives: This study aimed to optimize the yield of Lannea coromandelica leaf extract using several types of solvent and extraction techniques and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Material and Methods: This study used a variety of solvent like distilled water, ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate with maceration, reflux, and sonication extraction techniques. The extract obtained was calculated for the percent yield and analyzed for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method by UV -Vis Spectrophotometry with 523.5 nm maximum wavelength. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by factorial design analysis in Minitab 21 software. Results: The highest percentage yields was obtained from the extract with ethanol solvent, followed by distilled water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The highest extraction techniques was obtained from reflux and followed by maceration and sonication extracts. Analytical factorial design analysis showed that the linearity of solvent variation and extraction technique had a significant effect (P&gt;0.05). From the analysis, it was found that there was a significant difference between the effect of the solvent on the antioxidant activities compared to the extraction technique. The extracts obtained have a very strong antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals. T Conclusions: L. coromandelica plant aquadest extract has potential to be developed in optimalization extraction method.

The Effect of Solvent Variation on Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Films Prepared by Hydrothermal Method

The Effect of Solvent Variation on Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Films Prepared by Hydrothermal Method

Development of the P-Arylation of Dithieno[3,2-b : 2',3'-d]phosphole with Aryl Iodonium Salts.

P-Arylation of dithieno[3,2-b : 2',3'-d]phosphole toward cationic phenyl phospholium species using diaryliodonium reagents was explored. Multiple conditions were tested to optimize the reaction, including variation of solvent, temperature, stoichiometry, time, and aryliodonium species employed. Initial use of diphenyliodonium chloride led to an unexpected dithienophosphole Cu(I) chloride complex that was characterized crystallographically. Alternatively, the use of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate in ethanol under microwave conditions led to the successful isolation of the P-arylated target. The phenyl dithienophospholium species exhibits blue luminescence with a quantum yield of 100 % in solution that is considerably red-shifted in the solid state. The photophysics and solid-state organization of the new species were compared with those of a related methyl congener, showing distinct differences that are assigned to the nature of the carbon-based substituent at the phosphorus center, which was also confirmed by DFT calculations, and the supramolecular organization in the solid state.