Variations In Total Phenolics Research Articles

Seasonal variations in the phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and mineral content of south Indian black tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)

In the Anamallais region of south India, crop shoots from the UPASI-3, UPASI-9, UPASI-17, Assam seedlings, and TRI-2043 cultivars were examined for seasonal variations in total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and minerals during four harvest seasons: summer (January to March), premonsoon (April and May), monsoon (June to September), and winter (October to December) of two consecutive years. The total phenolics of all cultivars were lower in monsoon period and grew over rest of the seasons and it was greater during summer. Crop shoot antioxidant activity as measured by the DPPH radical scavenging experiment exhibited a similar pattern to total phenolics. Summer was the season with the highest antioxidant activity across all cultivars, followed by premonsoon, winter, and monsoon. On the other hand, the employed cultivars differed noticeably in terms of seasonal change of minerals. These results appear to indicate that the harvest period is hypercritical in deciding the antioxidant potency of tea crop shoots.

Variations in total phenolics in Sargassum plagiophyllum and their cytotoxic activities

Variations in total phenolics in Sargassum plagiophyllum and their cytotoxic activities

Targeted UHPLC-QTOF-IMS based metabolite profiling for bioactive compounds in Rosa webbiana wallich ex royle: An unexploited native from western himalayas

The current study focused on the tissues of wild Rosa webbiana from different altitudes of Indian Western Himalayas for vitamin C content, total phenolics, flavonoids, total sugars, and antioxidant potential. To date, there are very few studies on underutilized tissues viz. fruits, leaves and stem of Rosa webbiana growing in the higher altitudes. The targeted UHPLC-QTOF-IMS illustrated the phenolics fingerprinting of tissue extracts. Twelve bioactive compounds were detected with quercetin, kaempferol, and their derivatives dominantly in stem and leaves. The results have revealed that fruits possessed the highest vitamin C, and sugar contents (960, and 191.6 mg/100 g, respectively). Compared to other tissues, leaves showed the highest total phenolics as well as best results in vitro assays employed to assess antioxidant potential. The antioxidant activity showed a positive correlation with total phenolics. A significant variation in total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant potential was mainly attributed to oxidative stress on plants due to altitude difference, and secondary metabolite production. Taken together, the underutilized tissues of Rosa webbiana could be exploited as a promising, low-cost resource of phenolic compounds in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Our study will pave the way to developing food products from Rosa webbiana, a natural source for health-conscious people.

Nutraceutical potential of the pulp of five cultivars of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] grown in Burkina Faso

ABSTRACT Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is a cucurbit with high value in Burkina Faso. It is appreciated for its fruits, which are widely consumed. In the literature, watermelon is described as an important source of bioactive compounds beneficial to health. There is very little scientific data on this supposed nutraceutical potential of the watermelon. This study aimed to characterize the nutraceutical and antioxidant potential of the pulp of five watermelon cultivars grown in Burkina Faso to identify the best cultivars for consumers. The study focused on the physicochemical, nutraceutical, and antioxidant activity characterization of the cultivars using standard methods. This study revealed a significant variation in total phenolics, flavonoids, β-carotene, and lycopene contents between the five cultivars while the color did not show significant variation. The color parameters with ΔE ranging from 40.62 ± 4.87 (SB cultivar) to 48.90 ± 15.81 (KK cultivar) determined did not reveal any significant difference between cultivars. For the phytochemical parameters: total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, β-carotene, and lycopene, the cultivars KK and KA showed the highest content. The statistical analysis of the results shows positive correlations between phytochemical composition and pulp color. The color could thus, depending on the cultivar and its maturity, constitute a preliminary indicator of choice for the estimation of the content of bioactive compounds.

Synergistic influence of CuO nanoparticles and spectral lights transforms biomass, antioxidative response, and antioxidants in Brassica nigra

Some nanoparticles (NPs) have photocatalytic and photodynamic properties that change on variation in wavelength of light carrying different energies. To access photo-dynamic toxicity of CuO NPs, Brassica nigra seeds were in vitro grown on CuO NPs supplemented media under the exposure of five different spectral lights (white, blue, red, yellow and green). Light wavelength significantly affected shoot and root length and fresh weight of B. nigra and CuO NPs exerted different level of toxicity under these lights. Noteworthy variations were observed in free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidantive response and total reducing power potential when plants were grown in presence of NPs and spectral lights. Significant variations in total phenolics and flavonoids contents were observed in shoots as compared with roots. HPLC analysis presented variation in phenolics in shoots extracts under synergistic influence of NPs and light regime. The study shows that nanoparticles exert different level of toxicity under different wavelengths of lights. Resultantly plants show variations in morphological and biochemical responses. Consequently secondary metabolites produce in plants at varying concentrations to mitigate nanotoxicity under photodynamic response. Phenolics and flavonoid production enhance in plant grown in presence of CuO NPs and different wavelength of striking light.

Variability of bioactive properties and antioxidant activity in commercially grown cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) cultivars grown in India

In this study, six commercial cherry tomato cultivars were analysed for variations in biochemical and technological parameters. Significant differences were observed among cultivars with respect to their technological and functional quality attributes. About 2.48-fold variation in titratable acidity, 2.47-fold variation in total phenolics, 4.13-fold variation in total carotenoid and 7.68-fold variation in lycopene contents were recorded. The total antioxidant activity and respiration rate were also found to vary about 1.85-fold and 1.48-fold, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were found in the Cherry tomato hybrid no.1 followed by Pusa cherry tomato-1. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that Cherry tomato hybrid no. 1, Pusa cherry tomato-1, and Nagmoti cultivars were abundantly rich in phytochemical and bioactive compounds.

Improved lignocellulolytic enzyme production and antioxidant extraction using solid‐state fermentation of olive pomace mixed with winery waste

AbstractOlive pomace is characterized by its low nutritional value and high phenolic content, which hinders its direct use as animal feed, fertilizer, or as a substrate in bioprocesses such as solid‐state fermentation (SSF). A possible strategy for bioprocessing olive pomace by SSF is the mixture of olive mill wastes with other wastes produced in the same region, such as winery wastes. This may improve the production of bioactive compounds like enzymes and antioxidant phenolics. A simplex‐centroid design was used to evaluate the use of olive mill and winery wastes alone or in combination as a substrate for SSF with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ibericus. Synergistic effects of combinations of crude olive pomace (COP), exhausted olive pomace (EOP), vine trimming shoots (VTS), and exhausted grape marc (EGM) were observed in the production of xylanases, cellulases, β‐glucosidases, and in the variation in total phenolics and antioxidant activity of SFF extracts. A multiple response optimization was carried out, leading to the following optimal mixture of substrates: for A. niger, 23% (w/w) COP, 30% EGM, 33% VTS, 14% EOP; for A. ibericus, 30% EGM, 36% VTS, 34% EOP. The scale‐up to tray bioreactor with optimal substrate made it possible to achieve the maximum xylanase, cellulase, and β‐glucosidase production of 189.1 ± 26.7, 56.3 ± 2.1 and 10.9 ± 0.8 U/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of fermented wastes was also improved 2.2‐fold as compared with unfermented wastes. Thus, a combination of olive mill and winery wastes in SSF is a potential strategy to increase their value and to develop a circular strategy in these industries. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

국내육성 품종 ‘하례조생’의 생리활성 성분과 항산화 활성

A new early maturing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) ‘Haryejosaeng’ was developed at the Citrus Research Institute, Korea. The present study investigated the variation in total phenolics (TP), flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of fruits of ‘Haryejosaeng’ according to the harvest from September 2018 to December 2018, in Jeju. Colorirmetric methods were employed for the quantitative TP analysis, and the antioxidant activity by in vitro assay methods for DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide. The flavonoid and carotenoid compositions of ‘Haryejosaeng’ were compared with HPLC method. The total phenolics contents, flavonoid, antioxidant activity in both peel and flesh of ‘Haryejosaeng’ decreased during ripening. However, the amounts of β-cryptoxanthin in flesh increased from 0.2 to 1.86 mg/100 g during ripening. The major flavonoids of ‘Haryejosaeng’ extract were narirutin, hesperidin, rutin, nobiletin, and tangeretin. The changes observed for the antioxidant activity of ‘Haryejosaeng’ was correlated with the content of flavonoid and phenolics which can indicate that these compounds may act by capturing free radicals. Therefore, these results suggest that fruits of ‘Haryejosaeng’ are a significant source of antioxidant compounds such as phenolics, flavonoid and β-cryptoxanthin. These finding will allow the determination of appropriate times for harvesting Haryejosaengs containing the highest amount of specific bioactive makers for achieving improved health benefits and functional properties.

Abiotic factors during a one-year vegetation period affect sage phenolic metabolites, antioxidants and antimicrobials

Different geographical, ecological and climatic factors along with genetic ones have an impact on the variability of plant secondary metabolites as they significantly influence plant growth and development. In this study, sage samples were collected during a one-year vegetation period. Phenolic metabolite profiling was performed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic assays. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by four different methods, while the antibacterial activity was tested against four major foodborne pathogens. According to the results, the harvest period significantly influences concentration and phenolic profile and consequently the biological activity of the herb. The highest share of phenolics was obtained for extracts from September, July and May, the months characterised by relatively high temperatures and low rainfall. Nevertheless, significant differences in antioxidant and antibacterial activity between samples are the consequence not only of variations in total phenolics but also differences in the amount of individual phenolic compounds.

HPLC AND ESI-MS ANALYSIS OF VANILLIN ANALOGUE 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXY BENZALDEHYDE IN SWALLOW ROOT – THE INFLUENCE OF HABITAT HETEROGENEITY ON ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL

Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn., is a plant species that is endemic to southern parts of India. The aim of this study is to explore the influence of habitat heterogeneity on total phenolics, flavonoids, flavor compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (2H4MB) and antioxidant potential of tubers. The flavor metabolite 2H4MB was quantified by HPLC using isocratic solvent system (methanol : acetonitrile : water : acetic acid 47 : 10 : 42 : 1) that indicates obvious difference in 2H4MB content of tubers with a maximum of 96.4 ±2.6 and 92.6 ±1.2 mg 100 g–1 dry weight basis (DW) in samples from B.R. Hills and Mysore area of Karnataka, followed by samples from Tirumalai Hills and Kurnool from Andhra Pradesh (89.02 ±0.9 mg 100 g–1 DW), Tamil Nadu (81.6 ±2.4 mg 100 g–1 DW) and Kerala (80.18 ±1.1 mg 100 g–1 DW) of tubers. There was variation in total phenolics, total flavonoids and 2H4MB content of root samples collected from different habitats. Also significant variation in free radical scavenging potential of methanol root extracts was noticed, which is directly proportional to the phenolics, and flavonoids content. Overall, there was 10–16% difference in content of 2H4MB in D. hamiltonii tubers that were collected from different natural habitats, and this habitat heterogeneity has to be considered vital, while using such tubers for edible purposes and food formulations.

Antioxidant Potential of Indian Eggplant: Comparison Among White, Purple and Green Genotypes Using Chemometrics

Twenty-six eggplant genotypes of different colours were evaluated for their variations in total phenolics, total flavonoids, total monomeric anthocyanin and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant potentiality was determined using two in vitro assays, viz. cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Additionally, five colour attributes were evaluated. Among the eggplant genotypes, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed with respect to antioxidant composition and antioxidant activity. Total phenolics and total flavonoids varied from 13.00 to 49.29 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) and 5.30 to 28.70 mg/100 g FW, respectively. Chemometric tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were used to understand the possible classification of Indian eggplant genotypes based on their colour properties, antioxidant composition and antioxidant potentiality. PCA revealed that the first two components represented 80.68% of the total variability in the total variation. AHC classified genotypes into three main groups on the basis of the measured parameters. A white-coloured genotype was found to be the richer source of phenolics and flavonoids with high antioxidant activity.

Variations in total phenolics and antioxidant enzymes cause phenotypic variability and differential resistant response in tomato genotypes against early blight disease

Abstract Early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani is one of the dreadful diseases of the tomato. Existing cultural practices and fungicide applications are not enough to combat with the pathogen while, use of resistant cultivars is one of the most important ways to reduce disease damage. Currently, twenty-five tomato genotypes were screened out against the effect of early blight disease by artificially inoculating the plants with A. solani. The four tomato genotypes were kept in highly resistant (HR) group, 4 in resistant (RR), 5 in moderately resistant (MR), 4 in tolerant (TT), 5 in susceptible (SS) and 3 in highly susceptible (HS) on the basis of significant difference (LSD, p ≤ 0.05) in disease incidence, percent severity index and plant mortality. Growth attributes were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased in SS and HS as compared to un-inoculated plants (control). Total phenolics, total protein content and activities of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) were highly up-regulated in resistant groups than in susceptible groups linked with the induction of resistance against A. solani. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed a highly significant and very strong association between total phenolics and each biochemical component in HR and RR. The results of the current investigation indicated that phenolic compounds and activities of antioxidant enzymes in infected leaves could be used to assist the screening of resistant genotypes at early stages of early blight development.

Variability of bioactive properties and antioxidant activity in commercially grown litchi cultivars in India

In this study, fourteen commercial litchi cultivars grown under Indian condition were analysed for variations in total anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids and total antioxidant activity. Significant differences were obtained among the cultivars with respect to different bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. About 2.35-fold variation in ascorbic acid, 1.88-fold variation in total phenolics, 3.70-fold variation in total flavonoids and 2.02-fold variation in total anthocyanins were recorded among the different litchi cultivars. The total antioxidant activity among the litchi cultivars were also found to vary about 1.51-fold. Principal component analysis showed that the first three components represented 76.45% of total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the cultivars into six groups based on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Among the cultivars evaluated, Dehra Rose, Bombay, Deshi and Large Red were found to be rich in bioactive compounds and exhibited higher antioxidant activity than other cultivars. These can be used in crop improvement programme to breed varieties rich in phytochemicals and to develop functional food-based products to increase dietary intake of health promoting bioactive compounds.

Sexual differences and seasonal variations in total phenolics and antioxidant properties in Hippophae rhamnoides leaves

Sexual differences and seasonal variations in total phenolics and antioxidant properties in Hippophae rhamnoides leaves

Variation in Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity Among Various Solvent Fractions of Bark of Babul (Acacia nilotica) Using Different Extraction Techniques

Variation in Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity Among Various Solvent Fractions of Bark of Babul (Acacia nilotica) Using Different Extraction Techniques

Variation in the content of total phenolics, anthocyanins and antimicrobial effects in two fractions of blueberries different cultivars

Abstract Two fractions (pomace and juice) of blueberries of seven commercial cultivars growing in the same plantation were analysed for the content of total phenolics (TPC), total anthocyanins (TAC) and effects on food pathogens over different harvesting years. TPC in pomace did not differ significantly between years only in ‘Gretha’ and ‘Northblue’ cultivars; they accumulated stable content of phenolics. The variation in TAC in pomace across seasons was 2–5 times higher than that in TPC. The variations in TPC and TAC in juice across harvesting years were lower than in pomace, but both TPC and TAC in this fraction also differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) between years in all studied cultivars. The activity of juice and pomace of cultivars against food pathogens was mostly stable and did not show significant differences between harvesting years; the significant correlations were not established between antimicrobial activity of both berries fractions and TPC and TAC in all investigated cultivars. Bacteria were the most susceptible to blueberry juice with Micrococcus spp., Bacillus macerans and Escherichia coli being the most sensitive species. The evaluation of antifungal effect shows that only P. chrysogenum was sensitive to the juice of blueberries, while Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sphaerosphermum and Penicillium chrysogenum showed resistance to the tested blueberries juice and pomace extracts.

Impact of Altitudes and Habitats on Valerenic Acid, Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, Tannins, and Antioxidant Activity of Valeriana jatamansi.

The changes in total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, valerenic acid, and antioxidant activity were assessed in 25 populations of Valeriana jatamansi sampled from 1200 to 2775m asl and four habitat types of Uttarakhand, West Himalaya. Significant (p < 0.05) variations in total phenolics, flavonoids, valerenic acid, and antioxidant activity in aerial and root portions and across the populations were observed. Antioxidant activity measured by three in vitro antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picryylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, showed significant (p < 0.05) differences across the populations. However, no clear pattern was found in phytochemicals across the altitudinal range. Among habitat types, (pine, oak, mixed forest, and grassy land), variation in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity were observed. Equal class ranking, neighbor-joining cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) identified Talwari, Jaberkhet, Manjkhali, and Khirshu populations as promising sources with higher phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. The results recommended that the identified populations with higher value of phytochemicals and antioxidants can be utilized for mass multiplication and breeding program to meet the domestic as well as commercial demand.

White wine taste and mouthfeel as affected by juice extraction and processing.

The juice used to make white wine can be extracted using various physical processes that affect the amount and timing of contact of juice with skins. The influence of juice extraction processes on the mouthfeel and taste of white wine and their relationship to wine composition were determined. The amount and type of interaction of juice with skins affected both wine total phenolic concentration and phenolic composition. Wine pH strongly influenced perceived viscosity, astringency/drying, and acidity. Despite a 5-fold variation in total phenolics among wines, differences in bitter taste were small. Perceived viscosity was associated with higher phenolics but was not associated with either glycerol or polysaccharide concentration. Bitterness may be reduced by using juice extraction and handling processes that minimize phenolic concentration, but lowering phenolic concentration may also result in wines of lower perceived viscosity.

Investigating the antioxidant potential of Turkish herbs and spices

Herbs and spices have been used for many purposes including medicine, flavourings, and preservatives, etc. Constituents of herbs and spices can function as natural antioxidants and thus improve human nutrition and health. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 35 different Turkish herbs and spices and to determine their antioxidant activity. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacities were analysed by four different methods: 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay. The correlation coefficients (R2) between spectrophotometric assays were calculated. Wide variation in total phenolics (TP; 0.36-104 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (TF; 0.44-53.7 mg CE/g) and antioxidant capacity (TAC; 0.88-1007 mg trolox equivalent/g) was observed. Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), yarrow (Ac...

Genotypic variation in total phenolics, antioxidant activity, enzymatic activity and quality attributes among kiwifruit cultivars

Fruits of ‘Hayward’, ‘Allison’, Abbott’, ‘Bruno’ and ‘Monty’ cultivars of kiwifruit were evaluated for weight loss (WL), decay rot, fruit firmness, total phenolics, rates of ethylene production and respiration, antioxidant (AOX) activity, polygalacturonase (PG) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme activities and quality attributes at ambient conditions (22 ± 2 °C and 62 ± 6 % RH). A significant variability existed among the cultivars. Fruits of ‘Hayward’ and ‘Allison’ exhibited lower WL and decay loss and higher firmness values, lower activities of PG and LOX enzymes and suspended the respiration and ethylene production peaks for longer time than other cultivars, contained higher level of phenolic content and exhibited higher AOX activity. Fruits of ‘Bruno’ and ‘Monty’ showed higher WL and decay rot, respiration and ethylene production rates and lower levels of phenolics and AOX activity. Thus, it can be concluded that ‘Hayward’ and ‘Allison’ were better cultivars of kiwifruit than ‘Bruno’ or ‘Monty’ at ambient conditions (22 ± 2 °C and 62 ± 6 % RH).