Time Variation Research Articles

Stability analysis of a uniform viscous transonic flow past a rotating circular cylinder

This work analyzes the transonic flow around a rotating circular cylinder. The combination of a uniform freestream flow and the flow due to the rotation of the cylinder (assuming clockwise rotation) generates a lift force (Robins-Magnus effect) that, for transonic flows, is conditioned by the presence of a shock wave on the upper side of the cylinder.Previous studies have focused primarily on incompressible flows, compressible flows at low Mach numbers, and hypersonic flows with detached shock waves. These works have barely considered the effect of the presence of the shock wave, its interaction with the wake of the cylinder and its impact in the aerodynamic coefficients.Two-dimensional numerical simulations have been carried out using the SU2 code. From these simulations, the value of the aerodynamic coefficients as a function of time and a set of snapshots of the fluid field have been obtained and analyzed using the POD and DMD techniques. This has allowed the identification of the dominant modes that characterize the time variations in the lift and drag coefficients acting on the circular cylinder for different values of the characteristic parameters of the problem.

Interactions between runoff volume, timing, and annual temperatures shape migration phenology of a threatened adfluvial sucker

AbstractMigratory fish species have been particularly impacted by changes to the hydrologic and climatic cues to which migration and spawning behaviours have been adapted across generations. While conservation and recovery programs increasingly implement flow management actions to promote successful migration and spawning, uncertainty regarding how spawning migration phenology responds to changing environmental conditions can limit the ability to effectively target such recovery actions. Here, we use a Bayesian hierarchical modelling framework to analyse spawning migration phenology of individually tagged June suckers (Chasmistes liorus) – a federally threatened, long‐lived, iteroparous, adfluvial species endemic to Utah Lake (Utah, USA) and its tributaries. We then examine how annual hydrologic and thermal conditions relate to different components of annual migration phenology, including peak migration date, in‐stream residence time, and among‐individual variation in migration timing. Peak migration date occurred earlier in years with warmer spring air temperatures (a proxy for water temperatures), though this effect interacted with peak runoff timing. Both residence time and among‐individual variation in migration timing were greater in years with larger spring discharge and later peak flows. Residence time was also longer in warmer years. These results highlight how natural and anthropogenic changes to river flow and thermal regimes are likely to impact June sucker migration timing and duration, and our approach can be applied to other migratory species to identify the external drivers of the different components of migration phenology.

Effect of stabilization and carbonization treatment on the chemical and physical transformation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based electrospun carbon nanofibers

The present study delves into the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) utilising electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats, with a specific focus on the influence of oxidative stabilisation and carbonisation treatments. This research aims to thoroughly understand how variations in stabilisation time and temperature, as well as carbonisation temperature, impact the CNFs properties. These properties include fiber size, morphology, chemical and crystal structure transformation, thermal behaviour, and surface characteristics. Our methodology involved a detailed examination of the thermal treatment processes, where we observed a significant decrease in fiber size, though the surface morphology of the fibers remained largely unaffected. We employed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to track the transformation of nitrile groups in PAN to imine groups, which indicated the progression of cyclisation reactions. Complementary analyses through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed a high degree of these reactions, particularly at stabilisation temperatures extending to 250 °C and beyond. The cyclisation process was found to be complete during the carbonisation phase, at temperatures reaching 450 °C and above. Further, x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns offered insight into the changes in the crystal structure, particularly in the packing of the d(002) spacing because of the stabilisation and carbonisation processes. This findings from this study not only elucidate the intricate process of CNFs production from electrospun PAN nanofiber mats but also highlight the critical factors that influence their final properties. These insights are invaluable for the development of advanced CNFs with tailored properties suitable for a range of applications, including but not limited to energy storage, electronics, and as supporting materials in various technological domains.

The variation in the response of solar full-disc magnetographs

The utility of full solar disc magnetograms as a long-term record of the photospheric magnetic field requires an understanding of how stable these observations are with time and the systematic differences between the various instruments. We compared magnetograms from the KPVT/SPM, SoHO/MDI, SOLIS/VSM, and SDO/HMI with the aim of probing the effect on measured solar magnetism of the variation in instrument response with time, magnetogram signal level, and position on the solar disc. Taking near-simultaneous observations from the various instruments, we examined the surface coverage by magnetic activity and the effect of cross-calibrating the various instruments under different assumptions. By comparing the surface coverage by magnetic activity in the observations from the various instruments, we traced the effect of the time variation in instrument response on the longitudinal magnetogram signal and disc-integrated unsigned magnetic flux. This yielded evidence of acute changes in the response of MDI and VSM with certain events such as the SoHO vacation in 1998 and the upgrade of the VSM CCD camera in 2009. Excluding these changes, the effect of instrument instability on the magnetogram signal and disc-integrated magnetic flux appears to be rather benign, with an associated uncertainty of less than 2$<!PCT!>$. We determined the magnetogram signal ratio between each instrument pairing as a function of magnetogram signal level and distance from disc centre and with it cross-calibrated the various instruments. We compared the result with that from repeating the cross-calibration with the overall magnetogram signal ratio. This allowed us to estimate the uncertainty in the magnetogram signal associated with the variation in instrument response with magnetogram signal level and distance from disc centre to be about 8$<!PCT!>$ to 14$<!PCT!>$. The corresponding uncertainty in the disc-integrated magnetic flux is about 7$<!PCT!>$ to 23 $<!PCT!>$. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind to quantify the uncertainty in measured magnetism from the variation in instrument response with time, magnetogram signal level, and disc position. The results here will be useful to the interpretation of SPM, MDI, VSM, and HMI magnetograms. As examples, we applied our findings to selected results from earlier studies based on such data.

Application of direct PCR technique using specified mitochondrial DNAencoded ND4 and D-Loop genes on detecting pork DNA in processed meat products

Adulteration or counterfeiting of food products raises public concerns about the halal issue. Many issues related to food products such as meatballs, sausages, and corned beef use pork for counterfeiting. This study aimed to determine a direct polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) technique for pork DNA detection in processed meat products such as meatballs, sausages, and corned beef in a short time and at a low cost using specific primers, ND4 and D-Loop. The study used a direct PCR technique with variations in the incubation time and temperature of the lysis process on the sample. The concentration of DNA obtained from the lysis results with variations in incubation time and temperature in fresh meat and processed meat products was 66.17-469.23 ng/µL, and the purity of DNA in fresh and processed meat products was 1.70-2.25. ND4 primer was more sensitive to DNA amplification than D-Loop in processed meat products using direct PCR. Meatballs, sausages, and corned beef products written on the packaging using beef did not detect any mixing or addition of pork. Direct PCR can detect pork DNA in processed meat products such as meatballs, sausages and corned beef.

Red Flag Signs and Symptoms for Patients With Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer

Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), defined as a diagnosis at younger than age 50 years, is increasing, and so-called red flag signs and symptoms among these individuals are often missed, leading to diagnostic delays. Improved recognition of presenting signs and symptoms associated with EOCRC could facilitate more timely diagnosis and impact clinical outcomes. To report the frequency of presenting red flag signs and symptoms among individuals with EOCRC, to examine their association with EOCRC risk, and to measure variation in time to diagnosis from sign or symptom presentation. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched from database inception through May 2023. Studies that reported on sign and symptom presentation or time from sign and symptom presentation to diagnosis for patients younger than age 50 years diagnosed with nonhereditary CRC were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently in duplicate for all included studies using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guidelines. Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools were used to measure risk of bias. Data on frequency of signs and symptoms were pooled using a random-effects model. Outcomes of interest were pooled proportions of signs and symptoms in patients with EOCRC, estimates for association of signs and symptoms with EOCRC risk, and time from sign or symptom presentation to EOCRC diagnosis. Of the 12 859 unique articles initially retrieved, 81 studies with 24 908 126 patients younger than 50 years were included. The most common presenting signs and symptoms, reported by 78 included studies, were hematochezia (pooled prevalence, 45% [95% CI, 40%-50%]), abdominal pain (pooled prevalence, 40% [95% CI, 35%-45%]), and altered bowel habits (pooled prevalence, 27% [95% CI, 22%-33%]). Hematochezia (estimate range, 5.2-54.0), abdominal pain (estimate range, 1.3-6.0), and anemia (estimate range, 2.1-10.8) were associated with higher EOCRC likelihood. Time from signs and symptoms presentation to EOCRC diagnosis was a mean (range) of 6.4 (1.8-13.7) months (23 studies) and a median (range) of 4 (2.0-8.7) months (16 studies). In this systematic review and meta-analysis of patients with EOCRC, nearly half of individuals presented with hematochezia and abdominal pain and one-quarter with altered bowel habits. Hematochezia was associated with at least 5-fold increased EOCRC risk. Delays in diagnosis of 4 to 6 months were common. These findings highlight the need to identify concerning EOCRC signs and symptoms and complete timely diagnostic workup, particularly for individuals without an alternative diagnosis or sign or symptom resolution.

Comprehensive study on the development of an automatic helmet violator detection system (AHVDS) using advanced machine learning techniques

The number of motorcycle accidents has increased rapidly due to different causes. Helmet is a one of the major safety equipment that helps to reduce the fatal accidents even though many of the motorcyclists are not used that. Currently many researchers have focused on traffic violator detection but they are yet to identify the violated person details as it requires high resolution cameras and expensive sensors for number plate extraction. This research article is focused on comprehensive study on the development of an automated helmet violation detection with number plate extraction in real time. This study divides the dataset into rider with helmet, rider without helmet, passenger with helmet and passenger without helmet classes, and four training model was created to detect helmet in rider and passengers. The proposed model was constructed in three stages to attain high accuracy with a vast amount of training dataset. In the first stage, the helmet was detected in the input image using the deep learning object-detection model .In the second stage, if the helmet identification confirmed in the input image then the entire motorcyclist image is segmented based on object segmentation model. In the third stage, number plate training model is deployed into the same object detection and object segmentation model to identify and segment the license plates in the motorcyclist image. This study primarily incorporates the Mask Region based Convolution Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN) for object detection and segmentation Further, it incorporates the three different deep neural networks like Dense block Network (DenseNet-121), Residual Network (ResNet-101) and Inception Residual Network architecture V2layers (Inception Res Net V2) to create accurate helmet violator detections with more extensive information. The experimental results indicates that this comprehensive helmet violator detection study improves the helmet detection accuracy by 6.2 %.In addition, the above three comprehensive proposed models are evaluated under Wilcoxon rank test for better sensitive information. Further, the less object detection loss (2 %) and significant computational time variation (69 %) indicates the performance of the comprehensive helmet violator detection system was good compared to existing study.

Digital Revolution and Job Quality of Lower Class Workers: Quasi‐experimental Evidence from the Broadband China Program

AbstractThis study examines the impact of the digital revolution on the job quality of workers with a specific focus on those at the lowest end of the spectrum in China's domestic labor market. Leveraging exogenous timing variations that result from the implementation of the Broadband China Program across different cities, it provides quasi‐experimental evidence concerning the effects of the digital revolution on the job quality of lower class workers, particularly rural‐urban migrant workers. Using data from China Migrants Dynamic Survey, this study reveals that migrants’ comprehensive job quality index increased by 0.0138 (5.33 percent), and its component indices experienced positive effects after the Broadband China Program was implemented. This study also investigates heterogeneous policy treatment effects among workers with diverse demographic and occupational characteristics. Underlying mechanisms are considered, including positive macroeconomic shocks, increased social interactions, and Internet use. In particular, migrants’ attitudes toward local settlement became more positive, suggesting that the positive effects of the digital revolution on livelihood lasted for some time. Taking China as an example, this study contributes valuable empirical evidence of how the digital revolution can affect lower class workers’ employment or living conditions in a developing country. Related policy implications are also considered.

Simultaneous Photometric and Spectroscopic Analysis of V505 Lacertae, a Photospherically and Chromospherically Active Contact Binary Star

New BVR photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic observations of V505 Lac are presented with Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometric data. The orbital period has experienced a secular decrease during the past 16 yr. A clear anticorrelation in the primary and secondary eclipse timing variation (PSETV) obtained from the TESS data is also identified. A double-lined radial velocity (RV) curve is secured, and the effective temperatures of the less- and more-massive stars (Stars 1 and 2, respectively) are measured. Using a spectral subtraction technique, excess emissions are detected in the time-series Ca ii H and K and Hα lines for Star 2. Simultaneous analysis of the light and RV curves using the Wilson–Devinney (WD) code reveals that V505 Lac is a photospherically and chromospherically active W-subtype contact binary system. The component-star masses and radii are determined to an accuracy of approximately 1%. The WD spot model is individually applied to 221 light curves segmented from the TESS data so as to derive the spot parameters of a cool spot on Star 2. The combined variations in both longitude and colatitude among the spot parameters appear to be strongly associated with those of both the anticorrelation in the PSETV and the O’Connell effect in the TESS light curves. Robust negative linear relationships between the PSETV anticorrelation size and the O’Connell effect magnitude are found for the first time. Mass–radius, mass–luminosity, and mass ratio–mass diagrams of contact binaries, along with the mass ratio frequency distribution, are presented in an attempt to elucidate the evolutionary characteristics of these systems.

Analytical assessment of hetero-/homogeneous combustion of magnesium particle: Fully explicit formulas for flame characteristics

In this study, by proposing a comprehensive multi-step model, the combustion of magnesium particles in O2-He, O2-Ar, and O2-N2 is scrutinized. In the current model, both the heterogeneous and homogeneous combustions are considered and the process is divided into four stages solid, liquid, and gas combustion and melting. Moreover, the diffusions of oxygen and unreacted magnesium to droplet and infinity together with surface exothermic reaction are considered. The governing equations are analytically solved and then, the formulas are extracted for combustion time and temperature, flame standoff distance, and evaporation rate as the functions of particle diameter, ambient temperature and pressure, oxygen mass fraction, type of inert gas, and Lewis numbers. For 120 µm particle and oxygen content of 0.05, time contributions of homogeneous and heterogeneous combustions are 85.8% and 14.2%, respectively. The burning time has drastic changes at ambient pressures below l atm, so that the burning time variations relative to the pressure in the environments less than 1 atm and greater than it are equal to 1200–1550 and 70–90 ms/atm, respectively. When the oxygen mass fraction is less than 0.29, combustion in helium-oxygen ends earlier than that in O2-Ar and O2-N2, but for the mass fraction greater than 0.35, it has the longest burning time.

Impact of different fermentation times on the microbiological, chemical, and sensorial profile of coffees processed by self-induced anaerobiosis fermentation.

Variation in fermentation time may be an essential alternative to provide coffee beverages with different and unique sensory profiles. This work investigated the microbiological, chemical, and sensory changes in coffees submitted to different fermentation durations (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96h). Self-induced anaerobiosis fermentation (SIAF) was used, and two treatments were performed: spontaneous fermentation and inoculation with S. cerevisiae CCMA0543. Microbiological analyses were performed, and the permanence of the inoculum was monitored. Chromatography (sugars, organic acids, and volatile compounds) was analyzed, and sensory analysis (temporal dominance of sensations - TDS) was performed. A total of 228 isolates were identified during spontaneous fermentation. The dominant bacteria and yeasts were Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Staphylococcus warneri, Bacillus sp., Torulaspora delbrueckii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, and Meyerozyma caribbica. High concentrations of citric (18.67 mg.g- 1) and succinic (5.04 mg.g- 1) acids were detected at 96h in SIAF fermentation. One hundred twenty-one volatile compounds were detected, but 22 were detected only in inoculated coffees. In spontaneous fermentation, 48h of fermentation showed woody notes, while 72h showed chestnuts. However, in the inoculated coffee, 72h of fermentation showed high fruity dominance, and 96h of fermentation was the only one with herbaceous notes. In addition, yeast inoculation increased the intensity of caramel notes in the first 48h and increased the fruity flavor after 72h of fermentation. Therefore, the type of fermentation (with or without inoculation) and the chosen fermentation time will depend on the sensorial profile the producer intends to obtain.

Comparative analysis of near-surface and surface urban heat islands in the Yangtze River Delta region

Compared with surface temperature, the near-surface temperature is more related with human health. However, extensive researches have been conducted on the UHI effect globally using surface temperature considering its accessibility. In this study, a comparative analysis of near-surface and surface urban heat islands in the Yangtze River Delta Region is investigated. This study first proposed a spatialization method suitable for air temperature in highly urbanized areas with complex land cover. Based on this method, a dataset of 1-km gridded air temperature is developed, and an in-depth analysis of the changes of near-surface and surface heat island is further carried out. Results show that both the near-surface urban heat island intensity (NSUHII) and surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) are rather strong over the past 20 years, presenting similar spatial distributions as well. However, in the rapidly expanding urban areas especially during summer and winter seasons, the difference in magnitude and time variations (R) between NSUHII and SUHII are pronounced. Hence, adaptions and mitigation strategies on NSUHI and SUHI should be developed and implemented separately in such occasions, which is especially important for developed areas such as Yangtze River Delta Region.

Congo red dye reduction mediated by the electron (e-) transfer route of BH4- ions using synthesized NiCo2O4/rGO hybrid nanosheets

Abstract The treatment of toxic organic pollutants is extremely important for the conservation of clean air, soil, and water. In this study, (reduced graphene oxide) NiCo2O4/ rGO hybrid nanocomposite was prepared by a facile hydrothermal technique and employed for organic dye degradation from wastewater. The synthesized NiCo2O4/rGO hybrid nanocomposite was studied using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, Raman spectroscopy, and UV-visible. The physical characterizations prove the deposition of NiCo2O4 particles on the rGO surface. The transmission electron microscope image demonstrated that the NiCo2O4 particles with an average size of ~46 nm was dispersed on the rGO surface. The obtained nanoparticles show a higher specific surface area of 56.4 m2/g. Adsorption dynamics as investigated by time and concentration variation show that the adsorption data follows pseudosecond order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 106.2 mg/g, indicating homogeneous physiochemical adsorption of CR dye on the adsorbent surface. Besides, the catalytic effectiveness of synthesized nanocomposite towards Congo red (CR) dye reduction mediated by the electron (e-) transfer route of BH4- ions was explained in detail. The electrostatic interaction used between the NiCo2O4/rGO hybrid composite and Congo red increased the degradation effectiveness of the dye sample. 


Hardness and Microstructure of TiN Coating on Aluminum Alloy with DC Sputtering

Titanium Nitride coating has attracted much interest in increasing the hardness of aluminum alloys. This study aims to investigate the effect of Ar: N gas mixture and time on increasing the hardness of aluminum alloys using DC sputtering. Preparation of TiN thin films on aluminum alloy substrates using flowing gas mixture parameters and time. First, the layer of TiN was deposited on the sample with a gas mixture of 90Ar:10N; 80Ar:20N; 70Ar:30N; and 60Ar:40N (%) for 60 minutes. Then the optimum gas mixture that produces the highest surface hardness is used in the second process with time variations of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The results showed that the highest hardness was achieved in a gas mixture of 70Ar:30N and 60 minutes. The TiN phase formed on the aluminum surface was identified by XRD, while the surface morphology was observed by SEM. Compared with untreated samples, the hardness of treated samples increased significantly.

Exact Nonlinear Decomposition of Ideal-MHD Waves Using Eigenenergies

In this paper, we introduce a new method for exact decomposition of propagating, nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbances into their component eigenenergies associated with the familiar slow, Alfvén, and fast wave eigenmodes, and the entropy and field-divergence pseudoeigenmodes. First, the mathematical formalism is introduced, where it is illustrated how the ideal-MHD eigensystem can be used to construct a decomposition of the time variation of the total energy density into contributions from the eigenmodes. The decomposition method is then demonstrated by applying it to the output of three separate nonlinear MHD simulations. The analysis of the simulations confirms that the component wave modes of a composite wavefield are uniquely identified by the method. The slow, Alfvén, and fast energy densities are shown to evolve in exactly the way expected from comparison with known linear solutions and nonlinear properties, including processes such as mode conversion. Along the way, some potential pitfalls for the numerical implementation of the decomposition method are identified and discussed. We conclude that the exact, nonlinear decomposition method introduced is a powerful and promising tool for understanding the nature of the decomposition of MHD waves as well as analyzing and interpreting the output of dynamic MHD simulations.

Structural shifts in bank credit ratings

We investigate the time variation in credit rating standards awarded to financial institutions of commercial bank credit ratings awarded by the three principal CRAs from 1990 to 2015 in a world-wide context by testing for well-defined structural shifts. We focus on the part of the ratings that cannot be accounted using publicly available information. We test whether major financial events are conditioning, ex-post such changes Distinctively in this paper’s timespan our analysis covers four periods: (i) before and (ii) after the 2001–2 corporate collapses, followed by (iii) before the global financial crisis and (iv) after the global financial crisis. We find substantial differences in the assignment of bank credit ratings among the three major agencies, Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P. Agencies differ both in terms of re-adjustment of ratings but also on the speed of response to the evens. All three agencies tightened ratings during the 2008 crisis and kept reducing them in its aftermath.

Migratory movements of fin whales from the Gulf of St. Lawrence challenge our understanding of the Northwest Atlantic stock structure

Fin whales, Balenoptera physalus, are capital breeders, having the potential to separate breeding and feeding both spatially and temporally. Fin whales occur throughout the Northwest Atlantic, but stock structure and seasonal movements remain unclear. By deploying satellite transmitters on 28 individuals, we examine movement patterns within and beyond the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), Canada, and challenge the current understanding of stock structure. Eight individuals left the GSL in autumn, with five tags persisting into January. Migration patterns of these whales showed considerable variation in timing and trajectory, with movements extending south to 24°N, and thus beyond the assumed distribution limit of the species in the Northwest Atlantic. A rapid return to the Scotian Shelf or Gulf of Maine was observed from several whales after incursions in southern waters, suggesting that fin whales in the Northwest Atlantic may not have a common winter destination that fits the definition of a breeding ground. Area-restricted search (ARS) behavior dominated fin whale activities during summer (92%) and fall (72%), with persistence into the winter (56%); ARS occurred at multiple locations in the GSL, Scotian Shelf and Shelf edge, and near seamounts of the North Atlantic, having characteristics consistent with foraging areas.

Ultrafast nanometric resolution spatiotemporal measurement of ambipolar diffusivity and carrier-phonon coupling in doped and undoped silicon

Understanding and determination of the ambipolar diffusivity of a semiconductor is fundamental for predicting device behavior and optimizing its performance. Ultrafast pump-probe measurements allow for the determination of energy carrier dynamics with sub-picosecond resolution. Due to the inherent diffusive nature of carriers, measurements with a high spatial resolution are needed, in addition to the traditional pump-probe system, to determine not only the carrier dynamics but also the spatial extent caused by carrier diffusion as well. In this work, a spatiotemporal measurement system with ultrafast temporal and nanometric spatial resolution, together with a comprehensive transport model, is used to determine the ambipolar diffusivity and carrier-phonon energy coupling time in both undoped and doped silicon. The results show that as the carrier density increases, the measured ambipolar diffusivity decreases with minimal variation in the carrier-phonon energy coupling time. In general, this work demonstrates an optical-based method for determining ambipolar diffusivity in a semiconductor material.

Analysis of Patient Outcomes following Curative R0 Multiorgan Resections for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: This systematic review examines the efficacy of multiorgan resection (MOR) in treating locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC), focusing on survival outcomes, postoperative morbidity, and mortality. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of studies in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase up to November 2023, based on the PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria focused on clinical trials, observational studies, case-control studies, and qualitative research, involving patients of any age and gender diagnosed with LAGC undergoing MOR aimed at R0 resection, with secondary outcomes focusing on survival rates, postoperative outcomes, and the effects of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies. Exclusion criteria ruled out non-human studies, research not specifically focused on LAGC patients undergoing MOR, and studies lacking clear, quantifiable outcomes. The quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The final analysis included twenty studies, involving a total of 2489 patients across a time span from 2001 to 2023. Results highlighted a significant variation in median survival times ranging from 10 to 27 months and R0 resection rates from 32.1% to 94.3%. Survival rates one-year post-R0 resection varied between 46.7% and 84.8%, with an adjusted weighted mean of 66.95%. Key predictors of reduced survival included esophageal invasion and peritoneal dissemination, the presence of more than six lymph nodes, and tumor sizes over 10 cm. Nevertheless, the meta-analysis revealed a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 87%), indicating substantial variability across studies, that might be caused by differences in surgical techniques, patient demographics, and treatment settings which influence survival outcomes. Results: The review underlines the important role of achieving R0 resection status in improving survival outcomes, despite the high risks associated with MOR. Variability across studies suggests that local practice patterns and patient demographics significantly influence results. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for aggressive surgical strategies to improve survival in LAGC treatment, highlighting the importance of achieving curative resection despite inherent challenges.

Influence of injection timing variation on combustion-emission-performance aspects of emulsified plastic oil-run compression ignition engine

Abstract This study investigates the influence of injection timing (IT) on combustion-emission-performance aspects of the compression ignition (CI) engine, running with emulsified plastic oil (EPO). The IT was advanced (250 bTDC) as well as retarded (210 bTDC) for EPO run engine, and the obtained results were compared with EPO and neat diesel run engine at standard IT (230 bTDC). At full load, the peak cylinder pressure increased to 64.7 bar when the IT was advanced to 250 bTDC. The corresponding peak heat release rate also increased to 40.29 J/CA due to the advancement of IT in comparison with the standard IT. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) also improved at all loading conditions. However, the advancement of IT increased the nitrogen oxides (NOx), and temperature of exhaust gas slightly. In addition, 250 bTDC for EPO also reduced the unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions w.r.t the standard IT. Largely, the advanced IT improved the majority of the engine characteristics for EPO except for the NOx, but that is also lower than diesel-run operation. Thus, 250 bTDC (for EPO) exhibits promising potential to be implemented in CI engines.