Time Variation Research Articles

The effect of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplements on anthropometric measures and respiratory infections in malnourished children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Malnutrition remains a significant concern in many societies. This study systematically reviewed the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on anthropometric measures in malnourished children, focusing on changes in weight, height, and respiratory infections (primary outcomes), and head circumference, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and body mass index (BMI) as secondary outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis involved searching various databases in both Persian and English, including Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and PubMed up to October 5, 2024. Non-randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were excluded. The Cochrane Handbook Risk of Bias Version 2 tool was used to assess risk of bias, and RevMan 5.3 software was employed for analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the type of supplement received. Meta-regression was applied to identify factors influencing results, and the GRADE approach was used to evaluate evidence certainty. Twelve studies with a total of 3,086 children (aged up to 6 years, equally distributed between boys and girls) were included. All children were malnourished without underlying illnesses. Limitations of the study included variations in intervention type, dose, duration, and timing of outcome measurement. Meta-analysis revealed that probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may increase weight (6 trials, mean difference: 0.33kg, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.50, low certainty of evidence), while probiotics and synbiotics may increase height compared to control groups (5 trials, mean difference: 0.44cm, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.85, low certainty of evidence). However, probiotics and synbiotics did not show a statistically significant effect on lower respiratory tract infections (5 trials, risk ratio: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.68 to 1.04, moderate certainty of evidence). Meta-regression indicated that intervention type, sample size, and follow-up duration were not significant moderators for outcomes related to weight, height, or respiratory infections. The current evidence suggests that probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics supplements may help manage malnutrition-related outcomes in malnourished children, but further research with stronger study designs is needed to confirm these findings due to the low certainty of evidence.

Seasonal and Local Time Variation in the Observed Peak of the Meteor Altitude Distributions by Meteor Radars

AbstractMeteoroids of sub‐milligram sizes burn up high in the Earth's atmosphere and cause streaks of plasma trails detectable by meteor radars. The altitude at which these trails, or meteors, form depends on a number of factors including atmospheric density and the astronomical source populations from which these meteoroids originate. A previous study has shown that the altitude of these meteors is affected by long‐term linear trends and the 11‐year solar cycle related to changes in our atmosphere. In this work, we examine how shorter diurnal and seasonal variations in the altitude distribution of meteors are dependent on the geographical location at which the measurements are performed. We use meteoroid altitude data from 18 independent meteor radar stations at a broad range of latitudes and investigate whether there are local time (LT) and seasonal variations in the altitude of the peak meteor height, defined as the majority detection altitude of all meteors within a certain period, which differ from those expected purely from the variation in the visibility of their astronomical source. We find a consistent LT and seasonal response for the Northern Hemisphere locations regardless of latitude. However, the Southern Hemisphere locations exhibit much greater LT and seasonal variation. In particular, we find a complex response in the four stations located within the Southern Andes region, which indicates that the strong dynamical atmospheric activity, such as the gravity waves prevalent here, disrupts, and masks the seasonality and dependence on the astronomical sources.

Flower scent, pollinators, and effects of proximity between plants on fruit set of the rare, threatened, and endemic Daphne rodriguezii

AbstractThis study focuses on Daphne rodriguezii, a threatened plant species that is endemic to Menorca in the Balearic Islands of the Western Mediterranean. The main objective was to investigate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the floral aroma, as well as the timing and chemical variations in scent production. The primary pollinators were identified, and the relationship between their behavior and the chemical profile of the floral scent was investigated. Furthermore, the impact of plant density on fruit set rates was evaluated to obtain valuable insights for conservation and habitat‐management initiatives. The findings reveal that D. rodriguezii emits a distinct sweet floral aroma that primarily consists of benzenoids and linalool derivatives. Scent emission occurs during the evening and night, coinciding with the activity period of moths (Autographa gamma), which were identified as the primary pollen vectors for this self‐incompatible species. The fruit set values exhibit a positive correlation with the proximity between plants. These results emphasize the importance of moths and plant proximity as crucial factors to consider in the conservation management of this species.

Anti-Pruritic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Coix [Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf.] Sprouts Extract

This study explored the anti-pruritic and immunomodulatory effects of Coix sprouts extract, focusing on histamine release and IL-31 cytokine production in HMC-1 cells. The extract significantly inhibited both factors, indicating its potential for pruritus relief. In a pruritus induction mouse model, Coix sprouts extract outperformed prednisolone in anti-pruritus effectiveness, also improving skin lesions and inhibiting mast cell infiltration. The extract suppressed tryptase expression, reduced release, inhibited mast cell proliferation, and lowered nitric oxide production, suggesting anti-inflammatory properties. Coix sprouts extract shows promise in suppressing inflammation and pruritus, making it a valuable candidate for clinical use. Additionally, the analysis of coixol content in Coix sprouts revealed variations in growth time, indicating their potential as functional materials with anti-pruritus and immune-enhancing applications.

The role of autologous bone in cranioplasty. A systematic review of complications and risk factors by using stored bone.

Autologous bone cranioplasty is associated with a high complication rate, particularly infections and bone resorption. Although there are studies on the incidence and risk factors for complications following autologous bone cranioplasty, the study design is typically limited to retrospective analysis with multiple statistical explorations in small cohorts from single centers. Thus, there is a need for systematic analysis of aggregated data to determine the rate and risk factors for cranioplasty complications. To determine the incidence and risk factors for complications after autologous bone cranioplasty. In this systemic review, we conducted a Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science search: 11,172 papers were identified. Duplicates were removed and only articles on complications following autologous bone cranioplasty between the years 2000 and 2022 were included. After title, abstract, and article screening, 132 papers were included for further analysis. In total, the 132 studies are based on 13,592 patients (14960 implants). One third of the studies include patients with less than 3 months of postoperative follow-up. Complication management (flap removal, revision without flap removal, and conservative treatment) of infection, bone resorption, and hematoma/seromas are not reported in 19-30% of the studies. In the studies with defined complications management, the overall complication rate is 7.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) [7.1-8.2]) for infection, 14.4% (95% CI [13.7-15.2]) for bone resorption with indication for reconstruction, and 5.8%, (95% CI 5.2-6.5) for hematoma/seromas. Factors such as younger age, an extended interval between craniectomy and cranioplasty, the use of a fragmented bone implant, a larger implant size, and shunt treatment are linked to an increased risk of postoperative bone resorption. The lack of consistent definitions of complications, variations in follow-up time, and small study cohorts limit the external validity of many studies. Overall, the rate of bone flap resorption that required reoperation is high, while the rate of infectious complications is comparable to synthetic implants. Thus, autologous bone should preferably be used in cases without strong risk factors for bone necrosis.

Configuration entropy and non-Arrhenius behavior in the α relaxation of glassy dielectrics

Applying Eyring equation to experimental data for the α relaxation of glassy dielectrics shows the fundamental role of the activation entropy in the relaxation dynamics. The combination of Eyring equation and compensation law gives access to other important parameters, such as the compensation temperature and the absolute value of the configurational activation entropy, ΔSC, in the Arrhenius regime. The non linear behavior observed at low temperatures is explained by the time and temperature variation of the configurational activation entropy. We propose that this change corresponds to the rarefaction of free equilibrium states as T is lowered. A simple method is proposed to calculate ΔSC from the change of free energy in the non linear regime. The lowest temperature limit of the a relaxation is not known but it seems unlikely that it would be the VTF or the Kauzmann temperatures. Brief comments on the physical significance of these two parameters are made. It is also shown that relaxation times are not invariant, as sometime suggested

Soil cover heterogeneity associated with biocrusts predicts patch-level plant diversity patterns

ContextSoil resource heterogeneity drives plant species diversity patterns at local and landscape scales. In drylands, biocrusts are patchily distributed and contribute to soil resource heterogeneity important for plant establishment and growth. Yet, we have a limited understanding of how such heterogeneity may relate to patterns of plant diversity and community structure.ObjectivesWe explored relationships between biocrust-associated soil cover heterogeneity and plant diversity patterns in a cool desert ecosystem. We asked: (1) does biocrust-associated soil cover heterogeneity predict plant diversity and community composition? and (2) can we use high-resolution remote sensing data to calculate soil cover heterogeneity metrics that could be used to extrapolate these patterns across landscapes?MethodsWe tested associations among field-based measures of plant diversity and soil cover heterogeneity. We then used a Support Vector Machine classification to map soil, plant and biocrust cover from sub-centimeter resolution Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) imagery and compared the mapped results to field-based measures.ResultsField-based soil cover heterogeneity and biocrust cover were positively associated with plant diversity and predicted community composition. The accuracy of UAS-mapped soil cover classes varied across sites due to variation in timing and quality of image collections, but the overall results suggest that UAS are a promising data source for generating detailed, spatially explicit soil cover heterogeneity metrics.ConclusionsResults improve understanding of relationships between biocrust-associated soil cover heterogeneity and plant diversity and highlight the promise of high-resolution UAS data to extrapolate these patterns over larger landscapes which could improve conservation planning and predictions of dryland responses to soil degradation under global change.

OTM-HC: Enhanced Skeleton-Based Action Representation via One-to-Many Hierarchical Contrastive Learning

Human action recognition has become crucial in computer vision, with growing applications in surveillance, human–computer interaction, and healthcare. Traditional approaches often use broad feature representations, which may miss subtle variations in timing and movement within action sequences. Our proposed One-to-Many Hierarchical Contrastive Learning (OTM-HC) framework maps the input into multi-layered feature vectors, creating a hierarchical contrast representation that captures various granularities within a human skeleton sequence temporal and spatial domains. Using sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) transformer encoders and downsampling modules, OTM-HC can distinguish between multiple levels of action representations, such as instance, domain, clip, and part levels. Each level contributes significantly to a comprehensive understanding of action representations. The OTM-HC model design is adaptable, ensuring smooth integration with advanced Seq2Seq encoders. We tested the OTM-HC framework across four datasets, demonstrating improved performance over state-of-the-art models. Specifically, OTM-HC achieved improvements of 0.9% and 0.6% on NTU60, 0.4% and 0.7% on NTU120, and 0.7% and 0.3% on PKU-MMD I and II, respectively, surpassing previous leading approaches across these datasets. These results showcase the robustness and adaptability of our model for various skeleton-based action recognition tasks.

Predicting the volatility of major energy commodity prices: The dynamic persistence model

Time variation and persistence are crucial properties of volatility that are often studied separately in energy volatility forecasting models. Here, we propose a novel approach that allows shocks with heterogeneous persistence to vary smoothly over time, and thus model the two together. We argue that this is important because such dynamics arise naturally from the dynamic nature of shocks in energy commodities. We identify such dynamics from the data using localised regressions and build a model that significantly improves volatility forecasts. Such forecasting models, based on a rich persistence structure that varies smoothly over time, outperform state-of-the-art benchmark models and are particularly useful for forecasting over longer horizons.

Update on Platelet-Rich Plasma and Platelet-Rich Fibrin for Dermatologic Surgery: Addressing Knowns and Unknowns.

Autologous and allogeneic platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in addition to its derivatives, such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), are broadly accepted therapeutic approaches in orthopedics, otolaryngology, sports medicine, plastic surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, the absence of expert consensus, standardized protocols, and varying outcomes pose challenges to their broader acceptance in cosmetic dermatology and dermatologic surgery. To offer a contemporary literature overview of PRP and PRF, focusing on fundamental aspects of the technology, diversity of commercially accessible systems, and shed light on present-day controversies within the field. A systemic review of PRP and PRF literature was conducted, utilizing search engine databases: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and PubMed. Emphasis was placed on scrutinizing higher level-of-evidence articles, specifically randomized control trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses (Level 1A-2A), with particular emphasis on recent data that have not been well reviewed in other publications from January 2022 to May 2024. An increasing body of literature affirms advantages of PRP products in dermatology, spanning wound care, facial rejuvenation, scar revision, and hair growth. A foundational understanding of variation in preparation protocol, outcomes, and timing of administration is needed to better comprehend market dynamics, patient demand, and strategies for integrating PRP into dermatologic practice.

Experimental evaluation of temporary plugging performance and mechanism analysis of degradable preformed particle gel based on NMR technology

Utilizing chemical temporary plugging systems to further increase the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and improve oil recovery (IOR) has become a hot topic in the current petroleum industry. Pre-formed gel particles (PPG) possess excellent swelling properties and can form high-strength plugging in high-permeability channels. In addition, degradable pre-formed gel particles (DPPG) also exhibit self-degradation characteristics and excellent temporary plugging and fluid diverting performance. In our previous studies, we examined the temporary plugging mechanisms of DPPG prepared with different molecular weight (MW) of crosslinking agents (PEGDA) through bottle tests and core displacement experiments. However, the micro-swelling mechanism and the micro-scale temporary plugging mechanism in pore throats of reservoir cores are still unclear. In this paper, comprehensive research was conducted on the micro-temporary plugging mechanism of DPPG prepared with different MW crosslinking agents using a static temporary plugging performance evaluation method based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and a dynamic temporary plugging performance evaluation method in cores. The research results showed that DPPG with different compositions have different micro-swelling mechanisms. NMR-T2 analysis showed that DPPG-M1 (with the smallest MW of crosslinking agent) gradually decreased in nuclear size during the water absorption and swelling process, and had the largest swelling volume and swelling rate. On the other hand, DPPG-M5 (with the largest MW of crosslinking agent) exhibited a slow diffusion process of surface water towards the nucleus, resulting in the smallest swelling volume and swelling rate. However, its complete degradation time was longer. The T2 (i.e., spin-spin relaxation time) variation results of the cores in the dynamic temporary plugging experiment showed that the decrease of the MW of the crosslinking agent enhanced the plugging performance, and with less damage to the formation. The MRI images confirmed that DPPG-M5 had strong injection capability in the core and caused greater damage to the core. The research results of this study showed that NMR technology can reveal the temporary plugging mechanism of DPPG from a micro-level perspective.

Comparative Valuation Dynamics in Production Economies: Long-Run Uncertainty, Heterogeneity, and Market Frictions

We compare and contrast production economies exposed to long-run uncertainty with investors that have possibly different preferences and/or access to financial markets. We study the macroeconomic and asset-pricing properties of these models, identify common features, and highlight areas where these models depart from each other. Our framework allows us to investigate more fully the impact of investor heterogeneity, capital heterogeneity, and fluctuations of the growth components to the capital evolution as they affect the dynamics of macroeconomic quantities and asset prices. In our comparisons, we employ an array of diagnostic tools to explore time variation and state dependencies in nonlinear environments.

Score-driven exponential random graphs: A new class of time-varying parameter models for temporal networks.

Motivated by the increasing abundance of data describing real-world networks that exhibit dynamical features, we propose an extension of the exponential random graph models (ERGMs) that accommodates the time variation of its parameters. Inspired by the fast-growing literature on dynamic conditional score models, each parameter evolves according to an updating rule driven by the score of the ERGM distribution. We demonstrate the flexibility of score-driven ERGMs (SD-ERGMs) as data-generating processes and filters and show the advantages of the dynamic version over the static one. We discuss two applications to temporal networks from financial and political systems. First, we consider the prediction of future links in the Italian interbank credit network. Second, we show that the SD-ERGM allows discriminating between static or time-varying parameters when used to model the U.S. Congress co-voting network dynamics.

Next-Generation Optical Fiber Sensors: Gold Nanoparticle/Eu2O3-RGO Hybrid Coating for Phosphate Ion Detection

The investigation of optical sensors for the identification of particular ions is currently a highly active field of study. In this regard, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and rare-earth-doped materials, such as europium oxide (Eu2O3), are frequently employed due to their distinctive optical properties, which make them suitable for sensing applications. A cladding-modified optical fiber sensor coated with Eu2O3 modified reduced graphene oxide/tri-sodium citrate functionalized Au NPs is presented for phosphate ion sensing. The phosphate ion sensing of the optical fiber was studied for different tri-sodium citrate concentrations and different europium concentrations against a fixed concentration of phosphate ion. Upon the introduction of phosphate ions to the optical fiber sensor, a voltage shift is detected in all tested samples. The performance of the optical fiber sensor was evaluated throughout a wide range of phosphate ion concentrations, from 100 nM to 500 nM. The sensor's reaction to rising phosphate ion concentrations follows a polynomial pattern. Furthermore, selectivity experiments demonstrate that the optical fiber sensor displays a more pronounced response to phosphate ions when compared to various other ions, including potassium, ammonium, calcium, copper, manganese, magnesium, nitrate, sulfate, bromine, carbonate, chlorine, and others. The sensor characteristics like repeatability, response time variation, and stability were also studied.

Transesterification reaction time impacts on oxidation stability and acid number of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

The scarcity of fossil fuels, environmental concerns, and the sharp rise in fossil fuel prices have driven scientists to search for alternative fuels. The characteristics of biodiesel have made the quest for high-quality biodiesel production particularly appealing. The use of waste cooking oil is a key component in reducing biodiesel production costs by 60-90%. Researchers have employed various types of transesterification reactions with both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production; in this study, a 0.5% NaOH catalyst is used. The objectives of this study are to produce biodiesel fuel based on waste cooking oil, evaluate the impact of reaction time variation on the oxidation value and acid value of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil, and statistically test the effects of reaction time on the oxidation value and acid value of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum yield was obtained at a reaction time of 90 minutes, achieving 97%. The results for acid number and oxidation value for various reaction times complied with ASTM, EN, and SNI standards. Linear regression analysis of ANOVA for the acid number concluded that the P-value t3 is 0.399, which is greater than Alpha = 0.05, indicating that the variation in reaction time does not have a significant effect on the acid number. Linear regression analysis of ANOVA for the oxidation number concluded that the P-value t3 is less than Alpha (0.047 < 0.05), indicating that reaction time has a significant effect on the oxidation number.

Ultraviolet Radiation Fields in Star-forming Disk Galaxies: Numerical Simulations with TIGRESS-NCR

With numerical simulations that employ adaptive ray-tracing (ART) for radiative transfer at the same time as evolving gas magnetohydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and photochemistry, it is possible to obtain a high-resolution view of ultraviolet (UV) fields and their effects in realistic models of the multiphase interstellar medium. Here, we analyze results from TIGRESS-NCR simulations, which follow both far-UV (FUV) wavelengths, important for photoelectric heating and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon excitation, and the Lyman continuum (LyC), which photoionizes hydrogen. Considering two models, representing solar neighborhood and inner-galaxy conditions, we characterize the spatial distribution and time variation of UV radiation fields, and quantify their correlations with gas. We compare four approximate models for the FUV to simulated values to evaluate alternatives when full ART is infeasible. By convolving FUV radiation with density, we produce mock maps of dust emission. We introduce a method to calibrate mid-IR observations, for example from JWST, to obtain high-resolution gas surface density maps. We then consider the LyC radiation field, finding most of the gas exposed to this radiation to be in ionization–recombination equilibrium and to have a low neutral fraction. Additionally, we characterize the ionization parameter as a function of the environment. Using a simplified model of the LyC radiation field, we produce synthetic maps of emission measure (EM). We show that the simplified model can be used to extract an estimate of the neutral fraction of the photoionized gas and mean free path of ionizing radiation from observed EM maps in galaxies.

Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Characteristics and Thermal Hazards of Methylsilyl-Modified Silica Aerogels

The thermal safety of hydrophobic silica aerogels (SAs) is essential to thermal insulation applications. Herein, trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDCS), and methyltrichlorosilane (MTCS) were employed as surface modifiers to prepare three different methylsilyl-modified SAs (i.e., TSA, DSA, and MSA) and their combustion characteristics and thermal hazards were experimentally studied in detail. The cone calorimeter test found that the three SAs have similar combustion processes and the variations in ignition time and fire spread rate with the heat flux obey simple logarithmic and linear relationships, respectively. It further found that TSA has the most methylsilyl groups on silica skeletons and thus has the largest heat release, followed by DSA and MSA in turn, implying that TSA has the greatest fire hazard among the three SAs. These results further demonstrate that the type and quantity of methylsilyl groups on the skeletons of SAs significantly affect the thermal hazard of methylsilyl-modified SAs. In addition, the combustion mechanism of the methylsilyl-modified SAs is discussed. In total, this work experimentally studies the combustion characteristics of methylsilyl-modified SAs and compares their thermal hazards, clarifying the potential fire risk of methylsilyl-modified SAs in practical thermal insulation applications.

Study of Electron Beam Irradiated Palladium on Carbon Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions of Nitroarenes Compounds

Palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation is considered a crucial stage in the entire synthesis of difficult natural products as well as a crucial step in the manufacturing of fine compounds used in pharmaceuticals. When it comes to the reaction rate and simplicity of work-up, using Pd/C as heterogeneous catalyst is one of the best choice for process efficiency. In this study, nitroarenes compounds viz. 3-bromo nitrobenzene, 4-fluoro nitrobenzene, 3-methyl nitrobenzene, 4-hydroxy nitrobenzene reduced by using macro 10% Pd/C and micro 10% Pd/C to 3-bromo aniline, 4-fluoro aniline, 3-methyl aniline, 4-hydroxy aniline respectively and verified from 1H NMR studies. The reduction reactions were similar conditions using electron beam irradiated 250 kGy macro and micro 10% Pd/C catalyst. The effectiveness of commercial sources of palladium on carbon (Pd/C) varies widely, leading to the appreciable variations in the reaction times. The decrease in reaction time has been attributed to the higher dispersion of Pd particles upon irradiation. The physico-chemical characteristics of effective hydrogenation catalysts were determined to be: (i) small Pd particle size and (ii) homogeneous distribution of Pd on the carbon support. With no significant loss of catalytic activity, the electron beam-irradiated catalyst can be used again for five runs. These days, chemists can determine as well as forecast the effectiveness of catalysts before investing time and money in expensive synthetic materials.

Appraising the corrosion inhibitory efficacy and adsorption mechanism of leaf extract of Datura discolor on low-carbon steel in low pH media via gravimetric experiments and AFM analysis

BackgroundThe study investigated the inhibitory action of Datura discolor leaf extract against the corrosion of low-carbon steel in 0.5 M solutions of three acids. The purpose was to ascertain the effect of extract concentration, immersion time and temperature variation on corrosion inhibitory efficiency, and to relate to existing reports which show that organic molecules in most plant extracts inhibit corrosion. Extraction of the leaves was done by maceration using methanol, and solvent was removed by evaporation to dryness. Classical gravimetric (mass loss) experiments were used, and experimental data were fitted to adsorption isotherm models to ascertain the best approximation. Surface examination of the low-carbon steel substrates was carried out using the atomic force microscope.ResultsInhibitory protective efficiency of extract was found to appreciate with increasing Datura discolor leaf extract concentration at a fixed temperature, with values ranging 77.6–88.8%, 91.35–98.08% and 19.64–44.64% in H2SO4, HCl and HNO3 solutions respectively at 27 °C. Elevation of temperature was found to depreciate the inhibitor efficiency at constant inhibitor concentration. Best isotherm model fitting was obtained with Langmuir model both at 27 °C and 60 °C and in all the hostile media, while Temkin model gave good approximation only at 60 °C and in H2SO4 and HCl solutions only. The negative values of free energy of adsorption (ΔGads0)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\Delta G_{{{\ ext{ads}}}}^{0} )$$\\end{document} suggested that the adsorptive interaction of the inhibitor with the substrate surface was very spontaneous. Values of ΔGads0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Delta G_{{{\ ext{ads}}}}^{0}$$\\end{document} were all consistent, fluctuating between − 16.35 and − 17.63 kJ mol−1 in both H2SO4 and HCl solutions, and between − 9.76 and − 10.25 kJ mol−1 in HNO3 solution, and this suggests that adsorption of the inhibitor molecules occurred via physisorption. Values of the activation energy of the corrosion reaction (Eact)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(E_{{{\ ext{act}}}} )$$\\end{document} are all < 40 kJ mol−1, suggesting that the inhibition occurred by a physical adsorption mechanism.ConclusionsThe study concludes that Datura discolor crude leaf extract suppressed the corrosion reactions, and the inhibition was found to arise from the physisorptive interaction of the organic molecules with the substrate/solution interface, forming a stabilize inhibitor film on the substrate surface as revealed by the atomic force micrographs.

Performance of Drying Oil Modified Chinese Lacquer and Its Gilding Effect

This study explores the modification of traditional Chinese lacquer by incorporating boiled tung oil (BTO), boiled linseed oil (BLO), and turpentine oil (TO) to enhance its properties for gold leafing applications. Current traditional lacquers are limited by slow drying times and inconsistent surface quality, making their performance suboptimal for decorative gilding. The research addresses these gaps by investigating how varying oil types and concentrations (10%, 30%, and 50%) affect the lacquer’s drying time, viscosity, leveling properties, and overall gilding performance. Results indicate that TO-modified lacquer exhibits the best overall performance, showing the fastest drying time, highest glossiness, and smallest color variation, while BTO provides the smoothest surface and BLO ensures the best adhesion. These results demonstrate that the careful selection of oil type and concentration significantly improves lacquer’s functionality for gold leafing, offering a more efficient and aesthetically superior alternative to unmodified lacquers. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing traditional lacquer formulations for modern applications in gilding and decorative finishes.