Variation In Recall Research Articles

The Effect of Information on Market Activity: Evidence from Vehicle Recalls

Abstract We evaluate the effect of vehicle recalls on vehicle transactions in the second-hand market. Using a rich data set of Dutch vehicle registrations, we exploit the quasiexperimental variation in recalls across nearly identical cars. We find strong heterogeneities across market segments: transactions increased for cars with lower listed price or with defects, and decreased for those with higher price or no defects. Based on our theoretical model, this suggests that recalls increase sorting in low-end markets, yet exacerbate adverse selection in high-end markets. Our results shed light on the effect of information arrival in markets subject to uncertainty and information asymmetries.

Investigating image-based fallow weed detection performance on Raphanus sativus and Avena sativa at speeds up to 30 km h−1

Site-specific weed control (SSWC) can provide considerable reductions in weed control costs and herbicide usage. Despite the promise of machine vision for SSWC systems and the importance of ground speed in weed control efficacy, there has been little investigation of the role of ground speed and camera characteristics on weed detection performance. Here, we compare the performance of four camera/software combinations using the open-source OpenWeedLocator platform – (1) default settings on a Raspberry Pi HQ camera (HQ1); (2) optimised software settings on a HQ camera (HQ2), (3) optimised software settings on the Raspberry Pi v2 camera (V2); and (4) a global shutter Arducam AR0234 camera (ARD) – at speeds ranging from 5 km h−1 to 30 km h−1. A combined excess green (ExG) and hue, saturation, value (HSV) thresholding algorithm was used for testing under fallow conditions using tillage radish (Raphanus sativus) and forage oats (Avena sativa) as representative broadleaf and grass weeds, respectively. ARD demonstrated the highest recall among camera systems, with up to 100 % recall for tillage radish and 91.6 % for forage oats at 5 km h−1. At 30 km h−1 ARD recall for forage oats declined (P < 0.05) by 12.4 %. There was no significant change for tillage radish. All cameras experienced a decrease in recall as speed increased. The highest rate of decrease was observed for HQ1 with 1.12 % and 0.90 % reductions in recall for every km/h increase in speed for tillage radish and forage oats, respectively. Detection of the ‘grassy’ forage oats was worse (P < 0.05) than the broadleaved tillage radish for all cameras. Despite the variations in recall, HQ1, HQ2, and V2 maintained near-perfect precision at all tested speeds. The variable effect of ground speed and camera system on detection performance of grass and broadleaf weeds, indicates that careful hardware and software considerations must be made when developing SSWC systems.

Patient Perspective in the Development of Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes (ePROs) in Seizure Disorders: A Patient-Centric Approach.

BackgroundPatient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) emphasizes the patient perspective and input to inform the research process with the aim to improve the quality of care. Given PCOR’s emphasis on the patient perspective, methods to incorporate patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are important. Electronic PROs (ePROs) have been implemented successfully in many populations; however, many of these measurements do not incorporate patient perspective in the development of ePROs. For epilepsy and seizure disorders, user perspectives are key to developing measurements that capture real-time data, as seizures are not timed events; therefore, patients can wait days or even weeks and then try to recall their experience which can lead to variations in recall. ePRO can provide the necessary assurance that data were entered by the patient at the time the episode occurs. The aim of the present study was to assess patient perceptions of completing ePROs, expectations of ePRO devices for PCOR and on-site clinical visit in order to guide the development of successful ePRO deployment in seizure-related disorders.MethodsThis study used a naturalistic cohort design. A sample of 713 persons completed an online survey which consisted of 11 situational questions. Of the 713 individuals, results from 640 participants were included. Results were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.ResultsMost participants (71.9%) were able to accurately identify a seizure and 86.3% of participants felt it would be beneficial to have a short training on seizure symptoms prior to completing a daily seizure diary, and seizures should be reasonably reported within 10 mins (n = 426, 66.6%). Participants endorsed that repetitive movements and loss of consciousness as the most predominant symptoms they would look for in an ePRO. A majority of participants, 67.0% indicated that they regularly use accessibility features on using smartphones and tablets, and 38.6% indicated they would like to see more than one item per screen but only if they are related and to see all text in a larger size with scrolling features using fingers (n = 246; 38.4%).ConclusionThis study has demonstrated the importance of developing ePROs that satisfy the needs of the participants and caregivers without compromising the scientific and clinical aspects of the disease construct. Developing tools using participant needs, observations, characteristics and input is essential to putting the participant perspective in patient-centered outcomes research.

A Key Role for Subiculum-Fornix Connectivity in Recollection in Older Age.

Individual differences in memory during aging are associated with the microstructure of the fornix, a bidirectional tract connecting the hippocampus with the diencephalon, basal forebrain and cortex. To investigate the origin of alterations in fornix microstructure, measurement of hippocampal subfield volumes was combined with diffusion MRI and cognitive evaluation in a new sample of 31 healthy human participants aged 50–89 years. The fornix, uncinate and parahippocampal cingulum were reconstructed using diffusion MRI tractography. Episodic memory was assessed with free and cued verbal recall, visual recognition and paired associate learning tests. Recall performance was associated with fornix microstructure and hippocampal subfield volumes. Subiculum and CA1 volumes remained positively associated with fornix microstructure when controlling for other volumes. Subiculum volume was also associated with fornix microstructure independent of age. Regression analyses showed that subiculum-fornix associations explained more variation in recall than that of CA1-fornix associations. In a multivariable regression model, age and subiculum volume were independent predictors of free recall whilst fornix microstructure and CA1 volume were not. These results suggest that age-related changes in a network that includes the subiculum and fornix are important in cognitive change in healthy aging. These results match anatomical predictions concerning the importance of hippocampal – diencephalic projections for memory.

Remembering Childhood Food Insecurity: Measurement Challenges and Influences on Current Practices

Child feeding practices can influence risk of childhood obesity, but little is known about antecedents of these practices. To investigate parents' past experiences with food insecurity in childhood as a potential barrier to adopting responsive child feeding practices, we conducted in-depth interviews with 26 low-income parents in 4 NY counties and assessed how well survey items captured the experiences. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed qualitatively for emergent themes. Respondents' memories were emotionally charged and portrayed varying levels and definitions of childhood food insecurity. “Going to bed hungry” was seen as traumatic by all but was rarely reported; many saw less severe food insecurity as just part of life. When reporting reduced meal size or limited food access due to financial problems, most respondents were protective of their parents, emphasizing that they “always made sure we ate something.” Their parents used strategies to shield children from food insecurity, e.g. skipping meals, using food stamps, or eating with relatives. Survey responses were imprecise when food access varied over time, unconventional food sources were the norm, or respondents experienced inadequate meals but were unsure of the causes. Respondents said limited food access in childhood led to current emotional eating and child feeding practices aimed at ensuring that their children “never have to go without.” These links, and the strong emotions elicited by memories, suggest that previous food insecurity is very salient for nutrition education promoting healthful practices. Yet, wide variation in recall, definition of “having enough” and willingness to answer items seen as blaming parents pose challenges to creating valid survey measures of previous food insecurity. Funded by USDA.

What do patients know about their joint replacement implants?

Following a hip or knee replacement, patients may have little information about their prosthesis. This can lead to anxiety in the face of media reports about failing implants or misconceptions about how to live with a joint replacement. The aim of this study was to determine the level of understanding amongst patients who had undergone joint replacement in order to inform the development of an educational intervention. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. The survey was administered to patients attending an orthopaedic arthroplasty follow up clinic between June 2012 and October 2012. Patients were selected in a convenience sampling manner and had all undergone joint replacement at least three months prior to the survey. Responses were available from 52 patients; 49/52 (94%) of patients did not know what model of joint replacement they had and 44/52 (85%) did not know what materials the implant was made from. There was wide variation in recall of advice about activity restrictions. Whilst patients used the internet and other sources to look for advice, this survey suggests the most appropriate educational intervention for this population would involve written information including advice about type of implant, activity restrictions, dental treatment and airport security detectors.

Socioeconomic variation in recall and perceived effectiveness of campaign advertisements to promote smoking cessation

There are large disparities in cigarette smoking rates by socioeconomic status (SES) in many countries. There is mixed evidence about the relative effectiveness of smoking cessation media campaigns in promoting quitting between lower and higher SES populations, and studies suggest that some types of ad content may have differential effects by SES. We analyzed data from five waves of the New York Media Tracking Survey Online (MTSO), a web survey involving over 7000 adult smokers conducted between 2007 and 2009, to assess SES variation in response to smoking cessation ads. Smokers with low levels of education and income less often recalled ads focused on how to quit, and perceived them as less effective, than ads using graphic imagery or personal testimonials to convey why to quit. Contrary to predictions offered by the Stages of Change Model, we found no evidence that variation in readiness to quit smoking explained patterns of response by education. Results offer guidance for theorists and campaign planners in developing campaigns that are likely to promote cessation among less educated populations.

Inter- and intra-individual variation in immediate free recall: An examination of serial position functions and recall initiation strategies

Serial position functions in immediate free recall have been historically noted for their bowed shape, where items presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list are better remembered than those presented in the middle. While extensive work has examined these effects, researchers typically ignore the systematic differences among individuals that likely contribute, but are lost when using an aggregate function. In the current study, inter- and intra-individual differences in serial position functions and differences in recall strategies were examined. Participants performed a free recall task on multiple lists. Three groups of participants were derived based on the relative profiles in their serial position functions. These groups differed in the extent that they output mainly primacy items, recency items, or both primacy and recency items. Performance on immediate free recall and on cognitive ability tasks was compared between these three groups. Systematic inter- and intra-individual variation in recall strategies led to differential profiles of performance in immediate free recall, which was also related to the additional cognitive ability measures. Performance on a task can be due to the utilisation of a variety of control processes that emphasise various components of that task over other components.

The counsellees' view of an unclassified variant in BRCA1/2: recall, interpretation, and impact on life

Unclassified variants (UVs, variants of uncertain clinical significance) are found in 13% of all BRCA1/2 mutation analyses. Little is known about the counsellees' recall and interpretation of a UV, and its psychosocial/medical impact. Retrospective semi-structured interviews with open questions and five-point Likert scales were carried out in 24 counsellees who received a UV result 3 years before (sd=1.9). Sixty-seven percent (16/24) recalled the UV result as a non-informative DNA result; 29% recalled a pathogenic result. However, 79% of all counsellees interpreted the UV result as a genetic predisposition for cancer. Variations in recall and interpretation were unexplained by demographics, cancer history of themselves and relatives, and communication aspects of UV disclosure. Sixty-seven percent perceived genetic counselling as completed, whereas 71% expected to receive new DNA information. Although most counsellees reported that UV disclosure had changed their lives in general little, one in three counsellees reported large changes in specific life domains, especially in surveillance behavior and medical decisions. Ten out of 19 participants who interpreted the UV as pathogenic had undergone preventive surgery against none of the 5 counsellees who interpreted the UV as non-informative. Counsellors and researchers need to address discrepancies between the counsellees' factual recall and their subjective interpretation of non-informative BRCA1/2-test results.

Handedness dependency in recall from everyday memory.

A number of previous studies have demonstrated systematic misremembering of the direction in which the Queen's head faces on British coins. Two experiments were carried out to investigate whether this phenomenon is affected by a person's handedness. In both experiments, right-handed and left-handed participants were found to differ significantly in their verbal responses, with recall performance significantly worse than chance for right-handed but not for left-handed participants. Experiment 2 also examined degrees of handedness, and found significant variation in recall across the handedness range. Performance in this everyday-memory paradigm appears to be determined by both handedness and schema factors. It is proposed that although in this task the response was verbal one, relevant motor imagery may nevertheless have been activated and led to the highly unusual observation of an effect of handedness upon cognitive performance.

Influence of time of 24‐hour day on depth of processing in recall memory

In this paper we report hourly variations in recall of words in a short-term memory task. Tests were carried out at 18.00, 22.00, 02.00 and 06.00 hours. The words to be memorized were preceded by a question designed to shape the type of encoding adopted by the subjects. The question concerned semantic, typographic or structural characteristics of the word. After presentation of all the words, the subjects were tested in free recall. Time of day had no effect on overall recall scores. Nevertheless, we observed a phase difference in the recall of items processed at superficial or deep levels. Items encoded by typographical attributes were more readily recalled at 02.00 than at 18.00, whereas semantically encoded words were less well recalled at night than during the day. There was also an interaction between the serial position of the items and time of day. At 22.00 and 02.00, subjects recalled words from the end of the list better. The results are discussed in terms of resource allocation models.