Variation In Participation Rates Research Articles

Regional variation in participation in private tutoring and the role of education system features

The use of private tutoring to enhance academic outcomes has proliferated across the globe over recent decades. Despite increased scholarly interest in these so-called shadow education activities, the understanding of how education system features relate to the prevalence of shadow education is relatively limited. Moreover, regional variation of private tutoring within countries remains largely overlooked. This study exploits the federalist structure of Switzerland's education system to investigate how education system features incentivise or discourage participation in private tutoring. Based on a subjective expected utility framework and drawing on data from two large-scale assessment studies, the analyses reveal a substantial regional variation in participation rates in private tutoring. Multilevel regression models provide evidence that the institutional modalities of selection into general secondary education contribute to this variation and the social inequalities in the use of private tutoring.

Contextual factors in local energy policy choices: comparative case of solar energy policy in two cities

Numerous recent calls have been made for policy design research to embed itself throughout the policy process and explore avenues for matching tools and targets. These calls have argued that policy design research, while emphasizing the content and the choice of design, has been under-leveraged, particularly in exploring rationales for effectiveness. In this paper, we conduct a comparative case study to explore variation in participation rates for two similarly categorized solar policies across two mid-sized cities. In this regard, three contextual factors are examined, including the population characteristics, the existing configuration of policies, and the physical environment, which all contribute to shaping policy effectiveness. We argue that policy design is situated within an explicit context and that without capturing the context, the effectiveness of policies may not translate if diffused.

Geographical and spatial variations in bowel cancer screening participation, Australia, 2015-2020.

Participation in bowel cancer screening programs remains poor in many countries. Knowledge of geographical variation in participation rates may help design targeted interventions to improve uptake. This study describes small-area and broad geographical patterns in bowel screening participation in Australia between 2015-2020. Publicly available population-level participation data for Australia's National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) were modelled using generalized linear models to quantify screening patterns by remoteness and area-level disadvantage. Bayesian spatial models were used to obtain smoothed estimates of participation across 2,247 small areas during 2019-2020 compared to the national average, and during 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 for comparison. Spatial heterogeneity was assessed using the maximized excess events test. Overall, screening participation rates was around 44% over the three time-periods. Participation was consistently lower in remote or disadvantaged areas, although heterogeneity was evident within these broad categories. There was strong evidence of spatial differences in participation over all three periods, with little change in patterns between time periods. If the spatial variation was reduced (so low participation areas were increased to the 80th centile), an extra 250,000 screens (4% of total) would have been conducted during 2019-2020. Despite having a well-structured evidence-based government funded national bowel cancer screening program, the substantial spatial variation in participation rates highlights the importance of accounting for the unique characteristics of specific geographical regions and their inhabitants. Identifying the reasons for geographical disparities could inform interventions to achieve more equitable access and a higher overall bowel screening uptake.

Role of mammography accessibility, deprivation and spatial effect in breast cancer screening participation in France: an observational ecological study

BackgroundThe detection of cancer in its early latent stages can improve patients’ chances of recovery and thereby reduce the overall burden of the disease. Our objectives were to investigate factors (geographic accessibility and deprivation level) affecting mammography screening participation variation and to determine how much geographic variation in participation rates can be explained by spillover effects between adjacent areas, while controlling for covariates.MethodsMammography screening participation rates between 2015 and 2016 were calculated by census blocks (CB), for women aged 50–74 years, residing in Lyon metropolitan area. Global spatial autocorrelation tests were applied to identify the geographic variation of participation. Spatial regression models were used to incorporate spatial structure to estimate associations between mammography participation rate and the combined effect (geographic accessibility and deprivation level) adjusting for modes of travel and social cohesion.ResultsThe mammography participation rate was found to have a statistically significant and positive spatial correlation. The participation rate of one CB was significantly and positively associated with the participation rates of neighbouring CB. The participation was 53.2% in residential and rural areas and 46.6% in urban areas, p < 0.001. Using Spatial Lag models, whereas the population living in most deprived CBs have statistically significantly lower mammography participation rates than lower deprived ones, significant interaction demonstrates that the relation differs according to the degree of urbanization.ConclusionsThis study makes an important methodological contribution in measuring geographical access and understanding better the combined effect of deprivation and the degree of urbanization on mammography participation and other contextual factors that affect the decision of using mammography screening services -which is a critical component of healthcare planning and equity.

Decision making for invasive and non-invasive optional procedures within an acute HIV research cohort in Bangkok

Clinical research regularly includes required, nontherapeutic procedures to answer research questions. Optional procedures usually offer minimal or no personal benefit and may involve harms and burdens.Members from the Bangkok SEARCH010/RV254 HIV research cohort of individuals acutely HIV-infected are recruited to six optional procedures varying in invasiveness: leukapheresis, genital secretions collection, lumbar puncture, brain MRI/MRS/DTI, colon biopsy, and lymph node biopsy. We surveyed cohort members about their first recruitment for each procedure to examine factors associated with decision making and attitudes about compensation.406 members (68%) completed the survey. Reported procedure participation ranged from 71% (MRI) to 27% (lymph node biopsy). Respondents underwent 0–6 procedure types (median 3). Ordinal regression indicated that lower perceived HIV impact and HIV remission trial participation were associated with more procedures completed. Reports of decision difficulty varied, and feeling pressured by research staff was low overall. Notably, those who declined procedures and those who underwent more invasive procedures reported greater decision difficulty and perceived pressure. Most respondents felt compensation amounts were appropriate, although opinions differed by procedure, and for some procedures, between people who agreed and declined.There is limited literature regarding consent to and attitudes about optional research procedures. Researchers must consider how to best support voluntary decisions for procedures with little personal benefit, particularly in lower-income or marginalized populations. In this longitudinal research cohort, perceived pressure to participate may be a concern, although our finding of variation in participation rates corresponding to invasiveness is reassuring. Data from different research contexts would provide important comparators.

The agony of university choice: Broaden horizons, expand participation?

ABSTRACT This study investigates how personality and individual experiences influence decision-making processes during the transition into Higher Education (HE). It offers insights into application choices, where applicants employ different quantitative hedging strategies against non-admission. These strategies are assessed by the number of applications but also the search radius, leading to an alternative’s inclusion into the application set. An empirical analysis of the usually unobserved application stage shows how these hedging strategies depend on applicants’ perceptions of psychic costs and their socio-demographic backgrounds. This heterogeneity may explain varying participation rates for different subpopulations in a country with a large HE sector, such as Germany. An essential finding points to the relevance of earlier mobility experiences during adolescence, which may act as facilitators of subsequent student mobility. Providing adolescents with a stimulating mobility experience before they consider transitioning to university could thus be an avenue to increase participation chances of potentially disadvantaged groups.

Drivers of cultural participation of immigrants: evidence from an Italian survey

The paper aims to explore the drivers of immigrants’ participation to cultural and leisure activities in host countries. First, we discuss how the main analytical approaches on cultural participation can be extended to incorporate factors specific to migrants’ characteristics and behaviour, namely cultural traits or proximity to the native population’s culture and the level of integration in the host society. Secondly, we estimate zero-inflated ordered probit models to investigate migrants’ propensity and frequency to engage in cultural and leisure activities using data of a special survey on Income and Living conditions (2011–2012) on foreign households in Italy. Italy represents an interesting case because it is a recent immigration country, making the analysis particularly suitable for studying the behaviour of first-generation immigrants. Our findings suggest that, after controlling for standard individual predictors, cultural participation is significantly and primary driven by the process of acculturation which take place during the staying in the host country. Conversely, we find only a partial or weak evidence of the effect of both personal cultural capital and of the heterogeneity in migrants’ cultural traits on variation in participation rates.

To do or not to do \u2013 a survey study on factors associated with participating in the Danish screening program for colorectal cancer

BackgroundScreening programs for colorectal cancer (CRC) exist in many countries, and with varying participation rates. The present study aimed at identifying socio-demographic factors for accepting a cost-free screening offer for CRC in Denmark, and to study if more people would accept the screening offer if the present fecal test was replaced by a blood test.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional survey design based on a representative group of 6807 Danish citizens aged 50–80 years returning a fully answered web-based questionnaire with socio-demographic data added from national registries. Data were analyzed in STATA and based on bivariate analyses followed by regression models.ResultsDanes in general have a high level of lifetime participation (+ 80%) in the national CRC screening program. The results of the stepwise logistic regression model to predict CRC screening participation demonstrated that female gender, higher age, higher income, and moderate alcohol intake were positively associated with screening participation, whereas a negative association was observed for higher educational attainment, obesity, being a smoker, and higher willingness to take health risks. Of the 1026 respondents not accepting the screening offer, 61% were willing to reconsider their initial negative response if the fecal sampling procedure were replaced by blood sampling.ConclusionThe CRC screening program intends to include the entire population within a certain at-risk age group. However, individual factors (e.g. sex, age obesity, smoking, risk aversity) appear to significantly affect willingness to participate in the screening program. From a preventive perspective, our findings indicate the need for a more targeted approach trying to reach these groups.

Voter Turnout and City Performance: Evidence from Italian Municipalities

Abstract Using data on mayoral elections in large Italian cities during the 2000s, we investigate whether and how voter turnout affects city performance across a number of dimensions. To address the issue of voter turnout endogeneity and identify the transmission mechanism, we exploit exogenous variation in participation rates in mayoral elections due to anticipated shocks (concurrence of local and national elections) and unanticipated shocks (bad weather on the day of the election) to the cost of voting. The results consistently point to a negative impact of voter turnout rates on indicators of urban environmental performance, life quality, and administrative efficiency. Interestingly, though, we find that only anticipated shocks to turnout affect the quality of elected mayors measured on a number of competence dimensions, compatibly with the hypothesis of a selection mechanism whereby parties choose candidates to maximize their chances of winning the elections based on their expectations on voter turnout rates (JEL D72, H72, C26).

National Study of Adult Oral Health 2017-18: participation and representativeness.

The National Study of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) 2017-18 collected information from a sample of the Australian population aged 15years and over. The Study comprised an interview questionnaire, completed by telephone or online, and an oral epidemiological examination among dentate participants. Participation in the Study was voluntary and therefore relied on the goodwill of selected participants. This paper provides a summary of participation rates for the Interview and Examination phases of the study. The potential for biased population estimates due to variation in participation rates is explored. The weighting procedure implemented to ensure the sample is representative of the target population is described and a comparison of the estimated population distributions derived from the weighted sample and the actual population distributions is provided for a range of socioeconomic characteristics. In summary, it can be concluded that estimates derived from the weighted Interview and Examination samples are valid estimates of the Australian population aged 15years and over.

Differences in High School CTE Coursetaking by Gender and Race/Ethnicity

The purpose of this study was to examine patterns in high school career and technical education (CTE) coursetaking by gender and race/ethnicity across two cohorts of students over time. Using high school transcript data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002) and the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09), we examined participation in CTE both overall and disaggregated by field of study. While there were some differences by gender and race/ethnicity in overall CTE participation, disaggregating by field of study revealed wide variation in participation rates in each field. We found large and sustained differences in participation across CTE fields of study by gender as well as pronounced patterns by race/ethnicity, with some changes over time. Overall, these gender and racial/ethnic differences were notable because they persisted even after controlling for other potential explanatory factors.

The Quality of Data on Participation in Adult Education and Training. An Analysis of Varying Participation Rates and Patterns Under Consideration of Survey Design and Measurement Effects.

Statistics on adult education and training (AET) are often considered as insufficient because they fail to deliver a comprehensive and consistent picture of this field of education. This study addresses a specific problem in AET statistics that is varying participation rates of adults in AET depending on underlying data sources. We elaborate potential causes for deviations in survey design and the measurement of participation in sample based AET statistics with reference to the Total Survey Error (TSE) approach. Our analysis compares AET participation rates and patterns from four representative German surveys and reveals substantial differences in participation rates and mixed results for patterns of participation in AET. We find similar relationships for the influence of employment and educational attainment. The relationship with region, gender, and age shows to some extent deviations that conclude in contradictory statements on probabilities of participation. The discussion addresses consequences for the interpretation of survey results on AET participations and draws conclusions for the further development of AET statistics.

Complex ballot propositions, individual voting behavior, and status quo bias

One concern about direct democracy is that citizens may not be sufficiently competent to decide about complex policies. This may lead to exaggerated conservatism in the voting decision (status quo bias). To investigate how complexity affects individual voting behavior, we develop a novel measure of proposition complexity (using official pre-referendum booklets) and combine it with post-referendum survey data from Switzerland. Using Heckman selection estimations to account for endogenous variation in participation rates, we find that an increase in proposition complexity from the 10th to the 90th percentile would decrease voters' approval by 5.6 ppts, which is often decisive: an additional 12% of the propositions in our sample would be rejected.

Breast cancer screening programme participation and socioeconomic deprivation in France

The objective was to quantify the relationship between deprivation and national breast cancer screening programme (NBCSP) participation at an ecological level in mainland France.Data from 4,805,390 women—living in 36,209 municipalities within 95 departments—participating in the 2013–2014 NBCSP were analysed using the French Deprivation Index (FDep). FDep population quintiles by municipality were computed to describe NBCSP participation according to deprivation. To better examine the relationship between continuous value of deprivation index and participation rates at the municipality level, we built a generalized linear mixed model.Geographical variations in participation rates were marked. The national standardized participation rate was higher in the intermediate quintiles (55%), 45% for the least deprived one and 52% for the most deprived one. Using our model, we also obtained an inverted U-curve for the relationship between NBCSP participation and municipality deprivation: participation was lower for both the least and most deprived municipalities. This relationship was also observed for each of the two subpopulations—urban municipalities and rural ones—considered separately. Introducing the FDep in the model reduced slightly the unexplained variations in participation rates between departments and between municipalities (with a proportional change in variance of 14% and 12% respectively).We highlight major disparities in departmental participation rates and FDep/participation profiles. However, deprivation appears to have only little influence on geographical variation in participation rates. There is a need to further understand the factors affecting geographical variation in participation rates, in particular the use of opportunistic screening.

Complex Ballot Propositions, Individual Voting Behavior, and Status Quo Bias

One concern about direct democracy is that citizens may not be sufficiently competent to decide about complex policies. This may lead to exaggerated conservatism in the voting decision (status quo bias). To investigate how complexity affects individual voting behavior, we develop a novel measure of proposition complexity (using official pre-referendum booklets) and combine it with post-referendum survey data from Switzerland. Using Heckman selection estimations to account for endogenous variation in participation rates, we find that an increase in proposition complexity from the 10th to the 90th percentile would decrease voters' approval by 5.6 ppts, which is often decisive: an additional 12% of the propositions in our sample would be rejected.

Online child care training in the United States: a preliminary investigation of who participates, what is offered, and on which topics the workforce is focusing

Current US policies call for a child care teacher workforce that can support program quality and enhance infants’, toddlers’, and preschoolers’ learning and development. Given minimal state pre-hire requirements, this context has implications for the workforce’s in-service training. Yet, there is limited research on who participates in training, the focus of what is offered, and variations in participation rates across topics. Also needed is a better understanding of the role online training might play in meeting the workforce’s in-service needs. To address these interrelated issues, I present descriptive analyses of a convenience sample of aggregate data from a US-wide online child care training provider. Enrollees’ ages and education levels reflect the larger child care workforce. The majority of the offered training is at the beginner level and 1 h in duration. Since 2010, enrollees completed an average of 10–12 online training hours annually. Roughly one-third of the completed training was related to planning a safe, healthy learning environment. These findings suggest the need for more rigorous research on child care workforce participation in training, particularly related to the extent to which online training can respond to policies aimed at enhancing workforce capacity to support program quality and young children’s learning and development.

Administrative Centralization and Bureaucratic Responsiveness: Evidence from the Food Stamp Program

Delegation of administrative authority is commonly thought to involve a tradeoff between the discretion necessary for bureaucratic effectiveness and democratic responsiveness. In many contexts, however, discretion and responsiveness go hand-in-hand: Street-level bureaucrats may adapt their behavior to accommodate local norms and values, even when implementing identical statutory language. I argue that this type of bureaucratic adaptation can explain local variation in participation rates in the national food stamp program. By exploiting between-state differences in the level at which the program is administered, I further show that administrative centralization does not appear to moderate such responsiveness, which is high across institutional settings. Using data on application denial rates for a subset of these states, I offer additional evidence that some of the county-level variation in program participation is a product of decisions made by local case workers. Together, these findings offer important insights on the institutional preconditions for bureaucratic responsiveness and control.

Do high participation rates improve effects of population-based general health checks?

The aim is to investigate if the effect of a health check differs between areas with different participation rates. The Inter99 population-based randomized lifestyle intervention study covered 73 areas within the suburbs of Copenhagen, Denmark. Adults aged 30-60years were randomly drawn from a population and were randomized to intervention group (n=11,483) or control group (n=47,122). Participation rates in the health check varied considerably between areas (mean 52%; range 35-85%). In separate survival analyses, area participation rate was included both as a continuous exposure variable and as a categorical variable (tertiles; low: 35-49%, meddle: 50-54%, high: 55-84%). All persons in the intervention and control group were followed in registers for 10-year total mortality and combined events (ischemic heart disease, stroke, or both). In adjusted models (including sociodemographic variables, ethnicity, number of children and comorbidity), among men, there was no difference in risk of death between areas with varying participation rates. Surprisingly, among women living in high-participation areas a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.32 [1.03-1.69]) was found in the intervention group (ref=controls). For both men and women, in no areas there was any difference between intervention and control group in incident IHD/stroke. Higher participation rates in population based health checks is probably unlikely to improve the effects of these, and may in worst case be harmful in subgroups of the population. Further well-designed studies within non-participation research should have high priority and are required to establish link between health checks and risk of death in subgroups of the population.

General Practitioners' Participation in a Large, Multicountry Combined General Practitioner-Patient Survey: Recruitment Procedures and Participation Rate.

Background. The participation of general practitioners (GPs) is essential in research on the performance of primary care. This paper describes the implementation of a large, multicountry study in primary care that combines a survey among GPs and a linked survey among patients that visited their practice (the QUALICOPC study). The aim is to describe the recruitment procedure and explore differences between countries in the participation rate of the GPs. Methods. Descriptive analyses were used to document recruitment procedures and to assess hypotheses potentially explaining variation in participation rates between countries. Results. The survey was implemented in 31 European countries. GPs were mainly selected through random sampling. The actual implementation of the study differed between countries. The median participation rate was 30%. Both material (such as the payment system of GPs in a country) and immaterial influences (such as estimated survey pressure) are related to differences between countries. Conclusion. This study shows that the participation of GPs may indeed be influenced by the context of the country. The implementation of complex data collection is difficult to realize in a completely uniform way. Procedures have to be tuned to the context of the country.

Identifying Factors Affecting the Rural Women's Participation in Educational-extension Programs of the Jihad-Agriculture Service Centers (Case Study: Amol County)

Porpuse: This study aims to identify factors affecting rural women's participation in educational- extension programs of the Jihad- Agriculture service centers in Amol township, in order to be able to take positive steps in facilitating and accelerating the process of rural and agricultural development, as the result of the improvement in their level of participation. Methodology: Considering the aims of the study, the present study is applied research and descriptive-correlational in nature. To collect data, library research and field survey were used. The data collection instrument used in this study was a questionnaire, which reliability and validity has been confirmed by the use of the Cronbach's alpha test (86/0> α> 78/0) and the related experts’ opinions. The research population consisted of 67,488 (N= 67488) rural women in Amol township; from which, based on Cochran formula, 384 subjects (N=384) were selected using proportional stratified sampling. SPSS16 software was also used for data analysis. Findings: Descriptive results of this study demonstrated that rural women's participation in educational-extension programs is on a good level. The analytical results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between rural women’s age, education level, monthly income, the extent of information sources’ use, social characteristics, attitudinal characteristics, and economic characteristics on one hand; and the extent of their participation in educational-extension programs on the other hand. The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that the economic characteristics, educational level, income level, attitudinal factors, age and the extent of using information sources, explain 37.10% of the variations in participation rates of rural women in educational-extension programs. Research limitation: Access to rural women and gaining the needed information, were the major challenges in the present study. Practical implications: According to the research results, conducting gender analysis to provide information in order to clarify the role and the significance of rural women’s education in sustainable agriculture and rural development, educational promotion of rural women, improving women's attitudes and etc. can be considerably effective in increasing the participation of rural women in educational- extension programs. Original/value: Considering the fundamental role of rural women in agricultural and rural development -especially in the northern regions of Iran-, identifying factors that affect the extent of their participation in educational-extension programs of Jihad-Agriculture service centers which facilitate agricultural and rural development, is so necessary.