Variation In Chromosome Number Research Articles

Evolutionary patterns of variations in chromosome counts and genome sizes show positive correlations with taxonomic diversity in tropical gingers.

Cytogenetic traits such as an organism's chromosome number and genome size are taxonomically critical as they are instrumental in defining angiosperm diversity. Variations in these traits can be traced to evolutionary processes such as polyploidization, although geographic variations across cytogenetic traits remain underexplored. In the pantropical monocot family Zingiberaceae (~1500 species), cytogenetic traits have been well documented; however, the role of these traits in shaping taxonomic diversity and biogeographic patterns of gingers is not known. A time-calibrated Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed for 290 taxa covering three of the four subfamilies in Zingiberaceae. We tested models of chromosome number and genome size evolution within the family and whether lineage age, taxonomic diversity, and distributional range explain the variations in the cytogenetic traits. Tests were carried out at two taxonomic ranks: within Zingiberaceae and within genus Hedychium using correlations, generalized linear models and phylogenetic least square models. The most frequent changes in chromosome number within Zingiberaceae were noted to be demi-polyploidization and polyploidization (~57% of the time), followed by ascending dysploidy (~27%). The subfamily Zingiberoideae showed descending dysploidy at its base, while Alpinioideae showed polyploidization at its internal nodes. Although chromosome counts and genome sizes did not corroborate with each other, suggesting that they are not equivalent; higher chromosome number variations and higher genome size variations were associated with higher taxonomic diversity and wider biogeographic distribution. Within Zingiberaceae, multiple incidences of polyploidization were discovered, and cytogenetic events appear to have reduced the genome sizes and increased taxonomic diversity, distributional ranges and invasiveness.

AI/ML-derived mechanistically interpretable whole-genome biomarkers of patient survival in pre-treatment primary neuroblastoma tumors and whole blood.

10043 Background: Prediction, understanding, and management, of neuroblastoma (NBL) outcomes, from spontaneous regression to relapse and death, remain limited, and rely mostly on the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage, age, and the one-gene test for MYCN amplification. The entire multi-ome affects every aspect of the disease. But typical artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) cannot discover effective biomarkers from real-life, small-cohort, multi-omic, and noisy data. Methods: We use our AI/ML to identify two whole-genome biomarkers from open-source pre-treatment NBL patient-matched primary tumor and whole blood DNA copy numbers, and primary tumor mRNA expression. Our data-agnostic, unsupervised algorithms extend the mathematics that underlies quantum mechanics to overcome the limitations of typical AI/ML [1,2]. Our platform- and reference genome-agnostic biomarkers in astrocytoma, including glioblastoma, and lung, ovarian, and uterine adenocarcinomas, were mathematically discovered, and computationally and experimentally validated, repeatedly, in federated, imbalanced datasets from as few as 50–100 patients [3]. Results: We discover the biomarkers in “skinny” datasets of minimally preprocessed ≈3M-bin whole-genome sequences from tumors and blood of a set of 101 patients. Blindly, i.e., label-free, we separate both biomarkers from the normal X chromosome-number variation, demonstrating sex-agnostic learning. Combined, the biomarkers are statistically independent of all standard-of-care indicators, with the univariate Cox hazard ratio of 4.0 (log-rank P-value=2.3×10–5) within the 95% confidence intervals of the bivariate ratios. The risk that the tumor’s whole genome confers upon outcome, as is reflected by the bivariate ratios, is greater than that conferred by all standard-of-care indicators, including DNA ploidy, the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) risk, and the mitosis-karyorrhexis index (MKI), except for histopathology. We validate the biomarkers in ≈10K-bin target-capture sequences of a mutually-exclusive set of 419 patients, demonstrating generalizability as well as site-, platform-, and protocol-agnostic transfer learning. At 73–80% concordance, in both the tumor and blood profiles of both the discovery and validation sets, the biomarkers combined are more accurate than MYCN. We show that the biomarkers identify known and previously unrecognized disease mechanisms and druggable gene alterations, including co-amplification of MYCN with genes encoding for extra-embryonic transcripts, as well as the hijacking of embryonic development toward aneuploidy, which can spontaneously regress via embryonic self-correction. Conclusions: Our AI/ML is uniquely suited for personalized medicine. 1. doi: 10.1063/1.5099268 2. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0530258100 3. doi: 10.1063/1.5142559.

Complete telomere-to-telomere genomes uncover virulence evolution conferred by chromosome fusion in oomycete plant pathogens

Variations in chromosome number are occasionally observed among oomycetes, a group that includes many plant pathogens, but the emergence of such variations and their effects on genome and virulence evolution remain ambiguous. We generated complete telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies for Phytophthora sojae, Globisporangium ultimum, Pythium oligandrum, and G. spinosum. Reconstructing the karyotype of the most recent common ancestor in Peronosporales revealed that frequent chromosome fusion and fission drove changes in chromosome number. Centromeres enriched with Copia-like transposons may contribute to chromosome fusion and fission events. Chromosome fusion facilitated the emergence of pathogenicity genes and their adaptive evolution. Effectors tended to duplicate in the sub-telomere regions of fused chromosomes, which exhibited evolutionary features distinct to the non-fused chromosomes. By integrating ancestral genomic dynamics and structural predictions, we have identified secreted Ankyrin repeat-containing proteins (ANKs) as a novel class of effectors in P. sojae. Phylogenetic analysis and experiments further revealed that ANK is a specifically expanded effector family in oomycetes. These results revealed chromosome dynamics in oomycete plant pathogens, and provided novel insights into karyotype and effector evolution.

Chromosome stability of synthetic Triticum turgidum–Aegilops umbellulata hybrids

BackgroundUnreduced gamete formation during meiosis plays a critical role in natural polyploidization. However, the unreduced gamete formation mechanisms in Triticum turgidum–Aegilops umbellulata triploid F1 hybrid crosses and the chromsome numbers and compostions in T. turgidum–Ae. umbellulata F2 still not known.ResultsIn this study, 11 T.turgidum–Ae. umbellulata triploid F1 hybrid crosses were produced by distant hybridization. All of the triploid F1 hybrids had 21 chromosomes and two basic pathways of meiotic restitution, namely first-division restitution (FDR) and single-division meiosis (SDM). Only FDR was found in six of the 11 crosses, while both FDR and SDM occurred in the remaining five crosses. The chromosome numbers in the 127 selfed F2 seeds from the triploid F1 hybrid plants of 10 crosses (no F2 seeds for STU 16) varied from 35 to 43, and the proportions of euploid and aneuploid F2 plants were 49.61% and 50.39%, respectively. In the aneuploid F2 plants, the frequency of chromosome loss/gain varied among genomes. The chromosome loss of the U genome was the highest (26.77%) among the three genomes, followed by that of the B (22.83%) and A (11.81%) genomes, and the chromosome gain for the A, B, and U genomes was 3.94%, 3.94%, and 1.57%, respectively. Of the 21 chromosomes, 7U (16.54%), 5 A (3.94%), and 1B (9.45%) had the highest loss frequency among the U, A, and B genomes. In addition to chromosome loss, seven chromosomes, namely 1 A, 3 A, 5 A, 6 A, 1B, 1U, and 6U, were gained in the aneuploids.ConclusionIn the aneuploid F2 plants, the frequency of chromosome loss/gain varied among genomes, chromsomes, and crosses. In addition to variations in chromosome numbers, three types of chromosome translocations including 3UL·2AS, 6UL·1AL, and 4US·6AL were identified in the F2 plants. Furthermore, polymorphic fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotypes for all the U chromosomes were also identified in the F2 plants when compared with the Ae. umbellulata parents. These results provide useful information for our understanding the naturally occurred T. turgidum–Ae. umbellulata amphidiploids.

Diversity of genome size and chromosome number in homothallic and heterothallic strains of the Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta).

The evolutionary transitions of mating systems between outcrossing and self-fertilization are often suggested to associate with the cytological and genomic changes, but the empirical reports are limited in multicellular organisms. Here we used the unicellular zygnematophycean algae, the Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (C. psl.) complex, to address whether genomic properties such as genome sizes and chromosome numbers are associated with mating system transitions between homothallism (self-fertility) and heterothallism (self-sterility). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the polyphyly of homothallic strains, suggesting multiple transitions between homothallism and heterothallism in the C. psl. complex. Flow cytometry analysis identified a more than 2-fold genome size variation, ranging from 0.53 to 1.42 Gbp, which was positively correlated with chromosome number variation between strains. Although we did not find consistent trends in genome size change and mating system transitions, the mean chromosome sizes tend to be smaller in homothallic strains than in their relative heterothallic strains. This result suggests that homothallic strains possibly have more fragmented chromosomes, which is consistent with the argument that self-fertilizing populations may tolerate more chromosomal rearrangements.

Facing climate change: Range dynamics and chromosome diversity in Hedeoma multiflora Benth., a South American aromatic-medicinal plant at risk

Climate change could significantly affect the geographic distribution of plant species. Hedeoma multiflora is a vulnerable medicinal and aromatic herb that distributes in the Pampa, Espinal and Chaco biogeographic provinces in austral South America. This integrated approach combines ecological models and cytogenetic evidence to assess the effects of climate change on this species. Species distribution modelling using the Maxent model was implemented under current climatic conditions and three future climate change scenarios, integrating data from three Global Climate Models. The most suitable areas span 68,557 km2, encompassing the Sierras Pampeanas in San Luis and Córdoba provinces, and the Tandilia and Ventania systems in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The primary variables influencing the models include elevation (500 to 2000 m.a.s.l.), annual mean temperature (10 to 17 °C), annual precipitation (500 to 900 mm) and precipitation seasonality (50 to 75%). While the results project an expansion in the potential distribution of the species, heterogeneous patterns of range shifts are predicted across the three mountain systems: expansion in Sierras Pampeanas, march in Ventania and retraction in the Tandilia system. Variations in chromosome numbers within four distinct localities were reported, indicating the presence of polyploidy. This could potentially provide adaptive advantages in response to changing climates. This plant lives in habitats that face human-induced alterations and insufficient area protected coverage, then we propose strategies for both in situ and ex situ conservation of this medicinal species in each area.

Comparative genomics reveals the dynamics of chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera

Chromosomes are a central unit of genome organization. One-tenth of all described species on Earth are butterflies and moths, the Lepidoptera, which generally possess 31 chromosomes. However, some species display dramatic variation in chromosome number. Here we analyse 210 chromosomally complete lepidopteran genomes and show that the chromosomes of extant lepidopterans are derived from 32 ancestral linkage groups, which we term Merian elements. Merian elements have remained largely intact through 250 million years of evolution and diversification. Against this stable background, eight lineages have undergone extensive reorganization either through numerous fissions or a combination of fusion and fission events. Outside these lineages, fusions are rare and fissions are rarer still. Fusions often involve small, repeat-rich Merian elements and the sex-linked element. Our results reveal the constraints on genome architecture in Lepidoptera and provide a deeper understanding of chromosomal rearrangements in eukaryotic genome evolution.

Cytogenetic Analysis of the Fish Genus Carassius Indicates Divergence, Fission, and Segmental Duplication as Drivers of Tandem Repeat and Microchromosome Evolution.

Fishes of the genus Carassius are useful experimental vertebrate models for the study of evolutionary biology and cytogenetics. Carassius demonstrates diverse biological characteristics, such as variation in ploidy levels and chromosome numbers, and presence of microchromosomes. Those Carassius polyploids with ≥150 chromosomes have microchromosomes, but the origin of microchromosomes, especially in European populations, is unknown. We used cytogenetics to study evolution of tandem repeats (U1 and U2 small nuclear DNAs and H3 histone) and microchromosomes in Carassius from the Czech Republic. We tested the hypotheses whether the number of tandem repeats was affected by polyploidization or divergence between species and what mechanism drives evolution of microchromosomes. Tandem repeats were found in tetraploid and hexaploid Carassius gibelio, and tetraploid Carassius auratus and Carassius carassius in conserved numbers, with the exception of U1 small nuclear DNA in C. auratus. This conservation indicates reduction and/or loss in the number of copies per locus in hexaploids and may have occurred by divergence rather than polyploidization. To study the evolution of microchromosomes, we used the whole microchromosome painting probe from hexaploid C. gibelio and hybridized it to tetraploid and hexaploid C. gibelio, and tetraploid C. auratus and C. carassius. Our results revealed variation in the number of microchromosomes in hexaploids and indicated that the evolution of the Carassius karyotype is governed by macrochromosome fissions followed by segmental duplication in pericentromeric areas. These are potential mechanisms responsible for the presence of microchromosomes in Carassius hexaploids. Differential efficacy of one or both of these mechanisms in different tetraploids could ensure variability in chromosome number in polyploids in general.

Cytomolecular trends in Chamaecrista Moench (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae) diversification.

Chamaecrista is a Pantropical legume genus of the tribe Cassieae, which includes six other genera. In contrast to most of the other Cassieae genera, Chamaecrista shows significant variability in chromosome number (from 2n = 14 to 2n = 56), with small and morphologically similar chromosomes. Here, we performed a new cytomolecular analysis on chromosome number, genome size, and rDNA site distribution in a molecular phylogenetic perspective to interpret the karyotype trends of Chamaecrista and other two genera of Cassieae, seeking to understand their systematics and evolution. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chamaecrista is monophyletic and can be divided into four major clades corresponding to the four sections of the genus. Chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 14, 16 (section Chamaecrista) to 2n = 28 (sections Absus, Apoucouita, and Baseophyllum). The number of 5S and 35S rDNA sites varied between one and three pairs per karyotype, distributed on different chromosomes or in synteny, with no obvious phylogenetic significance. Our data allowed us to propose x = 7 as the basic chromosome number of Cassieae, which was changed by polyploidy generating x = 14 (sections Absus, Apoucouita, and Baseophyllum) and by ascending dysploidy to x = 8 (section Chamaecrista). The DNA content values supported this hypothesis, with the genomes of the putative tetraploids being larger than those of the putative diploids. We hypothesized that ascending dysploidy, polyploidy, and rDNA amplification/deamplification are the major events in the karyotypic diversification of Chamaecrista. The chromosomal marks characterized here may have cytotaxonomic potential in future studies.

Long-Term Cryopreservation May Cause Genomic Instability and the Premature Senescence of Cells.

Cryopreservation is an essential step for utilizing various cell types for biological research and medical purposes. At the same time, there is a lack of data on the effect of cryopreservation, especially when prolonged, on the karyotype of cells. In the present work, we analyzed the genetic stability of cells subjected to a cryopreservation procedure. The objects were immortalized Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CHL V-79 RJK line) and human endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (eMSCs). We showed that short-term cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for up to 6 months did not affect the karyotype stability of CHL V-79 RJK and eMSCs. On the contrary, karyotyping of G-banded metaphase chromosomes in cells underwent 10-year cryopreservation, which revealed genomic instability in both cell lines associated with the variability of chromosome number in cells, random chromosomal rearrangements, and condensation disorder in homologs. In addition, we found out that long-term cryopreservation of eMSCs does not affect the expression of their typical surface markers and morphology, but results in a significant reduction in proliferative potential and early manifestation of cellular senescence features upon eMSCs culturing. Thus, we concluded that the long-term cryopreservation of cells of different types and biological origin can lead to irreversible changes of their karyotype and acceleration of cellular senescence.

Chromosomal evolution in Cryptangieae Benth. (Cyperaceae): Evidence of holocentrism and pseudomonads.

Cryptangieae has recently been revised based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, but cytogenetic data is still scarce. We conducted this study with the aim of investigating the occurrence of holocentric chromosomes and pseudomonads, as well as understanding the mode of chromosomal evolution in the tribe. We performed analyses of meiotic behavior, chromosome counts, and reconstruction of the ancestral state for the haploid number. We present novel cytogenetic data for eight potentially holocentric species: Cryptangium verticillatum, Krenakia junciforme, K. minarum, Lagenocarpus bracteosus, L. griseus, L. inversus, L. rigidus, and L. tenuifolius. Meiotic abnormalities were observed, with parallel spindles being particularly noteworthy. Intra-specific variations in chromosome number were not found, which may indicate an efficient genetic control for the elimination of abnormal nuclei. The inferred ancestral haploid number was n = 16, with dysploidy being the main evolutionary mechanism. At least five chromosomal fissions occurred in Krenakia (n = 21), followed by a further ascending dysploidy event in Lagenocarpus (n = 17). As proposed for Cyperaceae, it is possible that cladogenesis events in Cryptangieae were marked by numerical and structural chromosomal changes.

Effects of genome instability of parental CHO cell clones on chromosome number distribution and recombinant protein production in parent-derived subclones

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the de facto standard host cells for biopharmaceuticals, and there is great interest in developing methods for constructing stable production cell lines. In this study, clones with a wide chromosome number distribution were selected from isolated antibody-producing strains, and subclones obtained from these clones were evaluated. The transgene copy number varied between the subclones. Even among subclones with similar copy numbers of antibody genes and maintained insertion sites, clones with different productivity were generated. Although the chromosome number distribution differed between these subclones, there was no correlation between the variability in chromosome number after cloning (genome instability) and productivity. Most of the subclones obtained from a parental strain with a wide chromosome number had the same wide chromosome number distribution as the parental strain. Less frequently, cells with less variation (remaining in one distribution) in chromosome number were isolated from cells with a wide chromosome number distribution, from which subclones with less variation in chromosome number were obtained when subcloning was performed again. These results imply that the characteristics of clones with chromosomal instability are inherited by subclones, and thus provide a better understanding of cell line stability/instability.

Genetic enhancement of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] germplasm through wide hybridization.

The introgression of genetic material from one species to another through wide hybridization and repeated back-crossing, plays an important role in genetic modification and enriching the cultivated gene-pool with novel genetic variations. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [(L.) Moench)] is a popular vegetable crop with high dietary fibre and protein, rich in essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. The wild Abelmoschus genepool has many desirable traits like ornamental value, short internodal length, more number of productive branches, extended bearing, perennation tendency, reduced fruit length (more consumer preferred trait), high mucilage content (medicinal value), abiotic stress tolerances such as drought, high temperature and biotic stress resistances such as okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) and Enation Leaf Curl Virus (ELCV) diseases. The repeated use of elite breeding lines led to narrowing of the genetic base of the okra crop, one of the major factors attributed to breakdown of resistance/ tolerance to biotic stresses. YVMV and ELCV are the two major diseases, causing significant yield loss in okra. Hence, wide hybridization was attempted to transfer tolerance genes from wild species to the cultivated genepool to widen the genetic base. The screening of germplasm of wild Abelmoschus species at hotspots led to the identification of tolerant species (Abelmoschus pungens var. mizoramensis, A. enbeepeegeearensis, A. caillei, A. tetraphyllus and A. angulosus var. grandiflorus), which were further used in a wide-hybridization programme to generate interspecific hybrids with the cultivated okra. Presence of pre- and post-zygotic barriers to interspecific geneflow, differences in ploidy levels and genotype specific variations in chromosome numbers led to varying degrees of sterility in F1 plants of interspecific crosses. This was overcome by doubling the chromosome number of interspecific hybrids by applying Colchicine at the seedling stage. The 113 cross derivatives generated comprising amphidiploids in the F1 generation (30), F3 (14), one each in F2 and F4 generations, back cross generation in BC1F2 (03), BC1F3 (25), and BC2F3 (02), crosses between amphidiploids (27), multi-cross combinations (07) and inter-specific cross (between A. sagittifolius × A. moschatus subsp. moschatus) selfed derivatives at F8 generation (03) were characterized in the present study. Besides they were advanced through selfing and backcrossing. The amphidiploids were found to possess many desirable genes with a considerable magnitude of linkage drag. Majority of the wide cross derivatives had an intermediate fruit morphology and dominance of wild characters viz., hispid fruits, stem, leaves, tough fruit fibre, vigorous perennial growth habit and prolonged flowering and fruiting. The fruit morphology of three BC progenies exhibited a high morphological resemblance to the cultivated okra, confirming successful transfer of useful genes to the cultivated okra genepool. The detailed morphological characteristics of the various combinations of Abelmoschus amphidiploids and the genetic enhancement of the genepool achieved in this process is reported here.

Differences in cell shape, motility, and growth reflect chromosomal number variations that can be visualized with live-cell ChReporters.

Chromosome numbers often change dynamically in tumors and cultured cells, which complicates therapy as well as understanding genotype-mechanotype relationships. Here we use a live-cell "ChReporter" method to identify cells with a single chromosomal loss in efforts to better understand differences in cell shape, motility, and growth. We focus on a standard cancer line and first show clonal populations that retain the ChReporter exhibit large differences in cell and nuclear morphology as well as motility. Phenotype metrics follow simple rules, including migratory persistence scaling with speed, and cytoskeletal differences are evident from drug responses, imaging, and single-cell RNA sequencing. However, mechanotype-genotype relationships between fluorescent ChReporter-positive clones proved complex and motivated comparisons of clones that differ only in loss or retention of a Chromosome-5 ChReporter. When lost, fluorescence-null cells show low expression of Chromosome-5 genes, including a key tumor suppressor APC that regulates microtubules and proliferation. Colonies are compact, nuclei are rounded, and cells proliferate more, with drug results implicating APC, and patient survival data indicating an association in multiple tumor-types. Visual identification of genotype with ChReporters can thus help clarify mechanotype and mechano-evolution.

The holocentric chromosome microevolution: From phylogeographic patterns to genomic associations with environmental gradients.

Geographic isolation and chromosome evolution are two of the major drivers of diversification in eukaryotes in general, and specifically, in plants. On one hand, range shifts induced by Pleistocene glacial oscillations deeply shaped the evolutionary trajectories of species in the Northern Hemisphere. On the other hand, karyotype variability within species or species complexes may have adaptive potential as different karyotypes may represent different recombination rates and linkage groups that may be associated with locally adapted genes or supergenes. Organisms with holocentric chromosomes are ideal to study the link between local adaptation and chromosome evolution, due to their high cytogenetic variability, especially when it seems to be related to environmental variation. Here, we integrate the study of the phylogeography, chromosomal evolution and ecological requirements of a plant species complex distributed in the Western Euro-Mediterranean region (Carex gr. laevigata, Cyperaceae). We aim to clarify the relative influence of these factors on population differentiation and ultimately on speciation. We obtained a well-resolved RADseq phylogeny that sheds light on the phylogeographic patterns of molecular and chromosome number variation, which are compatible with south-to-north postglacial migration. In addition, landscape genomics analyses identified candidate loci for local adaptation, and also strong significant associations between the karyotype and the environment. We conclude that karyotype distribution in C. gr. laevigata has been constrained by both range shift dynamics and local adaptation. Our study demonstrates that chromosome evolution may be responsible, at least partially, for microevolutionary patterns of population differentiation and adaptation in Carex.

Microtubule search-and-capture model evaluates the effect of chromosomal volume conservation on spindle assembly during mitosis.

Variation in the chromosome numbers can arise from the erroneous mitosis or fusion and fission of chromosomes. While the mitotic errors lead to an increase or decrease in the overall chromosomal substance in the daughter cells, fission and fusion keep this conserved. Variations in chromosome numbers are assumed to be a crucial driver of speciation. For example, the members of the muntjac species are known to have very different karyotypes with the chromosome numbers varying from 2n=70+3B in the brown brocket deer to 2n=46 in the Chinese muntjac and 2n=6/7 in the Indian muntjac. The chromosomal content in the nucleus of these closely related mammals is roughly the same and various chromosome fusion and fission pathways have been suggested as the evolution process of these karyotypes. Similar trends can also be found in lepidoptera and yeast species which show a wide variation of chromosome numbers. The effect of chromosome number variation on the spindle assembly time and accuracy is still not properly addressed. We computationally investigate the effect of conservation of the total chromosomal substance on the spindle assembly during prometaphase. Our results suggest that chromosomal fusion pathways aid the microtubule-driven search and capture of the kinetochore in cells with monocentric chromosomes. We further report a comparative analysis of the site and percentage of amphitelic captures, dependence on cell shape, and position of the kinetochore in respect to chromosomal volume partitioning.

Dramatic difference in rate of chromosome number evolution among sundew (Drosera L., Droseraceae) lineages.

Chromosome number change is a driver of speciation in eukaryotic organisms. Carnivorous sundews in the plant genus Drosera L. exhibit single chromosome number variation both among and within species, especially in the Australian Drosera subg. Ergaleium D.C., potentially linked to atypical centromeres that span much of the length of the chromosomes. We critically reviewed literature on chromosome counts in Drosera, verified the taxonomy and quality of the original counts, and reconstructed dated phylogenies. We used the BiChrom model to test whether rates of single chromosome number increase, decrease, and chromosome number doubling differed between D. subg. Ergaleium and the other subgenera and between self-compatible and self-incompatible lineages. The best model for chromosome evolution among subgenera had equal rates of chromosome number doubling but higher rates of single chromosome number change in D. subg. Ergaleium than the other subgenera. Contrary to expectation, self-incompatible lineages had a significantly higher rate of single chromosome loss than self-compatible lineages. We found no evidence for an association between differences in single chromosome number changes and diploidization after polyploidy or centromere type. This study presents an exemplar for critically examining published cytological data and rigorously testing factors that may impact the rates of chromosome number evolution.

Protein-level mutant p53 reporters identify druggable rare precancerous clones in noncancerous tissues.

Detecting and targeting precancerous cells in noncancerous tissues is a major challenge for cancer prevention. Massive stabilization of mutant p53 (mutp53) proteins is a cancer-specific event that could potentially mark precancerous cells, yet in vivo protein-level mutp53 reporters are lacking. Here we developed two transgenic protein-level mutp53 reporters, p53R172H-Akaluc and p53-mCherry, that faithfully mimic the dynamics and function of mutp53 proteins in vivo. Using these reporters, we identified and traced rare precancerous clones in deep noncancerous tissues in various cancer models. In classic mutp53-driven thymic lymphoma models, we found that precancerous clones exhibit broad chromosome number variations, upregulate precancerous stage-specific genes such as Ybx3 and enhance amino acid transport and metabolism. Inhibiting amino acid transporters downstream of Ybx3 at the early but not late stage effectively suppresses tumorigenesis and prolongs survival. Together, these protein-level mutp53 reporters reveal undercharacterized features and vulnerabilities of precancerous cells during early tumorigenesis, paving the way for precision cancer prevention.

Genome size, chromosome number variation and its correlation with stomatal characters for assessment of ploidy levels in a core subset of mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm

The large size of the germplasm collection along with scanty information on their cytological and genome constitution have hindered well-planned breeding schemes in mulberry. To address the issue, a study was undertaken to investigate the variability in DNA content and genome size, chromosome number, ploidy and its relation with important stomatal characteristics among 162 mulberry germplasm collection. These germplasm comprise a core subset of 150 collections along with a representative collection of different mulberry species including the wild. Among the germplasm belonging to 16 species, we identified 122 diploids (2n = 28), 4 aneuploids (2n = 30), 13 triploids (2n = 42), 15 tetraploids (2n = 56), 7 hexaploids (2n = 84) and 1 dodecosaploid (2n = 308) based on the chromosome count. Most of the cultivated mulberries are found to be diploids. The mean nuclear 2C DNA content estimated by Flow cytometry, varied from 0.723 ± 0.006 pg (M. australis, 2n = 2x) to 7.732 pg (M. nigra, 2n = 22x). The 2C DNA content positively correlated with the ploidy status and stomatal length (r = 0.814, p < 0.001). Based on the 1Cx value, the study also suggests that the majority of the polyploid species have experienced genome downsizing in relation to their diploid progenitors. This study provides the most essential information on chromosome number, ploidy and DNA content to facilitate the utilization of a core subset of germplasm in the mulberry breeding program.

Speciation across the Earth driven by global cooling in terrestrial orchids

Although climate change has been implicated as a major catalyst of diversification, its effects are thought to be inconsistent and much less pervasive than localized climate or the accumulation of species with time. Focused analyses of highly speciose clades are needed in order to disentangle the consequences of climate change, geography, and time. Here, we show that global cooling shapes the biodiversity of terrestrial orchids. Using a phylogeny of 1,475 species of Orchidoideae, the largest terrestrial orchid subfamily, we find that speciation rate is dependent on historic global cooling, not time, tropical distributions, elevation, variation in chromosome number, or other types of historic climate change. Relative to the gradual accumulation of species with time, models specifying speciation driven by historic global cooling are over 700 times more likely. Evidence ratios estimated for 212 other plant and animal groups reveal that terrestrial orchids represent one of the best-supported cases of temperature-spurred speciation yet reported. Employing >2.5 million georeferenced records, we find that global cooling drove contemporaneous diversification in each of the seven major orchid bioregions of the Earth. With current emphasis on understanding and predicting the immediate impacts of global warming, our study provides a clear case study of the long-term impacts of global climate change on biodiversity.