Index Variables Research Articles

Effect of Hearing Ability and Mild Behavioural Impairment on MoCA and Memory Index Scores.

BackgroundThe life-course model of modifiable risk factors for dementia now recognizes managing hearing loss and addressing social isolation.ObjectiveTo investigate the contribution and inter-relationship of hearing ability and behaviour change on cognitive ability.MethodsWe present the preliminary findings from a prospective longitudinal study of 35 non-demented participants ages 60–93, recruited from community rehabilitation and acute-care programs of Geriatric Medicine, who underwent baseline hearing, behavioural, and cognitive testing.ResultsAfter controlling for age and hearing impairment, the left ear Dichotic Digit Test (DDT) score accounted uniquely for 20% of the variance in MoCA Memory Index (p = .016 with β = .598). Mild Behavioural Impairment (MBI) was highly prevalent, with 80% of older adults reporting at least one MBI symptom. People with hearing impairment had greater global MBI burden than people with normal hearing, especially in the domains of apathy and impulse dyscontrol; however, greater severity of hearing impairment was not associated with a higher number of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS).ConclusionsLow left DDT contributed to lower memory index and greater MBI burden is associated with hearing impairment. Our findings demonstrate the value of early non-invasive hearing and behavioural assessments as part of dementia risk assessment in older adults.

Retrieval of negative autobiographical memories is associated with hostile attributions in ambiguous situations amongst people with schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterised by difficulty understanding the thoughts and intentions of other people. Misunderstandings could lead people to attribute hostility to others’ actions. Theories suggest that we use our autobiographical memories to inform our understanding of other people but no study has examined the relation between memory and hostile attributions in schizophrenia. People with (n = 42) and without (n = 34) schizophrenia diagnoses completed The Ambiguous Intentions and Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ) to assess their tendency to attribute hostility to other people’s actions and the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) to assess their ability to recall specific positive and negative autobiographical memories. In linear regressions the interaction between diagnostic group and the proportion of specific negative memories participants retrieved explained significant variance in each AIHQ index. Follow-up correlation analyses showed that participants with schizophrenia who retrieved more negative memories also attributed greater hostility to other people’s actions (r = 0.47) and reported that they would respond with greater aggression (r = 0.59). These correlations were in the opposite direction for controls. People with schizophrenia may use their memories for negative past events to understand the actions and intentions of other people, leading to attributions of hostility for otherwise benign actions.

Dynamic Relationship Between Stock Market Sector Indices and Macroeconomic Variables in India

This study investigates the long-term and short-term relationships between selected macroeconomic variables and the selected Indian stock market sector indices over the period of 2010 to 2017. The Johansen Co-integration Test, the Vector error correction model (VECM), is applied to calculate the long-term and short-term relationship between sector indices and macroeconomic variables. It is found that stock prices are exposed to macroeconomic factors, but the level of sensitivity is different in different sectors. Out of five sectors taken in the study, it is found that only the realty sector has long run relationship with macroeconomic variables. Other sectors have no long run relationship with macroeconomic variables. Along with this, it is also found that the Auto index has a significant short-term positive relationship with gold prices and the FMCG sector index has a significant short-term positive relationship with industrial production. The consumer price index and exchange rate have significant short run relationship with realty sector index.

Assessment of behavioral factors associated with dental caries in pre-school children of high socioeconomic status families

Background: Many Iraqi children of high socioeconomic status (SES) families attend dental clinics presenting predominantly cavitated and painful multiple carious lesions. The factors responsible for dental caries within this sector of society need to be identified. Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the dental care behavior of mothers and its relationship with the prevalence of dental caries in pre-school age children drawn from high SES families in northern Iraq. Methods: A study was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries and its relationship to oral hygiene habits in 440 pre-schoolers living in Erbil, northern Iraq. An oral hygiene questionnaire was distributed among the families. Dental examination of the children was performed to calculate the dependent factor of decayed, missing and filled teeth due to caries (dmf). All data was analyzed by means of the SPSS Microsoft statistical system using descriptive tables to identify the relationship between the dependent and independent variable dmf indexes. In order to find the significances, a Chi-square test, a Fisher’s exact test and a likelihood ratio test were used at level of p<0.05. Results: 67% of the children in the sample had dental caries (mean dmf=3.25±3.77) with 5-year-olds being more affected by dental caries (74%) than 4-year-olds (60%). A strong correlation was found in this study between the dependent factor, dmf, and the following independent factors: frequency of snack consumption, the need to assist the child during brushing, maternal caries and the mother’s education. Conclusion: Despite being members of high SES families, the children examined were significantly subject to dental caries, a fact directly correlated with inappropriate behavior on the part of their caregivers in relation to the essential aspects of oral health care.

Numeracy Skills and Self-Reported Mental Health in People Aging Well.

This study investigated the relationship between numerical accuracy (i.e, number comprehension and mental calculation) and self-reported depression in late adulthood. Whether social context (i.e., marital status) and very early cognitive decline symptoms impacted numerical performance was also examined. Ninety-four community-dwelling elderly participants were recruited in Sardinia, an Italian island characterized by increased longevity. All participants were presented a battery of tests and questionnaires assessing general cognitive efficiency, lifestyle, perceived physical health, numeracy, metacognitive and depressive responses. Number comprehension skills, time spent for gardening, metacognitive performance, and physical health predicted 26% of variance in CES-D index. Furthermore, married participants outperformed single/widowed ones in both number comprehension and mental calculation tasks. The same pattern of results was replicated when cognitively healthy controls were contrasted with participants with some signs of cognitive decline. The assessment of numeracy skills can be very informative in order to promote mental health and life quality in late adult span.

Monitoring the Depth of Anesthesia Through the Use of Cerebral Hemodynamic Measurements Based on Sample Entropy Algorithm.

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between the depth of anesthesia and the cerebral hemodynamic variables during the complete anesthesia process. In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy signals were used to record eight kinds of cerebral hemodynamic variables, including left, right, proximal, distal deoxygenated (Hb) and oxygenated (HbO2) hemoglobin concentration changes. Then, by measuring the complexity information of cerebral hemodynamic variables, the sample entropy was calculated as a new index of monitoring the depth of anesthesia. By means of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the sample entropy approach was proved to effectively discriminate anesthesia maintenance and waking phases. The discriminatory ability of HbO2 signals was stronger than that of Hb signals and the distal signals had weaker discrimination capability when compared with the proximal signals. In addition, there was statistical consistency between the bispectral index and sample entropy of cerebral hemodynamic variables during the complete anesthesia process. Moreover, the cerebral hemodynamic signals could not be interfered by clinical electrical devices. The sample entropy of cerebral hemodynamic variables could be suitable as a new index for monitoring the depth of anesthesia. This study is very meaningful for developing new modality and decoding methods in perspective of anesthesia surveillance and may result in the anesthesia monitoring system with high performance.

Parameters and Secondary Characters for Selection of Tolerance Rice Varieties under Stagnant Flooding Condition

Determination of secondary characters during stagnant flooding (SF) is considered important for breeders as the selection criteria in developing SF rice tolerant varieties. Aims of this study were to find agronomical variation and to determine secondary traits that were related to SF tolerance among the rice varieties. Experiment was conducted at Indonesian Center for Rice Research in 2015. Ten rice genotypes were grown in RCBD with three replications under normal and gradual flooding conditions. Agronomic data were gathered and analysed using combined ANOVA, correlation, multiple linear regressions and genetic variability. Results showed that 92.3% variance of stress tolerance index (STI) were presented from a linear model involving weight of 100-grains, panicle length, stem diameter, intensity of leaf green color and stem length. Stem length, intensity of leaf green color, and panicle length had broad genetic variability and high heritability these characters were important criteria when selecting the traits under flowing stress. Number of productive tillers was correlated with grain yield under SF and highly heritable, thus considered as one of determining characters for stagnant flooding tolerance. Based on STIStd, Ciherang and INPARI 30 showed more adaptive performance, while IR 42 had the least when grown under 50-60 cm stagnant water depth.

Study on sticking mechanism of pellets under low H2/CO conditions

In order to examine the sticking behavior of the pellets in the gas-based reduction shaft furnace under low H2/CO conditions and determine its influencing factors, the sticking behavior of pellets under different temperatures and H2/CO ratios was studied by SEM, EDS and reduction kinetics. The results indicated that when the temperature is raised from 800 °C to 980 °C, the sticking index of pellets increased from 5% to 78.82%. Different H2/CO ratios under low H2/CO conditions caused a variance in the sticking index. The sticking index of pellets was 57.61% under H2/CO = 1.8. The sticking phase between the adjacent pellets is mainly metallic iron phase. The mechanism of the sticking during the reduction process was the growth of newly formed fibrous metallic iron between the adjacent pellets. Further, fibrous metallic irons were hooked together to gather and thicken until being metal iron phase agglomerates.

Psychometric Properties of the Medical Mistrust Index (MMI) in Latina Immigrants

Medical mistrust measures have not been validated in Latino immigrants. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Medical Mistrust Index and its association with health care satisfaction in a sample of Latina immigrants. Participants were 168 self-identified Latinas ≥40 years old. Women were recruited from three Latino-serving health clinics and through a Latino radio program. A bilingual interviewer administered the Medical Mistrust Index in Spanish along with items pertaining to sociodemographic and health care factors. Principal component extraction method was used to evaluate internal consistency reliability to examine Medical Mistrust Index underlying factors. Construct validity was assessed by analyzing the relationship between the Medical Mistrust Index with three related measures (racism, discrimination, trust in doctors). To assess the criterion validity of the Medical Mistrust Index, a logistic regression model examined whether medical mistrust was associated with Latina women’s satisfaction with health care controlling for sociodemographic and health care factors. Participants were 51 years old on average, around half had completed High school or less and were uninsured. Most were monolingual Spanish speakers. Two factors: competence and suspicion explained 40% of the total Medical Mistrust Index variance. Internal consistency was favorable and construct validity was supported. Results support the reliability and validity of the Medical Mistrust Index and its association with Latina’s satisfaction with health care.

Urban Sprawl and Health Outcome Associations in Sicily.

Urban sprawl has several negative impacts on the environment, the economy, and human health. The main objective of this work was to formulate and validate a sprawl/compactness index for Sicilian municipalities and evaluate its association with health outcomes. An ecological study was conducted with 110 municipalities in Sicily, Italy. Principal component analysis was adopted to create the sprawl/compactness Sicilian index, and linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the sprawl index and health outcomes. More variance of the new sprawl index was explained by the working factor, followed by density, surface extension, and land use mix. When validating the index, we found that public transportation had an inverse relation with sprawl increase (p < 0.001), and private transportation was directly related to the increase in sprawl (p < 0.001). After controlling for the Sicilian socio-economic deprivation index and overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality was the only outcome directly associated with the increase in the sprawl index (odds ratio = 0.0068, p < 0.001). Urban sprawl has to be monitored in Sicily over time to understand the evolution of the urbanization phenomenon and its relationship with health outcomes such as cardiovascular mortality. The use of the sprawl index should help policymakers define the necessary strategic aspects and actions to improve human health and quality of life in cities through a multi-sectorial approach.

Thermal Prediction of Convective-Radiative Porous Fin Heatsink of Functionally Graded Material Using Adomian Decomposition Method

In recent times, the subject of effective cooling have become an interesting research topic for electronic and mechanical engineers due to the increased miniaturization trend in modern electronic systems. However, fins are useful for cooling various low and high power electronic systems. For improved thermal management of electronic systems, porous fins of functionally graded materials (FGM) have been identified as a viable candidate to enhance cooling. The present study presents an analysis of a convective–radiative porous fin of FGM. For theoretical investigations, the thermal property of the functionally graded material is assumed to follow linear and power-law functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of inhomogeneity index of FGM, convective and radiative variables on the thermal performance of the porous heatsink. The results of the present study show that an increase in the inhomogeneity index of FGM, convective and radiative parameter improves fin efficiency. Moreover, the rate of heat transfer in longitudinal FGM fin increases as β increases. The temperature prediction using the Adomian decomposition method is in excellent agreement with other analytical and method.

ANALISIS PORTOFOLIO OPTIMAL MENGGUNAKAN MULTI INDEX MODEL (Studi Kasus: Kelompok Saham IDX30 periode Januari 2014 – Desember 2018)

Investment is the placement of a number of funds at this time in the hope of making a profit in the future. The purpose of investors investing is to get many profit by understanding that there is a possibility of losses. But, the higher the expected return then the risk also greater. The method to minimize risk is portfolio. One of the optimum portfolio method is Multi Index Model. Multi Index Model is model that use more than one index or factor that affects the return on stock. The stock in this research is 10 stocks of IDX30 period January 2014 – December 2018. Index in this research is IHSG, Hang Seng Index and DJIA. Multi Index Model has assumptions: residual variance of stock i equals , variance of index j equals , E(ci) = 0, covariance between index equals 0, covariance between the residual for stock and index equals 0 and covariance between the residual for stock equals 0. The result of this research is there are 4 stocks that fulfill the assumpions to be made as the optimum portfolio, that is GGRM (Gudang Garam Tbk) 23.67%, UNVR (Unilever Indonesia Tbk) 37.09%, BBCA (Bank Central Asia Tbk) 25.15% dan ASII (Astra International Tbk) 14.09% with a value of expected return portfolio is 1.19% and risk of portfolio is 3.79%. Keywords: Investment, Optimum Portfolio, Multi Index Model

A provider-observed tool to assess Oral Hygiene Skill Mastery (OHSIM) in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) adults.

Periodontal diseases (PDs) affect nearly half of Americans ≥30 years old and are common in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) adults. A validated measure of oral hygiene skill could improve tailored prevention-focused health communication. We developed Oral Hygiene Skill Mastery (OHSIM), a provider-observed measure of toothbrushing and flossing ability. We examined OHSIM's inter-rater reliability (IRR) and concurrent validity using a blinded, cross-sectional study design with a convenience sample of HIV+/- adults. Clinical outcome measures included bleeding on probing (BOP) and abbreviated plaque and gingival indices. Analyses included IRR and, after identifying relevant predictor variables for each outcome, backward elimination regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to demonstrate concurrent validity. We saw 173 research participants (reliability: n=61; validity: n=112). The average IRR was α=0.73 for toothbrushing and α=0.84 for flossing. Toothbrushing and flossing skill were moderately correlated (r=0.49, P<0.001). SEM analyses demonstrated that OHSIM toothbrushing significantly and independently predicted variance in plaque and gingival indices and BOP, while OHSIM flossing skill significantly and independently predicted plaque index and BOP. OHSIM is a provisionally reliable and valid provider-observed measure of toothbrushing and flossing skill. Most predictors of clinical outcomes were modifiable behaviors. Toothbrushing quality is a critical component of oral health.

The evolution of socioeconomic health inequalities in Ecuador during a public health system reform (2006\u20132014)

One of the challenges in international health care policy is the reduction of health inequalities. We study the case of a recent health care reform in Ecuador, based on a revised model of public provision and financing of comprehensive care. The policy challenged not only the health care system but also key determinants of health, seeking to grant access and reduce persistent inequalities in utilization of health care services. This study evaluates the progress made on the socioeconomic health inequalities before and after reforms, between 2006 and 2014. The Living Standards Measurement Survey 2006 and 2014 are used to examine trends in inequality of two health dimensions: health status and health care utilization in Ecuador. The analysis includes the estimation and decomposition of the concentration index of health care utilization variables to understand which the most important contributors to inequality are, and how they change during the period analyzed. Health inequality reduced after the public health system reform in Ecuador. The utilization of curative visits shows a pro-rich bias, which significantly reduced over the period of analysis. The use of a public facility for a doctor visit also shows a moderate reduction in socioeconomic inequality; although concentrated among the poor, the findings confirm an increase in the utilization of public health facilities by all socioeconomic groups. The decomposition analysis concludes that the most relevant determinants of the inequality in health care utilization variables are income, family size and education. Moreover, the contribution of income decreased dramatically in the utilization of curative visits after the reforms. This is the first study that assesses the inequality implications of recent policies targeted at guaranteeing the right to health, equity and social protection of the Ecuadorian population. We provide evidence of a significant reduction of health care inequality, following a well-rounded set of public interventions and investments to attack health and inequality determinants. Yet policies aimed at improving the distribution of education and income are necessary to further reduce health inequalities.

Grain Yield in Indirect Selection for Multiple Characters in Upland Rice

The aim of the present study was to compare the selection performed by the sum of standardized variables index (Z Index) with the selection based only on the grain yield character, to verify if the grain yield alone is a good alternative for the selection involving multiple characters. The experiments were conducted in Lavras-MG and in Lambari-MG, during the 2015/2016 agricultural year. The used design was the randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Thirty-six genotypes of the preliminary trial of upland rice breeding program of the Federal University of Lavras were evaluated. In order to compose the Z index, the following characteristics were evaluated: grain yield, height, number of days for flowering, 1000-grain weight, income, yield, leaf blast incidence, and grain length/width ratio. Z index was efficient in the selection for multiple characters whereas not all lines with the highest grain yield obtained good results in the other desirable characteristics, indicating that the selection based only on grain yield is not efficient when working with several characters of interest in upland rice cultivation.

Dynamics of attentional bias for food in adults, children, and restrained eaters

ObjectiveEmpirical evidence of attentional bias (AB) for food in obese and restrained eaters is contradictory. It has been suggested that AB for food in obese people might reflect both food craving and food-related concerns. Thus, AB for food may be a dynamic process. MethodsA new computational methodology (Zvielli, Bernstein, & Koster, 2015) was adopted to reanalyze the reaction time (RT) and dwell time of three food-related dot-probe task with eye-tracking studies (Werthmann et al., 2015; Werthmann et al., 2011, 2013). This new computing method uses a sequence of bias scores to express the dynamic changes of AB. Moreover, the variability of RT on filler trials was also calculated. The critical groups in these studies were overweight/obese adults, obese children, and healthy-weight restrained eaters. ResultsBoth the variability of AB for food stimuli and the variability of RT on filler could significantly predict the variance in body mass index (BMI). When controlling for the variability of RT on filler trials and mean AB score, larger variability of AB for food stimuli still existed in obese children and aggregated dataset. The variability of AB for food stimuli demonstrated no significant correlation with restrained eating scores and dwell time variability. ConclusionsOverweight/obese individuals are characterized by more variability in attention, and this variability is mainly unspecific. It probably reflects less effective executive control ability.

A Recognition Methodology for the Key Geometric Errors of a Multi‐Axis Machine Tool Based on Accuracy Retentivity Analysis

This paper proposes a recognition methodology for key geometric errors using the feature extraction method and accuracy retentivity analysis and presents the approach of optimization compensation of the geometric error of a multiaxis machine tool. The universal kinematics relations of the multiaxis machine tool are first modelled mathematically based on screw theory. Then, the retentivity of geometric accuracy with respect to the geometric error is defined based on the mapping between the constitutive geometric errors and the time domain. The results show that the variation in the spatial error vector is nonlinear while considering the operation time of the machine tool and the position of the motion axes. Based on this aspect, key factors are extracted that simultaneously consider the correlation, similarity, and sensitivity of the geometric error terms, and the results reveal that the effect of the position‐independent geometric errors (PIGEs) on the error vectors of the position and orientation is greater than that of the position‐dependent geometric errors (PDGEs) of the linear and rotary axes. Then, the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) is adopted to determine the compensation values through multiobjective tradeoffs between accuracy retentivity and fluctuation in the geometric errors. Finally, an experiment on a four‐axis horizontal boring machine tool is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The experimental results show that the variations in the precision of each test piece are lower than 25.0%, and the maximum variance in the detection indexes between the finished test pieces is 0.002 mm when the optimized parameters are used for error compensation. This method not only recognizes the key geometric errors but also compensates for the geometric error of the machine tool based on the accuracy retentivity analysis results. The results show that the proposed methodology can effectively enhance the machining accuracy.

Characterising Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria as Education-job Mismatch Problem

The study investigates education-job mismatch in the graduate segment of the nation’s labour market, which has had to contend with increasing graduate unemployment in an environment that is inundated with frequent adverts for vacancies across graduate disciplines. Variance of relative unemployment and proportional index of unemployed and employed are used to explain the mismatch from 2012 to 2016. Mismatch is found to be low but increasing in the entire labour market. Aggregate unemployment rate was structurally dependent on unemployment rates among those without education and those who had secondary education while the rate was cyclically affected by unemployment rates in the ranks of those who had post-secondary education (graduates) and those who underwent less than primary education. The results of the proportional index analysis show that the graduates of Medical Sciences, Social Sciences/Business Studies and Engineering would not experience unemployment, while graduates with specialisations in Education, Law, Arts and Sciences were most likely to be unemployed in the Nigerian labour market. A number of reasons are offered to explain the plausibility of these results, while some solutions are put forward to address unemployment among graduates of the latter set of disciplines.

Регресійний аналіз залежності урожайності вишні від гідротермічних факторів в умовах мультиколінеарності

In the conditions of the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine the influence of weather factors of the region on the formation of cherry yield within the limits of 2007&ndash;2019 years of researches is revealed. The correlation analysis allowed us to identify ten weather factors that have a notable (significant) and strong, both direct and inverse linear correlation with cherry yield (r = 0.68&hellip; -0.86). The model describing the influence of hydrothermal factors on cherry yield is proposed. Multicollinearity effects were detected when analyzing data using paired correlation coefficients and VIF. In this case, using the least squares method to construct and analyze the regression model is inefficient. A regression model based on the LASSO method is proposed. The LASSO method allows reliable estimation of regression parameters. On the basis of the constructed model the factors influencing the cherry yield index are analyzed and it is shown that the most significant factor is the average monthly rainfall for August, mm, then the factor is the absolute minimum relative humidity in May, %, the amount of rainfall during the flowering period, mm, the amount of the effective flowering temperatures, &deg;C, the difference between average maximum and minimum flowering temperatures, &deg;C, the total number of days with precipitation during flowering period, day, the average of maximum air temperatures during flowering period, the amount of active temperatures during flowering period, &deg;C, the amount of active temperatures during the growing season (before the fruit ripening phase), &deg;C, the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) during flowering period. The indices of the share of influence of each factor on the total variance of the cherry yield index are determined. The share of influence of the factor is x1 &ndash; 9.90%, factor x2 &ndash; 5.56%, factor х3 &ndash; 1.95%, factor x4 &ndash; 8.22%, factor x5 &ndash; 14.83%, factor x6 &ndash; -10.12%, factor x7 &ndash; 12.12%, factor x8 &ndash; -3.81%, factor x9 &ndash; 27.96%, factor x10 &ndash; 5.54%.&nbsp

A dietary pattern rich in calcium, potassium, and protein is associated with tibia bone mineral content and strength in young adults entering initial military training

Stress fracture risk is elevated during initial military training (IMT), particularly in lower-extremity bones such as the tibia. Although the etiology of stress fractures is multifactorial, lower bone strength increases risk. The objective of this study was to assess, through the use of peripheral quantitative computed tomography, whether adherence to a dietary pattern rich in calcium, potassium, and protein before IMT is positively associated with bone indexes in young adults entering IMT. A cross-sectional analysis was performed with the use of baseline data from 3 randomized controlled trials in Army, Air Force, and Marine recruits (n=401; 179 men, 222 women). Dietary intake was estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire. A dietary pattern characterized by calcium, potassium, and protein was derived via reduced rank regression and a pattern z score was computed for each volunteer, where higher scores indicated greater adherence to the pattern. At the 4% (metaphysis) and 14% (diaphysis) sites of the tibia, bone mineral content (BMC), volumetric bone mineral density, robustness, and strength indexes were evaluated. Associations between dietary pattern z score as the predictor variable and bone indexes as the response variables were evaluated by multiple linear regression. Pattern z score was positively associated with BMC (P=0.004) and strength (P=0.01) at the metaphysis and with BMC (P=0.0002), strength (P=0.0006), and robustness (P=0.02) at the diaphysis when controlling for age, sex, race, energy, smoking, education, and exercise. Further adjustment for BMI attenuated the associations, except with diaphyseal BMC (P=0.005) and strength (P=0.01). When height and weight were used in place of body mass index, the association with BMC remained (P=0.046). A dietary pattern rich in calcium, potassium, and protein is positively associated with measures of tibia BMC and strength in recruits entering IMT. Whether adherence to this dietary pattern before IMT affects injury susceptibility during training remains to be determined. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01617109 and NCT02636348.