Variance In Entrepreneurial Intention Research Articles

Entrepreneurial Intention of Tourism and Hospitality Students: An Examination Through the Lens of Theory of Planned Behavior with Perceived Desirability and Perceived Feasibility

ABSTRACT This study investigates the elements influencing the Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) of Tourism and Hospitality (T&H) students using TPB with Perceived Desirability (PD) and Perceived Feasibility (PF). Quantitative research methodology was used. The data was collected from the students of T&H, and a sample of 392 respondents was considered. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed research model empirically. SEM findings revealed that applying the TPB with PD and PF produced a strong model for explaining the EI of T&H students, as it explained 52% of the variance in EI. This investigation aids in a better grasp of the EI of T&H students, which may be useful to policymakers and institutions/universities in allocating resources, developing strategies and providing all necessary resources to improve entrepreneurial skills among students.

Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention of Higher Diploma Students in Hanoi-Vietnam

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of Higher Diploma (HD) students in Hanoi, Vietnam, addressing a notable gap in the literature regarding this specific demographic. Design/methodology/approach: Surveys were conducted using both web-based platforms, such as Google Forms, and distributed questionnaires. In total, 411 valid responses from HD students in Hanoi were collected. A convenient sampling method is utilized, considering the distribution of students across various demographic variables to ensure the reliability and representativeness of the study. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was employed. Multiple regression in SPSS is used to analyze the collected data. Results and discussions: The analysis results unveiled that all scrutinized factors, including Attitude Toward Behavior, Perceived Behavioral Control, Subjective Norm, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Closer Valuation, and Social Valuation, exerted a positive and substantial influence on HD students' Entrepreneurial Intention (EI). Notably, the six factors collectively accounted for 40.6% of the variance in entrepreneurial intention observed among the respondents. Research Implications: The findings hold valuable implications for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders, guiding the development of targeted interventions aimed at fostering entrepreneurship among HD students. By leveraging these insights, they can design tailored initiatives to promote entrepreneurship, potentially leading to enhanced economic development in Vietnam. Originality/Value: The findings provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in entrepreneurship education and support programs, helping them tailor interventions to effectively cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset among HD students. Furthermore, the study adds to the broader understanding of the psychological and social factors that shape entrepreneurial intentions, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship research.

Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Women in the Context of Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

The presence of women entrepreneurs in the digital marketplace revolutionizes the way we construct our understanding of entrepreneurship way back. Perhaps, this argument could lead to a better impression that entrepreneurship was once a male-dominated profession. This study was designed to generate a causal model on entrepreneurial intention among women entrepreneurs in the context of entrepreneurship, opportunity, alertness, and motivation. A mixed methods design, particularly an explanatory sequential approach, was utilized, and a total of 423 women digital entrepreneurs in the Davao Region participated in this research. Structural equation modeling was utilized to test the hypothesized causal model. Findings indicated that entrepreneurial motivation significantly influences alertness, opportunity, and intention; alertness influences opportunity, but entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial opportunity have no significant influence on entrepreneurial intention. Generally, the hypothesized regression model described 67% of the aggregate variance in entrepreneurial intentions, which was statistically significant. The quantitative results were validated by the informants in the qualitative phase. As to the generated model, the informants concurred with the focal role of entrepreneurial motivation in women's entrepreneurial intentions. The emerging themes: personal will, entrepreneurial screening and seizing, social media presence, and stakeholder support substantiated the results in the model. This leads to connecting-merging-confirmation as the natural integration. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Intention; Entrepreneurial alertness; Entrepreneurial Opportunity; Entrepreneurial Motivation; Gender Empowerment.

Exploring the Influence of Potential Entrepreneurs' Personality Traits on Small Venture Creation: The Case of Saudi Arabia.

This study examined the impact of selected personality traits—innovativeness, internal locus of control, need for achievement and propensity to take risks—on the entrepreneurial intention of Saudi students (young entrepreneurs). The study sample included 165 students from an applied college affiliated with King Faisal University. The participants completed an online self-administered questionnaire, the data from which were analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The findings revealed that the characteristics of innovativeness, internal locus of control and propensity to take risks had a positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention. However, the need for achievement had no relationship with entrepreneurial intention. The study model predicted approximately 25% of the total variance in entrepreneurial intention. It is recommended that in future studies, the sample size should be increased and the scope of the study should be broadened.

EFFECT OF FINANCIAL STRESS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG UNDERGRADUATES: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is an essential component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem that reflects the actual establishment of physical business. Entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates has gathered considerable research attention in recent years. Perhaps, numerous variables have been implicated in EI variation among the undergraduates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate financial stress (FS) as a previously unexplored variable that could determine the variance in EI. Two hundred and eleven undergraduates were randomly drawn from different institutions of higher learning in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data for the study was gathered using the Financial Stress Scale- College Version (FSS-CV) and the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). The findings revealed that financial stress predicted entrepreneurial intention. The practical implication and recommendations are discussed.

The value of knowing what you want: Goal hierarchy and entrepreneurial intentions

Contrary to common hopes and expectations, recent studies dispute the positive relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions. An alternative view is that entrepreneurship education has a ‘sorting effect’, whereby students become more convinced about whether entrepreneurship is appropriate for them or not. Building on goal-setting theory, this study aims to shed more light on the underlying cognitive mechanism of the sorting effect by investigating whether individuals, who exhibit high ‘motivational self-knowledge’ – MSK (i.e. awareness of personal life goals and motives), make more pronounced decisions for or against entrepreneurship. At the same time, we evaluate whether entrepreneurship courses help build professional identity in the sense that motivational self-knowledge increases during the course. Our results show a positive relationship between MSK and the variance in entrepreneurial intentions; particularly when using a higher threshold for ‘high’ MSK. This finding supports the idea that goal hierarchy can be a valuable addition to dominant intention-models in studies on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Unfortunately, there is no significant increase in MSK for entrepreneurship students. Considering the benefits of MSK regardless of career choice, this is disappointing. We discuss possible explanations with suggestions for practitioners and formulate directions for future research.

Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: psychological traits as mediators

Despite the commonly held view that entrepreneurship education and training nurtures future entrepreneurs, little is known about the mechanism through which this intervention impacts on its intended outcomes. The purpose of this study was to test if selected psychological traits (need for achievement, risk-taking propensity, internal locus of control) mediated the predictive relationship between the perceived effects of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions. A cross-sectional survey of a sample of 308 vocational education students in Zimbabwe was used for this purpose. The results show that the effects of entrepreneurship education variable had a positive and statistically significant relationship with need for achievement, risk-taking propensity, internal locus of control and entrepreneurial goal intentions. Moreover, need for achievement, risk-taking propensity and internal locus of control accounted for a statistically significant amount of variance in entrepreneurial intentions. However, of the three psychological traits, only need for achievement partially mediated the relationship between the effects of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions. The outcome has implications on the design and focus of entrepreneurship education programmes.

Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Intentions Among University Students of Thailand

Due to today economic conditions, entrepreneurship is one the emerging source for the economic growth and prosperity. Now the individuals diverting their intentions to entrepreneurship, for this reason this has examined the role of entrepreneurial education, internship quality and elements of TPB (attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control) affect the entrepreneurial intentions. Students were considered for data collection who have done internship during their study time period. Data were collected by using convince sampling technique by using questionnaires. Smart-PLS has been used for the data analysis. The findings of the study show that all variables are significantly and positively associated with entrepreneurial intentions. The result shows that entrepreneurial education, internship quality, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are positively significantly related with entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of the study shows that only financial resources are not enough to start a new business, behavioral factor also affect the entrepreneurial mind set. Among all the variables perceived behavioral control emerge to be a strongest predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Whereas subjective norms predicted the entrepreneurial intentions with smallest effect size and explained only 5% variance in entrepreneurial intentions. Practical implications and future directions are provided at the end of the study.

Graduate entrepreneurial intentions in the rural provinces of South Africa

This paper investigated the entrepreneurial intentions of 355 final year commerce students from two universities in the predominantly rural provinces of South Africa, namely Limpopo and the Eastern Cape. The study was based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The objectives of the study were to test whether the TPB can help explain the entrepreneurial intentions of rural university students in a South African context and to assess whether these students will have the intentions to start their own businesses in the future. The study was conducted by means of a survey using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the TPB is a valuable tool in understanding entrepreneurial intentions, and that the majority of students intend to start a business in the future. The attitude towards becoming an entrepreneur explained the most variance in entrepreneurial intention of the respondents, followed by perceived behavioural control. Subjective norms did not have a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. The results suggest that the TPB could be a valuable tool for measuring entrepreneurial intentions as part of a comprehensive entrepreneurship development programme in rural areas.

A psychosocial study of self-perceived creativity and entrepreneurial intentions in a sample of university students

Creativity is a commonly assumed characteristic of entrepreneurs. It is proposed to be a necessary, although not sufficient, prerequisite for entrepreneurship. This study aimed to deepen our understanding of the relationship between self-perceived creativity and entrepreneurial intentions. To do so, we conducted a cross-sectional survey study among 559 university students. We tested an expanded model based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), which included self-perceived creativity as a distal antecedent of entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, we examined both the role of perceived family and university support for creativity, as well as taking a creativity course, in boosting self-perceived creativity. While some empirical evidence has indicated a direct link between (perceived) creativity and entrepreneurial intentions, the TPB posits that three antecedents (attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy) would be the only direct determinants of intentions. All other factors are theorized to indirectly influence intentions through one or more of these components. The results of partial least squares structural modelling refuted this assumption. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and positive attitudes did indeed mediate the self-perceived creativity – entrepreneurial intentions link, but self-perceived creativity explained additional variance in entrepreneurial intentions, beyond these TPB components. In addition, our results showed that family and university support for creativity, as well as taking a creativity course, were significant predictors of self-perceived creativity. Postgraduate students, and particularly male students, perceived greater university and family support and reported greater self-perceived creativity than did undergraduate students. We conclude that teaching creativity contents and practice are a useful way to enrich entrepreneurship programmes.

Entrepreneurial intention among University students in Malaysia: integrating self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior

The present study endeavors to develop a deeper understanding of the motivational processes involved in intentional entrepreneurial behavior. For this purpose, it integrates the social cognitive approach of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the organismic theory of motivation of self-determination theory (SDT). More specifically, it tests the role of basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness as defined in SDT in shaping university students’ attitudes and intentions toward entrepreneurship. The sample of this study consisted of 438 (Males = 166, Females =272) 3rd and 4th year university students from four Malaysian Public Universities. The results of the study show that the model strongly explains about 71% of the variance in entrepreneurial intention. Basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness have a strong indirect impact on entrepreneurial intention via their attitudinal antecedents: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. This indicates a full-mediational model, where the attitudinal factors operated as transmitters of effects from the distal constructs of SDT on entrepreneurial intention. These findings confirm that both SDT and the TPB provide complementary explanations of the motivational processes of entrepreneurial behavior. The study contributes to the existing knowledge by providing a theory-based understanding of the role of motivations in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. It opens the way for future research to analyze how alternative motivations may affect new venture creation, survival and success.

Factors Affecting New Graduate Entrepreneurial Intention: An Empirical Study of the Unemployed Graduates in Nigeria

The current research examined the effect of Startup capital, Educational system and Culture on entrepreneurial intention among fresh graduate in Nigeria. The data were collected from Graduates and undergraduate’s students in the University of Lagos, Kaduna State University, Abia State University, University of Calabar and Niger Delta University, 250 questionnaires were distributed and 180 responses were collected and analyzed. The findings confirmed the strong positive relationship between variables of the study. Startup Capital/Infrastructure, Education and Cultural Factor account for 58% of the variance in Entrepreneurial intention. The study hopes to help academicians and curriculum planners to be mindful of entrepreneurship when drafting and implementing curriculum to motivate student accumulate intentions to start a business.

Self‐efficacy, self‐esteem, and entrepreneurship among the unemployed

AbstractThis study focuses on entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, general self‐efficacy, and global self‐esteem and on their role in the entrepreneurial process. Apart from providing evidence of the relationship between these self‐beliefs and entrepreneurial intention, it also demonstrates how they are related to actual business start‐up. Longitudinal data were obtained from 332 unemployed individuals. After 1 year, official confirmations of new firm registrations were collected. Higher levels of all 3 self‐referent beliefs were positively associated with entrepreneurial intention. Multivariate analyses showed that entrepreneurial and general self‐efficacy beliefs were important predictors of this intention. Self‐referent beliefs accounted for an additional 12% of the variance in entrepreneurial intention and for an additional 4% of the variance in actual business start‐up beyond the demographic variables.

Entrepreneurial Intentions among Technical Students

The objective of this study is to determine the relationships between professional attraction, entrepreneurial capacity and entrepreneurial experience toward entrepreneurial intention among the students enrolled in technical courses of a university in the South of Malaysia. All variables are measured from developed instrument using 5-point interval scale: professional attraction (6 items) and entrepreneurial capacity (5 items) as the exogenous variable, while entrepreneurial experience 3 items) and entrepreneurial intention (6 items) as endogenous variables. Questionnaires were distributed to 129 students, based on random sampling method selected from various races and genders, for the purpose of data collection. The data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The result shows that the goodness of fit indices of structural equation model are achieved at GFI=0.951, P-value=0.249, RMSEA=0.036 and ratio (cmin/df) =1.163. The finding supports three significant direct effects in the revised model, thus supporting the hypotheses regarding professional attraction is positively related to entrepreneurial intention (β=0.648, CR=2.324, p<0.05), professional attraction is positively related to entrepreneurial experience (β=0.407, CR=2.270, p<0.05), and entrepreneurial capacity is positively related to entrepreneurial experience (β=0.597, CR=2.245, p<0.05). The structural model explains 93.1 percent variance in entrepreneurial intention. The result is discussed in the perspective of technical students' intentions toward entrepreneurship.

Proclivity for Improvisation as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions

This study examines the relationship between improvisation and entrepreneurial intentions. Of specific interest is whether or not a proclivity for improvisation explains any variance in entrepreneurial intentions beyond what is accounted for by other relevant individual difference measures. Using a sample of 430 college students, entrepreneurial intentions are found to be significantly associated with measures of personality, motivation, cognitive style, social models, and improvisation. The strongest relationship is found between entrepreneurial intentions and improvisation. The results of hierarchical regression show that improvisation accounts for a significant amount of variance in entrepreneurial intention above and beyond what is accounted for by the other variables.