Variations In Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

The Effect of Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Variables on the Profitability of Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the influence of macro and microeconomic variables on the profitability of Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia. The sample determination in this study used purposive sampling techniques and produced seven samples of Sharia Commercial Banks used in this study. The dependent variables used consist of inflation, interest rates, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Non-Performing Financing (NPF), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), and Operating Expense to Operating Income (OEOI). The data analysis method used is panel data regression with e-views software version 12. The results of this study show that interest rate, GDP, and OEOI variables partially have a significant effect on the profitability of Sharia Commercial Banks, while inflation, NPF, and FDR variables partially do not have a significant effect on the profitability of Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia in 2017-2021. Meanwhile, based on the results of simultaneous tests, it was found that the variables of inflation, interest rates, GDP, NPF, FDR, and OEOI had a significant effect on the profitability of Sharia Commercial Banking 2017-2021.

DETERMINANTS OF INDONESIA’S TRADE BALANCE : A VECM MODEL APPROACH

Trade Balance is the main indicator in external competitiveness. The condition of the trade balance in Indonesia tends to experience unbalanced conditions every year, so this study aims to see the relationship between the variables of Exchange Rate, FDI and GDP to the Trade Balance in Indonesia. The data used is a time series for 43 years (1980-2022) using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method to analyze the relationship and response between variables in the term short and long term. Short-term results show that the Exchange Rate, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) do not affect the surplus or deficit of Indonesia's Trade Balance. While in the long run, Exchange Rate appreciation has a negative effect on the Trade Balance, the amount of FDI has a positive impact on the Trade Balance, and the amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) affects the deficit in the Trade Balance. The use of monetary policy can help stab ilize exchange rates, increase exports through increased foreign investment, maintain the value of exports, and reduce trade deficits. Rephrase

Analyzing Impact of Money Supply and Foreign Reserves on Economic Growth in Iraq for 2004-2021

Monetary policy is one of the most important economic policies in various countries. Its importance is evident through its basic variables and the effectiveness of its impact on economic activity. The focus in this study has been on the money supply and foreign reserves as independent variables and their impact on economic growth rates in Iraq for the period 2004-2021. Based on the ARDL standard model, through which the path of the relationship between these variables and economic growth and its reflection on growth rates was determined. And effective monetary policies are those policies that are characterized by transferring their effects to the economy with the least risks. The analytical approach was followed to clarify the impact of these variables on economic growth, represented by the variable of gross domestic product. And then extract the most important main results and important recommendations.

THE EFFECT OF INFLATION, EXPORT-IMPORT AND INTEREST RATES ON SALES THROUGH GDP/GDP MODERATION VARIABLES

This study aims to determine the effect of inflation, export-import, interest rates on sales in state-owned pharmaceutical holding companies with moderating variables of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The type of research used is quantitative with primary and secondary data sources related to inflation, export-import, interest rates, GDP and sales. The data used is a combination of time series data for 2018-2022 and cross-section which is then referred to as panel data. The study was also conducted in more depth using a research instrument in the form of a questionnaire with respondents as many as six people who had positions as department heads in the parent company of Pharmaceutical SOEs. Data analysis techniques use multiple linear regression analysis and Moderating Regression Analysis. The results showed that simultaneously the variables of inflation, export-import and interest rates had a positive and significant effect on sales. Meanwhile, the moderation variable, namely GDP, partially affects sales, but cannot moderate the influence of inflation and export-import both in terms of strengthening and weakening the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Other research results show GDP can be a pure moderator of the influence of interest rates on sales. This research has limitations, namely the variables used are macro, therefore for future research it is expected to be able to conduct research using micro variables in the economy. Keywords: Inflation, Export-Import, Interest Rate, GDP, Sales and Holding Company of SOEs.

The Analysis Between Purchasing Power Parity and Exchange Rates, Inflation and Gross Domestic Product in Developing and Developed Countries Asia and Europe During Covid-19 Pandemic

The study aims to analyze Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and exchange rates, inflation and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in developing and developed countries in Asia and Europe during the covid-19 pandemic. The data used secondary data, obtained from the websites of the Central Bank of Indonesia, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) from 2003 to 2020. This research used method of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results show that the GDP, inflation and exchange rate variables have positive and negative responses to changes in PPP values during the observation period, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. This condition can occur because the economy in each country experiences fluctuations, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. This has an impact on the PPP value in these 10 countries, which causes each country to take financial and monetary policies in accordance with the problems they face

Effect of Increasing Government Debt Profile on Economic Prosperity of Nigeria

The study aimed at assessing the effect of increasing government debt profile on economic prosperity of Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the extent that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was affected, during the period of study, by rising domestic debt, external debt, and cost of borrowing in Nigeria. The data for analysis were sourced principally from CBN Bulletins and Debt Management Office. The null hypotheses that domestic debt, external debt, and cost of borrowing do not significantly affect Gross Domestic Product, were tested through a multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that Domestic Debt has a positive and significant effect on Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria with coefficient of 1.005965 and p-value of 0.0000. Furthermore, the external debt stock reveals a negative and non-significant effect on Gross Domestic Product with coefficient of -0.083963 and p-value of 0.5909, while Cost of Borrowing exposes a positive and non-significant effect on Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria with coefficient of 0.038835 and p-value of 0.7589. The R-squared (Coefficient of Determination) indicates that 98% of the variations in Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria could be explained by changes in Domestic Debt, External Debt and Cost of Borrowing. The implication of the findings is that economic prosperity is facilitated by Domestic Borrowing while External Borrowing must be avoided where possible because of its’ negative effect on GDP. In addition, the effect of Cost of Borrowing on GDP is purely dependent on the appropriateness of use of borrowed fund. The study recommended that government should first explore internal sources of fund whenever borrowing is unavoidable in preference to foreign/external sources, reduce or avoid external borrowing and properly apply the borrowed fund for its economy to prosper.

Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: Before and After Sustainable Development Goals

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is an idea that examines the inverse “U” curve relationship between environmental degradation and economic development. This study contributes to analyzing the application of EKC hypothesis in G20 participating countries, as well as the relationship between the variables of gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), population, and renewable energy on environmental degradation represented by ecological footprint variables in the same area by comparing the period before and after the implementation of the SDGs. This study uses the panel data regression method for the period 2011-2018, where data is obtained from the World Bank and the Global Footprint Network. The results show that from 2011-2018 the EKC hypothesis formed an inverted U-curve. This study also shows that before the SDGs (2015) the variables of GDP, FDI, population, and renewable energy had an effect on increasing the value of the ecological footprint. Meanwhile, after the implementation of the SDGs program, the variables of GDP, FDI, population, and renewable energy contributed to reducing the value of the ecological footprint, which indicated a decrease in people’s dependence on natural resources. Where the GDP variable has a positive and significant effect and the renewable energy variable has a negative and significant effect. While FDI and population variables have a positive but insignificant effect.
 Keywords: EF, EKC, FDI, GDP, GDP2, POP, RE, SDGs

NEURAL NETWORK BASED ESTIMATION OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN TURKEY WITH ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

The globe is currently confronted with escalating ecological challenges as a result of the exponential growth of the population, the expansion of industrial activities, the rapid urbanization process, and the heightened levels of consumption. Due to the prevailing ecological issues, there has been an unbridled surge in the demand for natural resources. The emergence of the Ecological Footprint was driven by the observable escalation of environmental degradation, with the primary objective of promoting sustainability. In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed for the estimation of ecological footprint. In the first stage, the variables affecting the ecological footprint were determined. It was concluded that there are strong relationships between the independent variables of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), KOF Globalization Index (KOFGI), and Natural Resource Rent (NRR) and the dependent variable of ecological footprint. In the light of this information, the data of GDP (% annual increase), NRR (% GDP) and KOF Globalization Index and ecological footprint data of Turkey between 1970 and 2016 were used to present the ANN model. Feed-Forward Backprop Method, which is one of the multi-layer network models, was applied in the modeling of the ANN. Levenberg-Marquardt optimization, which updates the weight and bias values of the network, was used as the network training function. The study's results suggest that there was a strong correlation between the whole dataset and the model's accuracy, with a close match of 99.316%. Based on the findings, it can be deduced that the developed artificial neural network (ANN) model has a significant level of precision in forecasting the Ecological Footprint.

Dynamic spillover effects of renewable energy efficiency in the European countries.

Renewable energy has gained significant attention due to the growing concern for environmental sustainability and the high reliance on energy imports in European countries. In this study, we use a two- stage approach to assess renewable energy efficiency (REEF) of European countries. Initially, we employ the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to quantify the efficiency of renewable energy. Subsequently, we investigate the factors influencing REEF between 2005 and 2020. Our findings reveal a generally high level of REEF across European countries, but some countries have become worse in this regard (e.g., France, Ukraine, Russia, Belgium, Germany, Norway, and Serbia). In order to find the causes of these changes, we considered the explanatory variables of gross domestic product (GDP), energy price, renewable energy consumption, information and communications technology (ICT), and industrial value added in a spatial system generalized method of moments (spatial SYS-GMM) model. The findings provide confirmation of the spatial spillover effects of REEF within European countries. The strongest positive effect is related to energy prices. In simpler terms, as energy prices rise, the efficiency of renewable energy has increased in European countries. Additionally, ICT and renewable energy consumption have positive impacts, too. But GDP and industrial value added, have decreasing effects. Based on these findings, we put forth several policy suggestions aimed at enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy in European countries.

Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuation on the Standard of Living in Nigeria

The study examined the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on standard of living in Nigeria. The variables of gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC), per capital income and unemployment proxied standard of living while the explanatory variables were exchange rate (EXCR), Inflation (INF) Interest rate (INTR) and money supply secondary data was used covering between the period of 1990-2023. Unit root test were carried out to ascertain the stationarity of the variables the result of which Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used to estimate the parameters as they were integrated in the order of 0 and 1. The findings reveal that Exchange rate fluctuation has a significant long and short run relationship with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, per capita income and unemployment rate in Nigeria. The implication of this is that living standard in Nigeria is greatly influenced by the alterations in exchange rate. As such the study recommended amongst other things that Government should improve on the productive sector of the economy as the primary sector of the economy that produces the basic commodities used to produce goods and services thereby reducing unemployment and improving standard of living. They should strive to put in place positive economic reforms tailored towards enhancing the economic performance and reducing unfavorable impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the standard of living in Nigeria.

Pengaruh Produk Domestik Bruto dan Inflasi Terhadap Jumlah Uang Beredar (M1) di Indonesia Periode 1980 – 2020 Menurut Pendekatan Klasik

The The research aims to determine the effect of gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation on the total money supply (JUB) in Indonesia. This study uses timeseries data from 1980 to 2020 obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics, and Bank Indonesia. This study uses a classical approach. The research was conducted using multiple linear regression. Hypothesis testing using the t test and f test is used to determine the feasibility of the model. The results of the analysis show that the Gross Domestic Product Variable (X1) partially has a positive and significant effect on the Money Supply in Indonesia. The Inflation Variable (X2) partially influences the Money Supply in Indonesia. Based on the analysis of the Simultaneous Test value prob. F of 0.00 < error rate of 0.05. Thus, Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted. This shows that the Gross Domestic Product (X1) Inflation (X2), simultaneously has a significant effect on the Money Supply in Indonesia, because F count is 36.07 > 3.25 F table and the Adjusted R Square coefficient or the coefficient of determination is 0.7452 This means 74.52% of the variation or change in the total money supply can be explained by variations in Gross Domestic Product and Inflation, while the rest (25.48%) is explained by other variables outside this research model. This is consistent with the quantity theory of money. According to the quantity theory of money, according to Irving Fisher, it states that the amount in circulation is directly proportional to changes in prices.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Energy Intensity in G20 Countries

Aims: The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Industry Value Added (IVA), Urban Population (UP), Trade, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Energy Intensity in G20 countries.
 Study Design: This research used a quantitative descriptive method using panel data analysis.
 Place and Duration of Study: The scope of this research extends to G20 member countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, European Union, France, United Kingdom, Indonesia, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Rusia, Saudi Arabia, Turki, United States, and South Africa, between 1990-2021.
 Methodology: This research uses descriptive method combined with panel data analysis, analyze determine of GDP, IVA, UP, Trade, and FDI on Energy Intensity in G20 countries. Furthermore, the data uses is secondary data that has a regression model on panel data from 1990-2021.
 Results: The result of this research show that IVA has a positive relationship and has a significant effect on increasing energy intensity in G20 countries. GDP, Trade and UP variables have a negative relationship and have a significant effect on Energy Intensity in G20 countries. Meanwhile, the FDI variable has no significant effect on Energy Intensity in G20 countries.
 Conclusion: Based on research result, Energy Intensity in G20 countries is influenced by various factors, The IVA factor has a positive and significant relationship with energy intensity, can be utilized to increase productivity and economic growth, but need to be balanced with effort to increase energy efficiency.
 While the GDP, Trade and Urban Population factors have a negative and significant relationship to energy intensity. However, FDI does not have a significant effect on energy intensity in G20 countries. The government should consider policies to reduce dependence on intensive energy, especially in sector that have a negative relation with energy intensity such as GDP, trade and urban population.

THE INFLUENCE OF CREDIT RISK AND LIQUIDITY RISK ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKS LISTED ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

In recent years, the banking sector in Indonesia has attracted significant attention due to its role in the country's economic development. As a vital component of the financial system, banks play a crucial role in allocating funds, supporting economic activities, and ensuring financial stability. Amidst the evolving landscape of financial markets and regulatory changes, understanding the factors that influence the performance of conventional banks has become a pertinent area of research. This study aims to test and analyze the effect of credit risk, measured by non-performing loans, and liquidity risk, measured by liquid assets to total assets, as well as control variables such as bank size, gross domestic product, and inflation on bank performance, measured by return on assets in 39 conventional banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 5 years (2016 - 2020). This study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing panel data analysis – a blend of time series and cross-sectional data. The results of the analysis show that non-performing loans have a negative and significant effect on return on assets. Liquid assets to total assets also have a negative and significant effect on return on assets. The control variable of bank size has a positive and significant effect on return on assets. Similarly, the control variable of gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on return on assets. Additionally, the inflation control variable has a positive and significant effect on return on assets.

Pengaruh PDB, Inflasi, Kurs, CAR, BOPO, NPF, dan Bi Rate terhadap Pertumbuhan Bank Muamalat Indonesia Periode 2017 – 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), Inflation, Exchange Rate, CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio), BOPO (Operating Cost Operating Income), NPF (Non Performing Finance) and BI Rate on Bank Muamalat's growth in 2017-2022 as seen from the growth of its assets. The population of this study is the entire quarterly report data of PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia during the study period. This study used multiple linear regression method with the help of E-views 12 application. The results showed that the BI Rate, Inflation had a significant positive effect, while the Exchange Rate and NPF had a significant positive effect on the growth of PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Other results show that BOPO, GDP and CAR variables have an insignificant effect on the growth of PT assets. Bank Muamalat Indonesia.
 Keywords: GDP; Inflation; Exchange Rate; CAR; BOPO; NP; BI Rate; Asset Growth

Mapping China’s Changing Gross Domestic Product Distribution Using Remotely Sensed and Point-of-Interest Data with Geographical Random Forest Model

Accurate knowledge of the spatiotemporal distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) is critical for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, there are rarely continuous multitemporal gridded GDP datasets for China in small geographies, and less is known about the variable importance of GDP mapping. Based on remotely sensed and point-of-interest (POI) data, a geographical random forest model was employed to map China’s multitemporal GDP distribution from 2010 to 2020 and to explore the regional differences in the importance of auxiliary variables to GDP modeling. Our new GDP density maps showed that the areas with a GDP density higher than 0.1 million CNY/km2 account for half of China, mainly distributed on the southeast side of the Hu-line. The proportion of the areas with GDP density lower than 0.05 million CNY/km2 has decreased by 11.38% over the past decade and the areas with an increase of 0.01 million CNY/km2 account for 70.73% of China. Our maps also showed that the GDP density of most nonurban areas in northeast China declined, especially during 2015–2020, and the barycenter of China’s GDP moved 128.80 km to the southwest. These results indicate China’s achievements in alleviating poverty and the widening gaps between the South and the North. Meanwhile, the number of counties with the highest importance score for POI density, population density, and nighttime lights in GDP mapping accounts for 52.76%, 23.66%, and 23.56%, respectively, which suggests that they play a crucial role in GDP mapping. Moreover, the relationship between GDP and auxiliary variables displayed obvious regional differences. Our results provide a reference for the formulation of a sustainable development strategy.

Contributions of Internal and External Variables in Non-Performing Financing Bank Muamalat for the Period of 2005-2021

The purpose of this study is to describe the condition of internal and external variables for non-performing financing in the 2005-2021 period by using internal variables that are proxied by Operating Expenses (OE), Financing Deposit Ratio (FDR), Net Operating Margin (NOM), and Return On Equity (ROE), while external variables are proxied by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative by analyzing secondary data which is processed using Eviews 10 with the VECM method and using quarterly time series data from 2005-2021. The results of data processing using VECM show several findings, namely: the ROE, GDP, and inflation variables have a positive effect, then the FDR and NOM variables have a negative effect, while OE has no effect on non-performing financing in the long term, while in the short term all variables do not affect non-performing financing. performing financing. Meanwhile, based on testing using FEDV, the contribution to non-performing financing is OE (1.08%), FDR (0.89%), NOM (4.11%), ROE (0.95%), GDP (2.29%), and inflation (2.68%).

The Impact of Digital Financial Services on the Nigerian Economy

This paper investigated the impact of digital financial services on the Nigerian economy, a study of Nigerian deposit money banks (DMBs). An expo-facto data analysis was carried out on independent variables of digital financial services: volume of ATM transactions (VATM), volume of POS transactions (VPOS), volume of WEBPAY transactions (VWBP) and volume of mobile banking (VMOB) regressed on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a dependent variable. These were obtained from the 2017 Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin using the ordinary least square regression (OLS). Findings from the study revealed that the volume of mobile banking, point of sales, and volume of automatic teller machines transactions have positive impact on the economy of Nigeria with the volume of automatic teller machines having the highest impact on the gross domestic product of Nigeria as a proxy of economic growth while the volume of web services has a negative impact on the Nigerian gross domestic product. The study therefore recommends improvement on the operationalization of the independent variables: (ATM, POS, WEB PAY and MOB) by the monetary authorities, Fintech (financial technology), and the DMBs (Deposit money banks) to enhance the dependent variable of gross domestic product in Nigeria as a global economy while putting more effort on the security, safety, and literacy of these innovations to eliminate or reduce the negative impact of the web services innovation on the Nigerian economy.

Effect of Gross Domestic Product and Interest Rate Changes on the Financial Performance of Banks in Kenyan: A Case of Co. Bank Limited

The study's primary objective was to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables on bank performance. Numerous studies on the effects of macroeconomic factors on the banking business in Kenya and globally have been undertaken, all with differing findings and conclusions. The purpose of this study was to add to existing information by determining the extent to which macroeconomic variables affect bank performance. The study was guided by the following objectives: To what extent has gross domestic product affected the Co. Bank of Kenya Limited’s performance, extend to which interest rate changes affect the Co. Bank of Kenya Limited’s performance. Liquidity preference theory, efficient market theory, and current portfolio theory were adopted in the study. The study used a descriptive research approach to examine the relationship between the independent variables of gross domestic product and interest rates and the dependent variable of bank performance. The study surveyed a total of 120 respondents from the Cooperative Bank of Kenya limited, including branch managers, credit managers, finance officials, accountants, staff, and consumers. The study drew conclusions about the research issue using both primary and secondary data. The study collected main data via questionnaires and secondary data via data collecting forms. Secondary data was derived from the Co-operative Bank of Kenya's annual financial reports from 2016 through the first quarter of 2022, CBK, Kenya Bureau of statistics, World Bank reports etc. The study first looks at the general information of the respondents in the fourth chapter. This information is presented using pie charts, graphs and tables. The chapter further explores the dependent variable and presents response from respondents on the extent to which independent variables affect dependent variables in for, of graphs, tables. The study also explores each independent variable. It starts with GDP and Interest rates respectively. For every independent variable the researcher used five statements to ascertain the effect of each variable on bank performance. The research also utilizes secondary data to compute trend analysis for each independent variable and to formulate multiple regression equation and regression coefficients. The study wraps up with the limitation of the study. The last part of the study entails a summary of the research findings. The summary provides an illustration of each independent variable and its effect on the dependent variable in line with the findings of the study. The study further looks at overall research conclusions, provides recommendation on what needs to be done to minimize the effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable.

Simultaneous Equations System vis-aviz Classical Regression Estimators on Impacts of Some Economic Indicators in Nigeria

The choice of models for analyzing the relationship between Total Debt Services (TDS), Real Interest Rate (RIR), Inflation Consumer Price (ICP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) variables using recursive models, though produces non-spurious results since the coefficient of determination (R2) is strictly less than the Durbin Watson (DW) statistic. However, the recursive model did not give a good fit for the relationship between TDS and GDP, since macroeconomic variables are usually prone to endogeneity, first order serial correlation, autocorrelation problems among others. This research work x-rays the TDS-GDP relationship on one hand and TDS versus GDP, RIR and ICP indices on the other hand in Nigeria. The TDS, GDP and RIR are endogenous variables, while the ICP, TRA, and are exogenous variables. Pre-tests analyses using time series datasets extracted from the repository of World Governance Index showed level stationary series I (0) and a causal relationship between TDS and GDP variables. Furthermore, the results from the estimation techniques showed that the Three-Stage Least Square (3SLS) and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) outperformed the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estimators when applied to both the exactly and over-identified structural equations in the simultaneous equation system (SES).

Summaries of Articles

Summaries of Articles