Variation Of Sediment Concentration Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Sediment Concentration Using Artificial Intelligence and Empirical Equations

Morphological changes in canals are greatly influenced by sediment load dynamics, whose estimation is a challenging task because of the non-linear behavior of the sediment concentration variables. This study aims to compare different techniques including Artificial Intelligence Models (AIM) and empirical equations for estimating sediment load in Upper Chenab Canal based on 10 years of sediment data from 2012 to 2022. The methodology involves utilization of a newly developed empirical equation, the Ackers and White formula and AIM including 20 neural networks with 10 training functions for both Double and Triple Layers, two Artificial Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Particle Swarm Optimization, and Ensemble Learning Random Forest models. Sensitivity analysis of sediment concentration variables has also been performed using various scenarios of input combinations in AIM. A state-of-the-art optimization technique has been used to identify the parameters of the empirical equation, and its performance is tested against AIM and the Ackers and White equation. To compare the performance of various models, four types of errors—correlation coefficient (R), T-Test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Taylor’s Diagram—have been used. The results of the study show successful application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and empirical equations to capture the non-linear behavior of sediment concentration variables and indicate that, among all models, the ANFIS outperformed in simulating the total sediment load with a high R-value of 0.958. The performance of various models in simulating sediment concentration was assessed, with notable accuracy achieved by models AIM11 and AIM21. Moreover, the newly developed equation performed better (R = 0.92) compared to the Ackers and White formula (R = 0.88). In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into sediment concentration dynamics in canals, highlighting the effectiveness of AI models and optimization techniques. It is suggested to incorporate other AI techniques and use multiple canals data in modeling for the future.

Structures and fabric sedimentary of overland flow generated in laboratory experiments – fluids composed of low concentrations (≈ 3 vol %) of soil aggregates

The sedimentary arrangement generated by overland flows remains an open question, particularly due to the sediment concentration variations of this flow. We create a laboratory experiment to answer a question: what type of facies and structures can low concentration overland flows (≈ 3 vol%) generate in a steep-planar hillslope context with a gently sloped sand accommodation area? Our experiment revealed that noncanalized low sediments concentration are supercritical and turbulent. On the sedimentation plain, flows exhibited progressive deceleration implying three flow stages (arrival-flow, intermediate-flow and waning-water flow). In the first stages, flows remained supercritical and turbulent, and in the last stage, they became subcritical and turbulent. Parting lineation was the predominant surface feature for the three flow stages, followed by tool marks, rills and coarse aggregate accumulation. The recurrence of flows implicated in parting lineation reworking, scour-and-fill, and horizontal airscape structures. The arrival-flow stage developed erosive depression, in which sediments were incorporated into the flow. These flow characteristics and sedimentary structures can occur in the real world and are related to overland flow recurrence.

Suspended sediment transport in sewers at limit of deposition

ABSTRACT This note proposes a new formula for predicting the self-cleansing velocity of suspended particles in sewer pipes. Dimensional analysis is carried out to develop a new equation based on sediment and hydraulic characteristics. Model performance is tested using experimental data collected at laboratory scale and benchmarking data from the literature. The accuracy of the developed formula is evaluated with the Coefficient of Determination (R2), the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Results demonstrate that the proposed equation is able to predict the particle Froude number and hence the self-cleansing velocity for a wide range of variations of sediment concentration, particle diameter, and hydraulic characteristics.

Investigating mixing patterns of suspended sediment in a river confluence using high-resolution hyperspectral imagery

In a river confluence, the fluvial process is complex because of the merging of different flows from rivers with distinct morphologies. However, the mixing of suspended sediment in river confluences has been inadequately investigated owing to the low resolution of conventional techniques for measuring suspended sediment. In this study, we investigated the mixing of suspended sediment at the confluence of the Hwang and Nakdong Rivers in South Korea by analyzing the spectral characteristics of suspended sediment from high-resolution hyperspectral data. We retrieved the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from high-resolution hyperspectral imagery using the conversion technique, which is a cluster-based machine learning regression with optical variability. Hyperspectral clustering was first applied to classify the water regions of the main river (Nakdong) and its tributary (Hwang). The clustering result at a near-field after the confluence point was strongly related to the mixing degree of flow and sediments from two different rivers. Through segmentation, regressors with hyperspectral clusters enabled accurate SSC measurement. In particular, they precisely retrieved the concentrations adjacent to the mixing layer, even when the relationship between the spectral data and suspended sediment concentrations of the main river and tributary was substantially different. Using a detailed SSC map, we compared two cases of mixing patterns by calculating the variation in sediment concentration along the downstream river confluence. We found that the mixing pattern was different because of the flow velocity and a large sandbar near the stagnant area even though river discharge was similar for both cases. In the slow mixing case, the sandbar caused a velocity-deficit with a wake that reduced the variance of SSC due to the irregular flow near the mixing layer. In this case, dual counter-rotating secondary flow cells also limited mixing across the post-confluence reach. However, when the wake and dual counter-rotating secondary flows weakened due to the erosion of the sandbar and lower flow velocity, the transverse mixing coefficient increased by approximately 40 % compared to the slow mixing case. This study demonstrated that the hyperspectral approach can be used to investigate the mixing of suspended sediment in greater detail in complex river systems, as it provides high-resolution information that conventional measurement methods cannot explore.

Impact of Land Reclamation on Coastal Water in a Semi-Enclosed Bay

Land reclamation has a profound impact on coastal environments. On the Chinese coast, the new Xiang’an International Airport has been built on newly reclaimed land. The impact of the massive land reclamation project (finished in 2018) on water quality and coast conditions in a nearby semi-enclosed bay is investigated using remotely sensed data. Factors affecting surface water quality and coast conditions are further analyzed using multiple regression. All water quality and coast condition indices show no long-term trend from 2005 to 2021. The suspended solid concentration (with a maximum value of 96.11 mg/L) is much lower than the threshold of 188 mg/L. When considering variations in sediment concentration, the probability that the concentration reaches the threshold is less than 1×10−6%; therefore, suspended solids have little threat to the local oyster-growing industry. The trend of dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration is steady, implying little alteration to nutrient circulation in the semi-enclosed bay. Within the observation timeframe of 2005–2021, a recent sedimentation trend (surrogated by the normalized difference water index) appears after 2018 but it needs to be confirmed by a longer observation. Statistical models based on multiple regression highlight the following links: (1) the sediment source is outside the bay, (2) the overland runoff from newly claimed land dilutes nutrient concentrations, and (3) the coast conditions are mainly affected by tides and rainfall. Neither actively reclaimed or cumulative reclaimed areas form a direct causal relationship to water quality or coast conditions in the semi-enclosed bay.

Hydrodynamics and sediment transport patterns on intertidal flats along middle Jiangsu coast

Two field campaigns in Dafeng and Jianggang were organized to compare spatial variations of hydrodynamic characteristics and sediment transport patterns on intertidal flats of different types with distinct human interferences along middle Jiangsu coast, China. The major contributors to the different patterns of sediment dynamics between the two tidal flats were offshore tidal current field and human interference. Offshore tidal force provide the basic setup of tidal current patterns on tidal flats, which is then modified by local morphology. Seawalls parallel to coast reduce tidal flat width, forcing tidal energy to dissipate within a shorter distance and thus influencing tidal flat morphology. Seawalls vertical to coast and major tidal current significantly reduce tidal current speed, which favors sediment deposition on tidal flats. Two seawalls built on both sides of the observational tidal flat profile caused much reduced current speed at Dafeng tidal flat, comparing to the offshore station. Being exposed to offshore radial tidal currents, hydrodynamics at Jianggang was much stronger than that at Dafeng. Residual currents at both areas showed net landward transport at the lower flat and net seaward transport at the upper flat, in favor to sediment accumulation at the middle flat. Sediment flux over tidal cycles showed net landward sediment transport at Dafeng, and net seaward transport at Jianggang, consistent with the convex-up accretion-dominated profile observed at Dafenge, and concave-up erosion-dominated profile observed at Jianggang. The instantaneons sediment flux changed significantly due to variations in velocity and sediment concentrations, but these terms counteracted with each other within tidal cycles, leading to the dominant role of Eulerian flux in determining net sediment flux over tidal cycles.

Numerical modelling of local scour around a spur dike with porous media method

ABSTRACT A 3D numerical model is developed to investigate the flow motion and sediment transport around a spur dike. In this model, fluid motion is described by the Navier–Stokes equations, adopting large eddy simulation to capture turbulent transport and dissipation. The spur dike and sand bed are treated by the porous media method. The suspended load concentration and the bed load transport rate is calculated separately, and then the bed variation is updated using the mass-balance equation. A series of flume experiments are employed to validate the model’s performance before being applied for the case of partially emergent spur dikes and submerged spur dikes, respectively. Detailed analyses on the spatial-temporal variation of flow intensity, sediment concentration and shapes of scour holes are made, based on which some innovative findings are discussed such as the scouring process patterns, as well as the influence of flow conditions on the maximum scour depth and location, and then useful engineering suggestions are provided to improve structural safety.

Assessment of the potential for quantifying multi-period suspended sediment concentration variations using satellites with different temporal resolution

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is a crucial indicator for coastal health and geomorphological evolution, featured by complex periodic processes on multiple timescales in response to different cyclic forcing factors. Although remote sensing has functioned as an important means for SSC estimation with sufficient spatio-temporal coverage, the low effective sampling rates and resulting unevenly spaced characteristics of the retrieved time series would hamper the extraction of the representative SSC portrayal (amplitude and phase) on multiple timescales, especially for low-resolution satellites. Here, we retrieved a 9-year hourly GOCI SSC time series (January 2012 to December 2020) at two coastal sites in China (Haimen and Haizhou Bay) as reference cases, and utilized them to obtain MODIS, Sentinel and Landsat sequences with average temporal resolutions of 0.5, 5.6 and 11.2 days as preliminary investigations into amplitude and phase extractions. Furthermore, we generated GOCI-based hypothetical satellite time series with temporal resolutions ranging from 1 to 16 days (1088 subsets) and their mutual combination (591,328 subsets) to explore general laws when extracting amplitudes and phases from satellites with different temporal resolutions by application of the Lomb-Scargle Periodogram and phase-folded diagram methods. The amplitude and phase deviations were found to increase with decreasing temporal resolution on seasonal and fortnightly timescales at Haimen and in Haizhou Bay, while by mutual combination of satellites the errors could be reduced as more data were utilized for the extraction. It is shown that larger amplitude and phase deviations occur on the seasonal timescale in comparison to the fortnightly timescale at Haimen, whereas the situation reverses in the case of Haizhou Bay. These results demonstrate that temporal resolution, data characteristics on the target timescale and absolute SSC amplitude codetermine the extraction accuracy. This further indicates that satellites with lower temporal resolutions can potentially be used on a global scale for extracting the feature changes of multi-period SSC variations, in particular as continuous improvements in data quantity and quality can be expected in the future.

Stability of Aquatic Nitrogen Cycle Under Dramatic Changes of Water and Sediment Inflows to the Three Gorges Reservoir

Stability of nitrogen cycle is a key indicator to aquatic health. In recent years, water and sediment inflows to the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) have changed significantly. To reveal the effects of such dramatic hydrological changes on aquatic nitrogen cycle, this paper at first analyzed the changing trends of water and suspended sediment discharges of TGR based on dynamic harmonic regression, and found that the intra‐year distribution of water flow was significantly homogenized between flood and dry seasons, with the seasonal variations narrowed by 43.5%–69.9% during 2007–2016, while sediment concentration sharply dropped (the non‐periodic term decreased by 1.48%–2.07%/month). Modified with the effects of sediment concentration variations on nitrification/denitrification rates, the proposed numerical model surprisingly showed that ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen concentrations in TGR were insensitive to either water flow homogenization or sediment reduction, implying relative stability of microbial community related to nitrogen cycle, which is a positive sign for aquatic health. However, N2 emission varied more violently. The variation range of nitrogen gas (N2) emitted from TGR enlarged by 30% with the homogenization of water inflow from 2010 to 2016, while the annual total N2 emission decreased by 7% due to the reduction of sediment concentration, indicating quick response and strong adaption of the microbial N2 producing process to the environmental changes of TGR, which is beneficial for maintaining ecological functions related to nitrogen cycling. This work helps understanding nitrogen cycle of reservoirs experiencing dramatic changes in water and sediment inflows.

Discriminating between tsunamis and tropical cyclones in the sedimentary record using X-ray tomography

Scrub Island lagoon (Anguilla, Caribbean) provides the opportunity to display both tropical cyclones, near-field and far-field tsunami deposits within the same sediment core. Here, we use X-ray tomography to highlight the sedimentary fabric and link it to processes that occurred during these events. Overall, the tsunami sedimentary fabric remains highly homogenous, and display fabric trends that can be associated with variations in sediment concentration and/or flow strength. The near-field tsunami deposit displays fabric characteristics of intense and highly-concentrated flow, whereas the far-field tsunami fabric is less defined which may illustrate a less intense event. Contrastingly, the sediment fabric of the tropical cyclone (hurricane) deposit is more variable with a succession of different dipping-angles and orientations of the grains that can be interpreted as the record of successive waves, likely infragravity waves. Observed differences in sedimentary fabrics between tsunami and tropical cyclone-related deposits are an encouragement to generalize sediment fabric parameters as criteria to distinguish them in coastal sedimentary archives.

Modelling the Effects of Multiple Fractal Dimensions on the Flocculation and Resuspension Processes of Cohesive Sediment

The flocculation of cohesive sediments represents a critical process in coastal sediment transport, with its appropriate representation in numerical models crucial for the prediction of contaminant transport, coastal morphodynamics and engineering problems. In this study, a flocculation model considering the effects of multiple fractal dimensions is incorporated into a two-phase numerical modelling framework and used to investigate the effects of spatio-temporal variations in sediment concentrations on the temporal evolution of local floc sizes. Initially, the model is applied to simulate the aggregation of clay suspensions in a vertical grid-stirred settling column, with results confirming the importance of multiple fractal dimensions when predicting the time evolution of floc sizes. The adoption of multiple fractal dimensions, in particular, allows the two-phase numerical model to better match the measured settling column data with improved overall correlation. This is especially the case when predicting initial floc size growth during the early period of settling when the flocs tend to adjust more rapidly to their equilibrium sizes. The two-phase model is then applied to simulate field measurements of mud resuspension process in a tidally driven channel. Again, by considering multiple fractal dimensions within the flocculation model, better agreement is obtained between observed and modelled suspended sediment concentrations, while predicted floc sizes are also in general accord with previous field measurements made within the same estuary.

A Two‐Layer Numerical Model for Coastal Sheet‐Flow Sediment Transport

AbstractSheet‐flow sediment transport is an important topic for coastal sediment research. In this study, a two‐layer numerical model is proposed for coastal sheet‐flow sediment transport. The bottom pick‐up layer, in which sediment motion is usually treated as bedload transport, is resolved in an empirical way, so no bedload model is required. For the suspension layer, the model solves the turbulent diffusion equation for sediment concentration, while the hydrodynamic part is described by Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations. The damping of turbulence due to concentration gradient and the hindered settling effect due to particle‐particle interactions are both incorporated in the present model. A predetermined erosion depth is taken as an input for determining the no‐motion sand bed level. This two‐layer model is capable of describing the detailed spatial‐temporal variations of flow velocity and sediment concentration within the sheet‐flow layer, and the model's fidelity is comparable to that of some two‐phase‐flow models. A large campaign of model validation is carried out to demonstrate that the models works well for wave‐driven sheet‐flow sediment transport.

Influence of Seawards Water and Sediment Conditions on the Turbidity Maximum Zone in Yangtze Estuary

On the combined influence of runoff and tide, seawards sediment forms the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) nearby the sandbar of Yangtze estuary. The water and sediment transport of the sandbar has important theoretical and practical significance for ecosystem, waterway regulation, and so on. According to the situation of seawards water and sediment variation, and based on the ECOMSED simulation of flow and suspended sediment dynamic process, the relation of the seawards water and sediment and the TMZ, and the law of water and sediment motion after the Three Gorges Project are discussed. It enhances the comprehension of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) variation law of the TMZ always seawards discharge. As the lower seawards sediment concentration, the SSC of the TMZ center is gradually decreasing with the increasing discharge. As the sediment concentration is higher than some critical value, the SSC of the TMZ center is gradually increasing with the increasing discharge.

Sand Bar Evolution Process Numerical Simulation Analyze Based on two Dimensional Numerical Model

The sand bar lies near the entrance to the sea, which is not only detrimental to the flood discharge and sediment discharge of the river, but also an important factor causing the swing the flow path to the sea. With the formation and development of the sand bar, the form of the sand bar is constantly changing, the river is expected to extend continuously, and the water level and velocity of the estuary river change within a certain range, thus affecting the estuary flood control and river management measures. It is of great significance to study the development process of sand bar and its form for flood control of estuarine rivers and to put forward reasonable control measures of the sand bar. The sediment inflow into the sea is calculated by using the validated two - dimensional numerical model of estuarine and rivers. In this paper, the variation and development process of the sediment form with time and space are analyzed from the following aspects: the process of sediment deposition thickness into the sea, the distribution chart of sediment deposition thickness along the direction of water flow into the sea, the process chart of seabed deposition height, the variation of intraday flow velocity along the sea and the analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of sediment concentration, etc. The calculated and analyzed results are consistent with the measured data.

Forecasting flood hazards in real time: a surrogate model for hydrometeorological events in an Andean watershed

Abstract. Growing urban development, combined with the influence of El Niño and climate change, has increased the threat of large unprecedented floods induced by extreme precipitation in populated areas near mountain regions of South America. High-fidelity numerical models with physically based formulations can now predict inundations with a substantial level of detail for these regions, incorporating the complex morphology, and copying with insufficient data and the uncertainty posed by the variability of sediment concentrations. These simulations, however, typically have large computational costs, especially if there are multiple scenarios to deal with the uncertainty associated with weather forecast and unknown conditions. In this investigation we develop a surrogate model or meta-model to provide a rapid response flood prediction to extreme hydrometeorological events. Storms are characterized with a small set of parameters, and a high-fidelity model is used to create a database of flood propagation under different conditions. We use kriging to perform an interpolation and regression on the parameter space that characterize real events, efficiently approximating the flow depths in the urban area. This is the first application of a surrogate model in the Andes region. It represents a powerful tool to improve the prediction of flood hazards in real time, employing low computational resources. Thus, future advancements can focus on using and improving these models to develop early warning systems that help decision makers, managers, and city planners in mountain regions.

Study of unsteady nonequilibrium stratified suspended sediment distribution in open-channel turbulent flows using shifted Chebyshev polynomials

ABSTRACT In this paper the effect of stratification on vertical variation of sediment concentration in the suspended-load layer in turbulent flows through open channels under unsteady and nonequilibrium condition is investigated. Unlike previous studies, the model includes the effect of stratification in terms of reduction of the eddy diffusivity. A new approach for solving the governing advection-diffusion equation using orthogonal shifted Chebyshev polynomials of fourth kind is presented. In this approach, the solution of the problem is obtained using a finite degree Chebyshev polynomial. The distribution of the sediment diffusivity is considered including the effect of stratification. Three different types (constant, linear and parabolic) of sediment diffusivity distribution is considered both in neutral and stratified flow condition. The final transport equation is solved under both neutral and stratified condition and appropriate bottom boundary condition using the conventional backward Euler scheme. The method is unconditionally convergent and converges more rapidly than previous methods as Laplace transformation and generalized integral transformation technique. The solutions are compared with previous methods and satisfactory results are obtained. The proposed solutions are also validated with experimental data under steady flow conditions. Results show that under stratified flow condition, sediment concentration also decreases when flow is still unsteady.

Effect of Water Temperature on Suspended Sediment Concentration and Particle Size in Ionized Water

Suspended sediment load to water bodies is governed by climate change and human activities. Fluctuation in water temperature due to climate change affects the suspended sediment deposition. In this study, laboratory experiments are conducted to understand the influence of water temperature on suspended sediment concentration and its particle size in ionized water. Experiments are conducted in an annular flume with kaolin (d50 = 6.9 μm) and ionized water by changing water temperature (30, 40, and 50 °C), bed shear stress (0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 N/m2), and initial suspended sediment concentration (1, 2, and 4 g/L). Results show that rise in water temperature causes decrease in both settling flux and degree of deposition, but particle size increases. Variation in initial suspended sediment concentration has an inverse effect on settling flux and has minimum influence on degree of deposition. Size of suspended sediments showed direct relation with initial suspended sediment concentration.

Impact of Land Use-Land Cover and Climatic Pattern on Sediment Yield of Two Contrasting Sub-Catchments in Upper Tapi Basin, India

Long-term and short-term assessments of sediment yield from river basins are required in planning soil conservation measures, water storage in reservoirs and prediction of morphological responses in rivers. In present study, detailed quantification of land-use land-cover and climate variabilityin two contrasting subcatchments of Upper Tapi basin, India, are reported for period 1980–2010. The pattern of measured sediment concentration, decadal and intra-annual variations of sediment yield at the outlets of boththe sub-catchments are presented and attributed with land-use land-cover and climate variability of the relevant periods. Higher sediment and water yields observed at the outlet of Burhanpur sub-catchment are due to steep and hilly topography, excessive deforestation and relatively high simple daily monsoonal intensity index (SDMII) within the sub-catchment versus Purna sub-catchment. In both the sub-catchments, maximum and minimum sediment concentrations are in July and September months respectively. Higher sediment concentration at the outlet of Purna sub-catchment is due to excessive alluvial deposits, extensive agricultural activities and generation of correspondingly less runoff within the sub-catchment. The observed reduction in sediment yield pattern in recent years is due to development of minor hydraulic structures (water area), decrease in scrub lands, increased planned agricultural land and decrease in the SDMII within both sub-catchments. The correlation analyses have indicated that total monsoonal basin average rainfall (TMBAR), rainy days (RD) and SDMII have been found to be significantly correlated with sediment yield for Burhanpur sub-catchment vis-a-vis SDMII and TMBAR for the Purna sub-catchment. Also, the sediment yield from the sub-catchments in the past have been found to be excessively higher than planned reservoir sedimentation of Hatnur reservoir, located at the outlet of the Upper Tapi basin.

Sediment concentration variations in the East China Seas over multiple timescales indicated by satellite observations

The suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the East China Seas (ECSs) is modulated by a host of physical processes such as wind waves, tides, and circulations on different timescales, which in turn lead to SSC variations on the corresponding timescales. However, understanding of SSC variations and their modulation mechanisms remain limited. This study aims to quantify SSC variations on multiple timescales (intratidal, spring-neap, seasonal and long-term timescales) and their modulation mechanisms using high spatial-temporal resolution satellite remote sensing data from MODIS and GOCI. The results indicate that in the ECSs (total area 13.0×10 5 km 2 ), the seasonal variations of wind-waves and ocean stratification play the most important roles in modulating SSC, causing high SSC variation (> 30 mg/L) in 7.33% of the total area, and medium SSC variation (5–30 mg/L) in 31.57% of the total area. Tidal current variations on intratidal timescale play the next most important role, causing high SSC variation in 0.60% of the study area and medium SSC variation in 26.10% of the study area. Spring-neap tidal current variations also have a significant influence on modulating SSC, causing high SSC variation in 0.06% of the study area, and medium SSC variation in 13.10% of the study area. SSC variations on long-term timescale (10 years) are not significant, as strong long-term SSC variations are only observed in an area of 0.0012×10 5 km 2 in the Bohai Sea. These new SSC datasets provide an important new data source to better understand SSC spatial-temporal variability and modulation mechanisms in the ECSs. • Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the East China Seas (ECSs) is derived from satellite remote sensing data. • The SSC variations on multiple timescales are quantified based on the high spatial-temporal resolution satellite data. • The modulation mechanisms of SSC variation in the ECSs are analyzed.

Kapuas River sediment settling velocity analysis with withdrawal tube

Kapuas River is a river with a high level of sedimentation. In the process of sedimentation, one of the factors that determines the sedimentation time is the sediment settling velocity. Estimation of effective sediment deposition time could be calculated by collecting the sediment settling velocity data. A thorough laboratory research is needed to determine the value of sediment settling velocity. The analysis from the field and laboratory research showed that sediment settling velocity is related to salinity, sediment concentration, water depth, and flow velocity. This study focuses on the relationship between sediment concentration and sediment settling velocity. Laboratory research was conducted using variations of sediment concentration. The research showed that maximum sediment settling velocity with the value of 0.4133 mm/s is obtained from concentration sediment of 9380.75 ppm. Moreover, the sedimentation process will be formed faster as the sediment settling velocity increases.