Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors Research Articles

High corrosion-resistant octanoic acid vapor-phase modified Ce-LDH surface film of aluminum alloy

The cerium salt modified LDH coating (Ce-LDH coating) was produced on AA5052 Al alloy surface by in-situ hydrothermal synthesis. The vapor phase assembly of octanoic acid (OA) was adopted to improve the further hydrophobicity of Ce-LDH layer. The octanoic acid modified Ce-LDH coating (VOA-Ce-LDH coating) was successfully prepared on AA5052 Al alloy. It indicates that the VOA-Ce-LDH coating has excellent anti-corrosion protection with a protection efficiency of 96.95%. VOA-Ce-LDH coating contains two different layers. The outer layer is an octanoic acid (OA) vapor phase assembly layer and a Zn-Al LDH layer. The inner layer is Al(OH)3 (aluminum hydroxide) layer. The physical barrier layer of OA and the corrosion ion trapping function of LDH give the good anti-corrosion protection of the modified coating. This study is helpful for the development of vapor phase corrosion inhibitors and LDH coating for corrosion protection on metal materials.

O-PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE AS AN EXCELLENT VAPOR PHASE CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR Mg ALLOY AZ31B UNDER SIMULATED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT

Magnesium alloy with good application potential has a poor corrosion resistance, so it is essential to develop a new corrosion inhibitor and investigate the inhibition mechanism for magnesium alloy. In this work, three vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) were used for AZ31B magnesium alloy under a simulated ocean–atmosphere environment, and the inhibition behaviors and mechanisms were studied. The inhibition performances of the three VCIs were evaluated by Digital Still Camera, electrochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to further explore the inhibition mechanism. Compared to benzoic acid and ammonium benzoate, o-phthalic anhydride can provide the best protection for AZ31B magnesium alloy. The [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] was reduced from 11.18 [Formula: see text]A cm[Formula: see text] (blank) to 0.65 [Formula: see text]A cm[Formula: see text] and the ([Formula: see text] + [Formula: see text]) was increased from 1478.1 Ω cm2 (blank) to 3129.8 Ω cm2 with o-phthalic anhydride as VCI. O-phthalic anhydride combined with Mg[Formula: see text] to form different complexes with different molecular weights, which developed a more compact protective film on the AZ31B surface. Overall, the o-phthalic anhydride can be utilized as an excellent VCI for AZ31B magnesium alloy in a simulated ocean–atmosphere environment.

Research progress of vapor phase corrosion inhibitors in marine environment.

Marine corrosion is a kind of material failure phenomenon caused by the interaction between metal structure and marine environment. As an efficient and simple anti-corrosion method, gaseous corrosion inhibitor can have a good inhibition effect on marine atmospheric corrosion. How to effectively use the compound environment-friendly vapor phase corrosion inhibitor has been widely and efficiently applied in the field of marine atmospheric corrosion, which has become the key to prevent marine atmospheric corrosion. In this paper, we introduce the development history, inhibition mechanism, classification, compounding and structure-activity correlation of vapor phase corrosion inhibitors, and the research prospect of environment-friendly vapor phase corrosion inhibitors in marine environment is prospected.

Study on vapor phase corrosion inhibitor for E36 ship steel in marine atmospheric environment

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effect of vapor phase corrosion inhibitor (VCI) imidazoline, quinoline and urea on E36 ship steel in simulated marine atmospheric environment.Design/methodology/approachThe inhibitive effect was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance and Raman spectroscopy.FindingsThe corrosion process was inhibited by adsorption of the three VCIs on the surface of ship steel. The corrosion inhibition mechanism is the adsorption film type. The corrosion inhibitor adsorbs on the metal surface to prevent Cl- from reaching the surface of the substrate, so as to achieve the corrosion inhibition effect.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the work described was original research that has not been published previously and not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part.

Potential of Tomato Pomace Extract as a Multifunction Inhibitor Corrosion of Mild Steel

The aim of this paper is to investigate tomato pomace extract (TPE) as a multifunctional “green” vapor phase corrosion inhibitor for prevention from the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel and as a corrosion inhibitor in neutral media of 0.5 M NaCl solution. TPE would be an effective inhibitor with the efficiency of around 98% in both corrosive conditions. The chemical profile of the TPE was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC-DAD-MS). The major volatile constituents identified in tomato pomace extract were alcohols (12.5%), fatty acids (23.78%), aldehydes (41.6%), ketones (8.65%), and terpenoids (9.11%). The predominant semi-volatile and high molecular weight chemical components in tomato pomace extract were phenolic acids and flavanols [caffeic acid (2.03 ± 0.3 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (37.23 ± 0.80 μg/g), gallic acid (10.2 ± 0.80 μg/g)]. The corrosion protection properties of the TPE as multifunctional corrosion inhibitor were studied using accelerated corrosion tests (weight loss method) and electrochemical methods [polarization curves and linear polarization technique (LPR)]. The mechanism of steel inhibition by TPE formulations was studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations. TPE acts as a "pro-inhibitor" of the steel corrosion in neutral solution. The analysis confirmed that the growth of inhibitory properties is prolonged and corrosion rate is reduced after 40–48 h of exposure. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing exposure time and reaches 98% after 48 h. Quantum-chemical calculations were used to predict the adsorption/inhibition properties of some of the main compounds of the extract and compounds formed as a result of chemical conversion. This work to contributes interpretation/explanation and understanding of the mechanism of action of green corrosion inhibitors in neutral solution.

A novel eco-friendly vapor phase corrosion inhibitor of mild steel

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the efficacy of grape pomace extract (GPE) as an eco-friendly vapor phase green inhibitor for corrosion of steel and assess the effect of the major compounds of extract on the inhibition efficiency.Design/methodology/approachThe present study was carried out to identify the components present in the 2-propanol GPE by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Gravimetric, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, scanning electron microscopy and FTIR techniques were used to study the corrosion inhibitive.FindingsGPE has inhibited mild steel corrosion in conditions of periodic condensation of moisture. The gravimetric measurement indicates that inhibition efficiency shows direct proportional relation with concentration of inhibitor. The GPE and main components acted as a mixed-type inhibitor with predominant cathodic effectiveness. Research limitations/implications. Because of the presence of large number of compounds in the extract, it becomes difficult to understand the most active compound responsible for inhibition. However, from gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and quantum data, the assumption has been made that the major compound of GPE is responsible for the inhibition activity.Practical implicationsThe extract can be used in the temporary corrosion protection and is designed to prevent the corrosion of metal surfaces of equipment during transportation and storage.Originality/valueGPE can be used as a potential source of ecofriendly corrosion inhibitor for steel corrosion.

Application of vapor phase corrosion inhibitors for contaminated environments

Availability and accessibility to clean water for industrial applications such as hydrotesting and hydrostatic testing of pipelines, vessels, and plumbing distribution systems has been a challenging task especially when the job sites are in remote locations. When contaminated water is used in these tests, corrosion of the metallic components of the systems, during and after testing become a major concern. Vapor-phase corrosion inhibitors (VCI), can be added to water in small concentrations to prevent corrosion during testing, during wet storage and after testing. These inhibitors are to prevent corrosion of metallic components in three phases, within the solution, at the water line, and above the water line. Three commercially available corrosion inhibitors were evaluated in this investigation. Laboratory studies are presented in this paper, showed the effectiveness of VCI products in both fresh and salt water applications. Average corrosion rate dropped from ~10 mpy for salt solution to less than 1-1.6 mpy when various inhibitors was added. The effectiveness of these inhibitors is remarkable in the fresh water (less than 0.4 mpy). Exposure of the steel samples to these inhibitors did not show any loss in mechanical properties. Both strength and ductility of the low carbon steel samples was maintained.

Grape Pomace Extract as Green Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor

Grape Pomace Extract as Green Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor

Synergistic effect of Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide with 1, 3-Diaminopropane, 1-Benzylimidazole and 5-Aminotetrazole as vapour phase corrosion inhibitor for mild steel under atmospheric aggressive environments

Industrialization and modernization, in now days, has made a strong demand of steel and their maintenance for a strong infrastructure for every country in the race of survival, stabilization, growth and competition. Atmospheric corrosion is naturally occurring deterioration phenomenon in environment which may cause some dangerous and expensive damage to everything from automobiles, home appliances, water systems to pipelines, bridges and public buildings like other natural hazards such as earthquakes or several weather disturbances. Relative humidity, temperature, sulphur dioxide content, hydrogen sulphide content, amount of rain fall, dust and even the position of the exposed metal exhibit marked influence on corrosion behaviour. Atmospheric corrosion can aggressively accelerate the rate of degradation of steel during their manufacturing, processing, storage and transportation. In these cases, traditional methods to prevent corrosion are not suitable which provide scope of vapour phase corrosion inhibitors (VPCI) in industries, defense and daily life. Synergistic effect of Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) was tested for mild steel in different aggressive atmospheric conditions with 1, 3-Diaminopropane, 1-Benzylimidazole and 5-Aminotetrazole by Weight loss test, Eschke test, Salt spray test and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) test at 50°C.

DAA, 1-BIZ and 5-ATZ as Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel under Different Aggressive Atmospheric Conditions at High Temperature

Mild Steel and their products are main raw material for a strong infrastructure for every country which is the main demand in the race of survival, stabilization, growth and competition. Industrialization and modernization in now a days has made a strong demand of steel and their maintenance but atmospheric corrosion can aggressively accelerate the degradation of steel during their manufacturing, processing, storage and transportation. In these cases, traditional methods to prevent corrosion are not suitable which provide the scope of Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VPCI) in industries, defense and daily life. Three new VPCI namely Diallylamine (DAA), 1-Benzylimidazole (1-BIZ) and 5-Aminotetrazole (5-ATZ) were tested for mild steel in different aggressive atmospheric conditions by Weight Loss Test, Eschke Test, Salt Spray Test, Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Test at 50 °C and results of these tests were supported by Metallurgical Research Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

DAA, 1-BIZ and 5-ATZ as Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel under Different Aggressive Atmospheric Conditions at High Temperature

Mild Steel and their products are main raw material for a strong infrastructure for every country which is the main demand in the race of survival, stabilization, growth and competition. Industrialization and modernization in now a days has made a strong demand of steel and their maintenance but atmospheric corrosion can aggressively accelerate the degradation of steel during their manufacturing, processing, storage and transportation. In these cases, traditional methods to prevent corrosion are not suitable which provide the scope of Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VPCI) in industries, defense and daily life. Three new VPCI namely Diallylamine (DAA), 1-Benzylimidazole (1-BIZ) and 5-Aminotetrazole (5-ATZ) were tested for mild steel in different aggressive atmospheric conditions by Weight Loss Test, Eschke Test, Salt Spray Test, Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Test at 50 °C and results of these tests were supported by Metallurgical Research Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

A Study of Rape-Cake Extract as Eco-Friendly Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor

Rape-cake extract was developed as novel volatile corrosion inhibitors. Its volatiles were analysed by GC-MS. A semi empirical approach was used to rationalize the rape-cake extract inhibitory action. The molecular spatial structure, energy gap and density of extract main compounds have been theoretically investigated using HyperChem7.00.Екстракт шроту ріпаку досліджений як новий леткий інгібітор атмосферної корозії сталі. Методом газової хромато-мас-спектрометрії отримано компонентний склад його летких фракцій. З використанням програми HyperChem7.00 були проведені квантово-хімічні розрахунки основних компонентів екстракту.

Research Progress of Vapor Phase Inhibitors

As an important means to inhibit the atmosphere corrosion of metallic products, vapor phase corrosion inhibitors had attracted much attention, and on which the research was made great progress recently. In this paper the development of the vapor phase corrosion inhibitors was re- viewed in terms of the classification, properties, evaluation methods and inhibition mechanism. The development trend of the corrosion inhibitors has been prospected.

VCI containing package material – mode of functioning

I. L. Rozenfeld was one of the pioneers in the field of corrosion research and the application of vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VCIs, volatile corrosion inhibitors). He found that no substance can sufficiently inhibit the corrosion by its own, what is reflected on conventional corrosion protection schemes. Nowadays, three strategies are established in the field of iron protection to reach a passive state: 1. the installation of buffer systems (combination of a weak acid with its corresponding base) to keep the pH value of the surface electrolyte layer constant in the alkaline range; 2. the combination of anodic and cathodic inhibitors to achieve a synergistic effect; 3. the supply of (at least one) oxidizing agent in the present of oxygen in the atmosphere or already dissolved in the surface electrolyte layer. In general, polymer based packaging materials are used in order to protect metallic equipment (mostly made of iron materials) during transport and storage against atmospheric corrosion. This temporary corrosion protection is achieved by incorporation of VCI in the polymer film, whereby the packaging material functions as a VCI source. Protection is necessary especially during the time of wetness, where the metal surface can corrode due to the formation of a thin electrolyte layer on the surface. The efficiency of a selected combination of VCI compounds mainly depends on three parameters: 1. their vapor pressure (more exactly: their tendency to sublime) under atmospheric conditions are high enough allowing significant vapor phase transport of the compounds within an enclosed space to the metal surface; 2. their adsorption strength on the oxide covered metal surface (directly or after dissolving in the condensed water film) inhibiting the metal corrosion during storage and transport by interaction with the surface; 3. the achieved mixture of different VCIs on the metal surface to cover different strategies of corrosion protection Within this paper calculations should be presented to estimate the minimum need of VCI in dependence of the package volume, the surface roughness of the goods and the exposed temperature. Further, the transport of the VCI in the atmosphere of a densely closed package by diffusion and natural convection should be discussed. These findings can be used to approximate the conditioning time. In the second part results of electrochemical measurements like the measuring of the free corrosion potential and recording of electrochemical impedance spectra should be presented characterizing the interaction of

BIA, DPA, MBTA and DMA as Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel under Different Atmospheric Conditions

Mild steel is widely used as main raw material in fabrication of equipment, chief material of construction and as weapons. During its storage and transportation conditions, it comes in contact with aggressive environment which leads to decrease in mechanical strength and loss in useful properties. Four different vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VPCIs) i.e. Benzaimidazole (BIA), Diphenyl amine (DPA), 2-mercapto benzothiazole (MBTA) and N,N-dimethyl aniline (DMA) were tested under different atmospheric conditions at 40 °C by Weight Loss, Eschke test, Salt Spray, SO2 test and SEM techniques. All the four VPCIs show good corrosion inhibition efficiency i.e. 65-96 %. The results obtained from all the four corrosion experiments were supported by SEM images.

BIA, DPA, MBTA and DMA as Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel under Different Atmospheric Conditions

Mild steel is widely used as main raw material in fabrication of equipment, chief material of construction and as weapons. During its storage and transportation conditions, it comes in contact with aggressive environment which leads to decrease in mechanical strength and loss in useful properties. Four different vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VPCIs) i.e. Benzaimidazole (BIA), Diphenyl amine (DPA), 2-mercapto benzothiazole (MBTA) and N,N-dimethyl aniline (DMA) were tested under different atmospheric conditions at 40 °C by Weight Loss, Eschke test, Salt Spray, SO2 test and SEM techniques. All the four VPCIs show good corrosion inhibition efficiency i.e. 65-96 %. The results obtained from all the four corrosion experiments were supported by SEM images.

Optimisation of a humidity chamber method for the quantitative evaluation of vapour phase corrosion inhibitors for mild steel

During manufacturing, storage and transport, corrosive substances in the environment easily attack metal items. Corrosion inhibitors are substances, which, when added to corrosive environments in relatively small dosages, will drastically reduce corrosion rates. Vapour phase corrosion inhibitors or volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCIs), also called vapour phase inhibitors (VPIs), are similar to the organic adsorption-type inhibitors but they possess a high vapour pressure.The purpose of method optimisation is to verify that a method is fit for the purpose, i.e. for use for solving a particular analytical problem. The quality assurance of corrosion test results includes the optimisation of the corrosion test method and the estimation of the uncertainty of the corrosion rate measurement. The corrosion test performed in the artificial atmosphere of the humidity chamber requires evaluation of corrosivity of the test cabinet by reference specimens.

Corrosion Characteristics of Mild Steel under Different Atmospheric Conditions by Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors

Mild steel is used as main raw material in fabrication of equipment, chief material of construction and fabrication of weapons. During the storage and transportation conditions, it comes in contact with aggressive environment which leads to decrease in mechanical strength. Four different vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VPCIs) i.e. N-N-Dimethyl aniline (DMA), Morpholine, Cyclohexyl amine and Hexamethylene imine were tested for mild steel under different corrosive atmospheric conditions at 40°C by Weight Loss, Eschke test, Salt Spray and SEM techniques. All the four VPCIs show very high corrosion inhibition efficiency i.e. 96-98%. The results obtained from corrosion experiments were supported by surface study carried out by SEM technique.

Contemporary Developments in Corrosion Inhibitors - Review of Patents

Selection of an appropriate corrosion inhibitor, inhibitor combination or package is an exceptionally cost effective and materials saving measure in various industries. The article reviews recent (2008-2010) patents reported on corrosion inhibitors. Up-to-date developments in the inhibition technology are presented in accordance with the areas of application of inhibitors - industrial cooling water systems, oil and gas fields, coatings, acid pickling, lubricants, vapor phase inhibition, concrete corrosion etc. Nanotechnological advancements in inhibitor technology (in coatings) and novel products employing vapor phase corrosion inhibitors were discussed.

Efficiency of Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Ferrous Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions

Abstract The ability of some typical vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VCI) to protect mild steel toward corrosion in neutral and alkaline solutions was studied. The inhibition mechanism was investigated by electrochemical methods such as open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements, polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) exemplary in aerated cyclohexylamine salt solutions with different weak and strong acid anions. It was found that weak acid anions like benzoate play a dual role in the inhibition mechanism: under near-neutral conditions they can occlude defects in the air-formed oxide layer by precipitation of insoluble salts or basic salts with ferric ions, and in strong alkaline solutions they act as a buffer of pH inside the defect sites and limit the localized accumulation of protons. However, in the pH range between 9.0 and 10.3, passivation of mild steel is not possible with all investigated cyclohexylamine salts.