Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory Research Articles

Association of Active and Passive Coping Strategies with Neck Pain among Dentists of Lahore

Background: Dentists are at increased risk of musculoskeletal problems due to many reasons that include stress and their posture during working time. Aim: To determine the association between coping strategies and disabling neck pain among dentists working in different hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: non-probability consecutive sampling was undertaken among 134 dentists employed at various hospitals in Lahore. To identify the coping mechanisms, we employed the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory and the Visual Analog Scale for Chronic Pain. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. The Chi-square test was used to determine the association of coping strategies and neck pain. Results: In the study sample of 134 responders, 111 people experienced significant neck pain. The emergence of incapacitating neck pain was substantially correlated with passive coping. Conclusion: It was concluded that severe neck pain was strongly associated with passive coping strategies. Key words: Coping, Disabling Neck Pain and Dentistry.

Why Being Physically Active or Inactive Affects Older Women's Physical Role?

Background Active aging is aimed at promoting quality of life in older adults. Nevertheless, the relationship between physical role and the practice of physical activity (PA) can be influenced by bodily pain feeling and by a low level of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Passive and active strategies are susceptible to being modified and constitute an important psychological predictor of adaptation to pain. This cross-sectional study (1) analyzed the differences between inactive/active older adult women in terms of clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, pain coping strategies, and HRQoL; (2) studied the associations between pain coping strategies, the dimensions of the HRQoL questionnaire, and physical role; and (3) determined if passive strategies, bodily pain, physical function, and general health were significant mediators in the link between being inactive/active and physical role. Methods Participants of the present cross-sectional study completed measures of clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, HRQoL using the Short-Form Health Survey-36, and active and passive strategies using the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI). Results A total of 157 inactive (69.9 ± 7.1 years) and 183 active (68.8 ± 5.3 years) women from rural areas were included in the study. Both groups significantly differed in the majority of the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics measured, pain coping strategies, and HRQoL. Bodily pain, physical function, and general health predicted physical role. Moreover, passive strategies, bodily pain, physical function, and general health mediated the link between inactive/active participants and physical role. Conclusions Being physically active or inactive contributes to a better understanding of the link between PA, pain coping strategies, and physical role in older women.

Anxiety and Bodily Pain in Older Women Participants in a Physical Education Program. A Multiple Moderated Mediation Analysis

(1) Background: Bodily pain is normally associated with the consequences of ageing, whereas anxiety shows a high prevalence in elderly people, decreasing the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Pain coping strategies are used to reduce the consequences of pain, specifically in older people. This study analyzed if the passive and active pain coping strategies were significant moderators in the link between anxiety and bodily pain with a physical component as a mediator. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of older women between 60 and 90 years old from small villages with under 5000 inhabitants, of whom 53.8% of the total were participants of a physical education program. Participants of the present study completed all sociodemographic (living alone/accompanied, marital and educational status, number of illnesses, and level of physical activity (PA)) and clinical (anxiety, HRQoL, and pain coping strategies) questionnaires. Anxiety was assessed by the Hospitality Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), passive and active strategies by the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI), and bodily pain and the physical component by the SF-36 questionnaire. (3) Results: The physical component positively predicted bodily pain (p < 0.001) and passive strategies significantly moderated the effect of anxiety on the physical component (p = 0.034). (4) Conclusions: These outcomes help to understand the link between anxiety and bodily pain in older women and the moderation of pain coping strategies in this relationship. In addition, the physical component should be considered when physical education programs aimed at the reduction of bodily pain through the management of anxiety are designed.

Do Health-Related Quality of Life and Pain-Coping Strategies Explain the Relationship between Older Women Participants in a Pilates-Aerobic Program and Bodily Pain? A Multiple Mediation Model.

This study (1) analyzes the differences between non-participating and participating older women in terms of clinical characteristics, pain coping strategies, health-related quality of life and physical activity (PA); (2) studies the associations between non-participants and participants, clinical characteristics, pain coping strategies, HRQoL and bodily pain and PA; and (3) determines whether catastrophizing, physical role, behavioural coping, social functioning and emotional role are significant mediators in the link between participating in a Pilates-aerobic program (or not) and bodily pain. The sample comprised 340 older women over 60 years old. Participants of the present cross-sectional study completed measures of clinical characteristics: HRQoL using the SF-36 Health Survey, pain-coping strategies using the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI) and PA using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Significant differences between non-participants and participants, were found in clinical characteristics, pain-coping strategies (both, p < 0.05), HRQoL (p < 0.01), and PA (p < 0.001). Moreover, catastrophizing support mediated the link between non-participants and participants and bodily pain by 95.9% of the total effect; 42.9% was mediated by PA and 39.6% was mediated by behavioural coping. These results contribute to a better understanding of the link between PA and bodily pain.

The Role of Optimism and Pessimism in Chronic Pain Patients Adjustment

This study analyses the relationships between patients' dispositional optimism and pessimism and the coping strategies they use. In addition, the coping strategies repercussions on adjustment to chronic pain were studied. Ninety-eight patients with heterogeneous chronic pain participated. The assessment tools were as follows: Life Orientation Test (LOT), the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Impairment and Functioning Inventory for Chronic Pain Patients (IFI). The hypothetical model establishes positive relationships between optimism and the use of active coping strategies, whereas pessimism is related to the use of passive coping. Active coping is associated with low levels of pain, anxiety, depression and impairment and high levels of functioning. However, passive coping is related to high levels of pain, anxiety, depression and impairment and low levels of functioning. The hypothetical model was empirically tested using the LISREL 8.20 software package and the unweighted least squares method. The results support the hypotheses formulated regarding the relations among optimism, pessimism, coping and adjust of chronic pain patients. By analysing optimism among chronic pain patients, clinicians could make better predictions regarding coping and adjustment.

Coping style as a predictor of compliance with referral to active rehabilitation in whiplash patients

The objective of the study was to determine the odds ratio for compliance with referral to an active treatment program according to coping style in a cohort of acute whiplash-injured subjects. Sixty whiplash patients were assessed within 1 week of their collision for their coping styles and were then questioned 3 weeks later to determine if they had complied with a referral for an active treatment program. Coping style was assessed with the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory. Adjusting for age, gender, and initial whiplash disability questionnaire scores, the odds ratio for compliance with therapy for subjects who had a low active/high passive coping style was 0.15 (P=0.03) (95% CI, 0.03-0.86) relative to all other coping style patterns, whose odds ratios did not differ from each other. As a secondary outcome, the odds ratio for reporting prescription medication use for subjects who had a low active/high passive coping style was 6.7 (P=0.038) (95% CI, 1.1-40.4). Those whiplash patients who have a low active/high passive coping style are less likely to attend an active exercise-based rehabilitation program and more likely to use prescription medications in the first 3 weeks following injury. Coping style may affect recovery from whiplash injury through issues of compliance with active therapy and increased reliance on prescription medications.

An examination of coping styles and expectations for whiplash injury in Germany: comparison with Canadian data

Cross-sectional cohort study: to examine concurrent expectations and coping style for whiplash injury in injury-naive subjects in Germany. Studies suggest the recovery rate from whiplash injury may be faster in Germany than in Canada. Canadians have a high expectation for chronic pain following whiplash injury and Germans do not. Expectation of recovery not only predicts recovery in whiplash victims but is also known to correlate with coping style. The Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory was administered to university students and staff in Germany. Subjects who had not yet experienced whiplash injury were given a vignette concerning a neck sprain (whiplash injury) in a motor vehicle collision and were asked to indicate how likely they were to have thoughts or behaviours indicated in the coping style questionnaire. Subjects also completed expectation questionnaires regarding whiplash injury. Sixteen percent of subjects held an expectation of chronic neck or back pain after whiplash injury. The mean active coping style score was 27.4±3.6 (40 is the maximum score for active coping). The mean passive coping style score was 27.0±6.3 (50 is the maximum score for passive coping). Coping style scores and patterns were not different from those previously observed in Canadian studies, but there was no correlation between expectations and coping style among German subjects, a finding that differs from Canadian studies. Although expectations and coping styles may interact or be co-modifiers in the outcomes of whiplash injury in Canadian whiplash victims, in Germany, despite having similar coping styles to Canadians, the lack of expectation for chronic pain may be protective from the effect of passive coping styles. Further studies of coping style as an aetiologic factor in the chronic whiplash syndrome are needed.

The 6-Minute Walk Test in Female Fibromyalgia Patients: Relationship With Tenderness, Symptomatology, Quality of Life, and Coping Strategies

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) and tenderness, symptomatology, quality of life, and coping strategies in women with fibromyalgia. One hundred eighteen women with fibromyalgia aged 51.9 ± 7.3 years participated in the study. The examination included the 6-MWT, tender points, and the following questionnaires: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Short-Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), and Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory. Fair correlations between the 6-MWT and the subscales of physical impairment (FIQ) and physical function (SF-36) were observed (ρ −0.365 and 0.347, respectively, both p < .001). The 6-MWT showed a weak relationship with tenderness (ρ 0.201 and −0.191 for algometer score and tender points count, respectively, both p < .05). The relationship between the 6-MWT and global score of FIQ, and FIQ subscales of pain and fatigue were weak (ρ −0.201, −0.211, and −0.226, respectively, all p < .05). The 6-MWT showed a weak relationship with bodily pain and vitality scales of SF-36 (ρ 0.256 and 0.258, respectively, both p = .005) and with passive and active coping strategies (ρ −0.255 and 0.223, both p < .05). This study in women with fibromyalgia shows significant relationships, ranging from weak to fair, between the 6-MWT and tenderness, symptomatology, quality of life, and coping strategies. These findings indicate that functional capacity, as assessed by the distance walked in 6 minutes, might be important when planning the assessment, treatment, and monitoring of patients with fibromyalgia.

Efficacy of Biodanza for Treating Women with Fibromyalgia

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a 3-month Biodanza intervention in women with fibromyalgia (FM). This was a controlled trial. The study was conducted at a university research laboratory and social center. The study comprised 59 women with FM recruited from a local association of patients with FM. Participants were allocated to the Biodanza intervention group (n = 27) or usual-care group (n = 32). The Biodanza intervention was carried out once a week for 3 months. The outcome measures included the following: Pain threshold, body composition (body-mass index and estimated body fat percentage), physical fitness (30-second chair stand, handgrip strength, chair sit and reach, back scratch, blind flamingo, 8 feet up and go, and 6-minute walk test) and psychologic outcomes (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire [FIQ], Short-Form Health Survey 36, Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). We observed a significant interaction effect (group*time) for pain threshold of several tender points (left [L] and right [R] side of the anterior cervical and supraspinatus, trapezius L and lateral epicondyle R, algometer score, tender points count), body fat percentage, and FIQ total score. In the intervention group, post hoc analysis revealed a significant improvement in pain threshold of the anterior cervical R and L and supraspinatus R and L tender points (all p < 0.05), algometer score (p = 0.008), tender point count (p = 0.002), body fat percentage (p = 0.001), and FIQ total score (p = 0.003). A 3-month (one session per week) Biodanza intervention shows improvements on pain, body composition, and FM impact in female patients.

Efficacy of Biodanza for Treating Women with Fibromyalgia

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a 3-month Biodanza intervention in women with fibromyalgia (FM). Design: This was a controlled trial. Setting/location: The study was conducted at a university research laboratory and social center. Subjects: The study comprised 59 women with FM recruited from a local association of patients with FM. Participants were allocated to the Biodanza intervention group (n = 27) or usual-care group (n = 32). Intervention: The Biodanza intervention was carried out once a week for 3 months. Outcome measures: The outcome measures included the following: Pain threshold, body composition (body–mass index and estimated body fat percentage), physical fitness (30-second chair stand, handgrip strength, chair sit and reach, back scratch, blind flamingo, 8 feet up and go, and 6-minute walk test) and psychologic outcomes (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire [FIQ], Short-Form Health Survey 36, Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). Results: We observed a significant interaction effect (group*time) for pain threshold of several tender points (left [L] and right [R] side of the anterior cervical and supraspinatus, trapezius L and lateral epicondyle R, algometer score, tender points count), body fat percentage, and FIQ total score. In the intervention group, post hoc analysis revealed a significant improvement in pain threshold of the anterior cervical R and L and supraspinatus R and L tender points (all p < 0.05), algometer score (p = 0.008), tender point count (p = 0.002), body fat percentage (p = 0.001), and FIQ total score (p = 0.003). Conclusions: A 3-month (one session per week) Biodanza intervention shows improvements on pain, body composition, and FM impact in female patients.

Correlations between coping styles and symptom expectation for rheumatoid arthritis

In pain conditions, active coping has been found to be associated with less severe depression, increased activity level and less functional impairment. Studies indicate that there is a high expectation for chronic disability following a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. The objective of this study was to compare both the expectations and the coping style for rheumatoid arthritis in disease-naïve subjects. The Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory was administered to university students. Subjects who had not yet experienced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and did not know a person with RA were given a vignette concerning a new onset diagnosis of RA and were asked to indicate how likely they were to have thoughts or behaviours indicated in the coping style questionnaire. Subjects also completed expectations regarding daily functioning according to the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) for RA. The mean active coping style score for RA was 27.3 ± 4.6 (40 is the maximum score for active coping). The mean passive coping style score was 26.2 ± 7.0 (50 is the maximum score for passive coping). Those with high passive coping styles had a higher mean expectation score (higher HAQ score) of disability from rheumatoid arthritis. The correlation between passive coping style score and expectation score was 0.48, while the correlation between active coping style score and expectation was -0.34. Both expectations and coping styles may interact or be co-modifiers in the outcomes of RA patients. Further studies of coping styles and expectations in RA are required.

Correlations between coping styles and symptom expectation for whiplash injury

In pain conditions, active coping has been found to be associated with less severe depression, increased activity level, and less functional impairment. Studies indicate that Canadians have a high expectation for chronic pain following whiplash injury. Expectation of recovery has been shown to predict recovery in whiplash victims. The objective of this study was to compare both the expectations and the coping style for whiplash injury in injury-naive subjects. The Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory was administered to university students. Subjects who had not yet experienced whiplash injury were given a vignette concerning a neck sprain (whiplash injury) in a motor vehicle collision and were asked to indicate how likely they were to have thoughts or behaviors indicated in the coping style questionnaire. Subjects also completed expectation questionnaires regarding whiplash injury. Subjects (57%) held an expectation of chronic pain after whiplash injury. The mean active coping style score was 28.5±6.6 (40 is the maximum score for active coping). The mean passive coping style score was 28.5±6.6 (50 is the maximum score for passive coping). Those with high passive coping styles had a higher mean expectation score. The correlation between passive coping style score and expectation score was 0.62, while the correlation between active coping style score and expectation was -0.48. Both expectations and coping styles may interact or be co-modifiers in the outcomes of whiplash injury in whiplash victims. Further studies of coping style as an etiologic factor in the chronic whiplash syndrome are needed.

Cognitive appraisal and coping in chronic pain patients

Objectives This study analyses the relationships between patients’ cognitive appraisals concerning their pain and the coping strategies they use. In addition, the way the coping strategy influences the intensity of perceived pain and impairment in these patients was studied. Methods One hundred and twenty two patients with musculoskeletal chronic pain participated. The assessment tools were as follows: The Cognitive Appraisal Inventory for Chronic Pain Patients (CAI), the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Impairment and Functioning Inventory for Chronic Pain Patients (IFI). The hypothetical model was empirically tested using the LISREL 8.20 software package and the unweighted least squares method. Results High levels of challenge appraisal were associated with low levels of passive coping and high levels of active coping strategies, whereas the harm, loss or threat appraisal predicted high use of passive coping strategies. Passive coping had three statistically significant path coefficients: high levels of passive coping were associated with low levels of functioning and high levels of pain intensity and impairment. However, high levels of active coping reported high levels of daily functioning. Discussion By analysing the cognitive appraisals made by chronic pain patients, clinicians could make better predictions regarding the way they cope and adjust.

Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain

Background: Despite evidence suggesting that coping is an important concept in the study of pain, its role in predicting the development of disabling pain has not been previously studied. To assess the relationship between coping and the development of disabling pain. Methods: From a random sample of adults, we formed a cohort of individuals with non-disabling neck and/or low back pain ( n=571). Participants were followed 6 and 12 months after the index survey. Coping was measured with the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory. The Chronic Pain Questionnaire was used to measure the presence of disabling neck and/or low back pain. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to investigate the role of passive coping in the development of disabling pain while controlling for confounders. Results: Passive coping was a strong, independent risk factor for disabling neck and/or back pain. Those using moderate to high levels of passive coping strategies were at an over five-fold increased risk of developing disabling pain (Moderate: HRR=5.19, 95% CI=1.78–15.1; High: HRR=6.80, 95% CI=2.36–19.6). Active coping was not found to be a significant risk factor for disabling neck and/or back pain. Conclusion: Passive coping is a strong and independent predictor of disabling neck and/or back pain. This strong relationship identifies passive coping as a marker for risk of disability and can allow for the identification of individuals at risk and in need of intervention to aid in improving their overall adjustment.

Personality characteristics as differential variables of the pain experience.

This study analyzes the relationships between neuroticism, extroversion, age, and sex and the intensity of perceived pain and the coping strategies used. We worked with a sample of 96 patients with chronic pain. The assessment tools were the following: the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory, a Spanish version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The hypothetical model establishes positive relationships between neuroticism, the use of passive coping strategies, and the intensity of pain. On the other hand, extraversion is expected to be positively related to the use of active coping strategies and negatively related to the perceived intensity of pain. The results support the hypotheses formulated regarding the effects of the variables neuroticism and extraversion. Age is negatively related to active coping strategies and pain intensity. Men use more active strategies than women, while the latter have a greater perception of pain.

Social learning, affective state and passive coping in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease

The association between the use of passive coping strategies to deal with pain and reported levels of anxiety, depression, and parental reinforcement of illness behavior was examined in individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Individuals with IBS and IBD recruited primarily from outpatient clinics completed questionnaire measures of pain-coping (the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory, VPMI) as well as measures of anxiety and depression, parental reinforcement of illness behavior and physical symptoms. Factor analysis of the passive coping sub-scale of the VPMI indicated that it was comprised of two components corresponding to emotional and behavioral facets of passive coping. Higher levels of behavioral passive coping were associated with higher levels of parental reinforcement of illness behavior and higher levels of depression, but only amongst individuals with IBS. In contrast emotional passive coping was associated in both groups with higher levels of anxiety and depression (but not illness-related social learning). Different factors predict the use of emotional and behavioral passive coping strategies in IBS and IBD. It is suggested that illness-related social learning occurring during childhood influences the development of habitual illness behaviors and that, because of the more benign nature of symptoms in IBS, individuals with IBS may be more likely than individuals with IBD to revert to such habitual behaviors to cope with symptoms. The degree to which the emotional component of passive coping, associated with psychological distress in both groups, can be considered in terms of ‘coping strategies’, rather than markers of illness-related distress, is discussed.

The Effect of Intensive Group Exercise in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 15 weeks of intensive bi-weekly group exercise in sedentary subjects with long-lasting chronic low back pain (CLBP). Twenty-nine sedentary subjects with long-lasting CLBP were successively assigned to an exercise group (EG, n=16) or a control group (CG, n=13). Patients in the EG exercised for 75 min bi-weekly for 15 weeks. The CG followed traditional medical care. Cardiovascular fitness, back and abdominal muscle strength, and flexibility of hip muscles and the spine were measured before and after treatment. Outcome measures were low back pain (visual analogue scale, VAS), functional disability (the revised Oswestry LBP Disability Index), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HAD), and active and passive pain coping strategies (Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory, VPMI). The results showed statistically significant differences between the groups in advantage of the EG in all physical capacity tests, except for cardiov...

Sexuality and sexual adjustment of patients with chronic pain

Purpose: To describe sexual functioning and its relationship with psychological measures in chronic pain patients.Method: It is a self report survey with a convenience sample. Seventy consenting chronic pain patients responded to a questionnaire. Mean age was 49-9 years (range 29–74); mean pain duration was 146–7 months (range 6–624). Participants endorsed a wide variety of pain conditions.Instruments used: (1) Derogatis Inventory of Sexual Functioning; (2) Multidimensional Pain Inventory; (3) Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; (4) Multidimensional Health Locus of Control; (5) Hopkins Symptom Check List; (6) Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory; (7) Coping Strategies Questionnaire.Results: Sixty-six per cent of patients were interested in sex, 50% were satisfied with current sexual partner and 20% considered current sexual life to be adequate. Over 70% fantasized at least once a month. Only 44% experienced normal arousal during intercourse; 33% practiced masturbation and 47 % were involved in sexual intercourse or oral sex at least once a month. The majority were dissatisfied with orgasmic activities. No relationship was found between pain severity, duration, frequency and sexual functioning. A relationship was found between disability status, age and several psychological variables and various domains of sexual functioning.Conclusions: Sexual problems are common in chronic pain patients. Patients who reported symptoms of depression and distress had more sexual problems.

Beyond good and bad coping: a multidimensional examination of coping with pain in persons with rheumatoid arthritis.

This article examines the utility of using a multidimensional instrument to assess pain coping in two samples of persons with rheumatoid arthritis (total N = 378). The predictive validity of the newly developed Vanderbilt Multidimensional Pain Coping Inventory (VMPCI), which assesses eleven distinct coping strategies, was compared to that of the previously validated Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI), which assesses the two broad dimensions of active and passive coping. In both samples, the VMPCI demonstrated reliable incremental validity over the VPMI in predicting both positive and negative psychological adjustment, and the predictive ability of the VPMI was highly redundant with that of the VMPCI. Moreover, using the VMPCI, both positive and negative adjustment were related to multiple coping strategies in ways that could not be revealed by the VPMI. These results offer considerable validation to the VMPCI and illustrate the value of assessing coping multidimensionally.

Pain in young adults--III: Relationships of three pain-coping measures to pain and activity interference.

The study had two purposes: (a) to examine the relationships among coping strategies measured by the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) (1), the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI) (2), and the Ways of Coping Inventory (WOC) (3) and identify the higher-order composite factors representing these relationships; and (b) to determine the degree to which individual coping scale scores and composite coping factor scores could explain variability in the pain intensity and pain-related activity interference reported by young adults. Measures of pain coping were collected from 206 young adults using the CSQ, VPMI, and WOC, along with measures of pain intensity, pain location, and the extent to which pain interfered with daily activities. Results indicated considerable variability in the reported frequency of use of pain-coping strategies and in pain intensity, location, and activity interference. Principal components factor analysis identified three higher-order coping factors (Emotional and Other-Directed Coping, Active Cognitive Coping, and Self-Efficacy for Pain Control) that explained 87% of the variance in individual coping scale scores. The degree to which individual scale scores and composite factor scores explained variability in pain intensity and activity interference variables was determined through a series of multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that individual scale scores, particularly the CSQ scales of catastrophizing and praying or hoping, were best able to explain the variance in measures of pain and activity interference. Taken together, these findings provide further support for the importance of coping variables in explaining the experience of pain and adjustment in young adults.