Ultrasonic Speed Values Research Articles

Conservation Status Diagnosis of Mural Painting in Geungnakjeon Hall of Daewonsa Temple, Boseong: Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva Mural and Buddhist Monk Bodhidharma Mural

Investigation of conservation status, optical survey, infrared thermography, and ultrasonic examination were performed on Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva mural and Buddhist Monk Bodhidharma mural to determine the conservation status and physical properties. As a result of investigation of conservation status, the types of damage are largely divided into the wall and finishing layer damage, painting layer degradation, damage due to restoration materials, stains and contamination, and biological damage. As a result of the optical survey, drawing, stains, and repainted site were confirmed. Result of the infrared thermography, the delamination of the finishing layer was confirmed, and some locations and shapes of the wooden lath inside the wall were identified. The result of the 3D scanning, the deviation, and the separation of the wall was confirmed. As a result of ultrasonic examination, it was confirmed that the physical properties of the mural were identified and the ultrasonic speed was relatively low due to physical damage such as delamination and exfoliation of the finishing layer and cracking. Ultrasonic speed values were also high in some wall cracks or delamination, and it was confirmed by the infrared thermography results that the wooden lath inside the wall was located in those parts. It was possible to understand that the wooden lath inside the walls affects the ultrasonic speed during the ultrasonic examination. Therefore, management through periodic inspection of the relevant elements is necessary, and a countermeasure for damage that may occur in the future should be prepared along with intensive monitoring of the major damage identified in this diagnosis result.

Densities, speeds of sound, refractive indices, excess and partial molar properties of polyethylene glycol 200 + methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate or n-butyl acrylate binary mixtures at temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K

The densities, ρ, speeds of sound, u and refractive indices, nD of binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol 200 with methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Using the experimental data, the excess molar volume, VmE, excess molar isentropic compressibility, Ks, mE, excess speed of sound, uE, deviations in refractive index, ΔϕnD, deviations in molar refraction, ΔRM have been calculated. The partial molar volumes and compressibilities, excess partial molar volumes and compressibilities over the whole composition range, and at infinite dilution have also been calculated. The excess properties were correlated by the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The variations of these parameters with composition and temperature are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. Moreover, the values of ultrasonic speeds for these mixtures were also calculated by using scaled particle theory and the results are compared with the experimentally measured values.

Volumetric and ultrasonic studies on interactions of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol in aqueous solutions of glycerol at temperatures T = (293.15 K − 308.15) K

Abstract Densities and ultrasonic speed of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol in (0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) mol kg−1 aqueous solutions of glycerol have been measured at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15) K and experimental pressure p = 0.1 MPa. From the density data, the apparent molar volume Vϕ, the partial molar volume V ϕ o and the partial molar volumes of transfer Δ V ϕ o have been calculated for glycols from water to aqueous glycerol solutions. Using ultrasonic speed values apparent molar isentropic compression Kϕ,s, partial molar isentropic compression K ϕ , s o and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer Δ K ϕ , s o , have been evaluated. The pair and triplet coefficients have been computed from partial molar volumes of transfer and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer. The apparent molar isobaric expansion at infinite dilution ( ∂ V ϕ 0 / ∂ T ) p , second order derivative ( ∂ 2 V ϕ 0 / ∂ T 2 ) p have also been calculated. The parameters thus obtained have been discussed in terms of (solute–solute)/(solute–solvent) interactions prevailing in the present ternary system along with structure making/structure breaking tendency of glycols in aqueous glycerol solutions.

Ultrasonic studies of different saccharides in α-amino acids at various temperatures and concentrations

The present experimental investigation was carried out in order to explore the possible molecular inter-ionic interactions of saccharides namely, d-glucose, sucrose and maltose in aqueous solutions of α-amino acid such as l-arginine and l-lysine monohydrochloride at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15, and 323.15K. Experimental values of ultrasonic speed (U) and density (ρ) were carried out on the liquid ternary mixtures of l-arginine+saccharides+water. These measured experimental data have been used to calculate parameters such as isentropic compressibility (Ks), change in isentropic compressibility (∆Ks), relative change in isentropic compressibility (∆Kr), relative association (RA), specific acoustic impedance (Z), and apparent molal isentropic compressibility (ϕks). The negative values of apparent molal isentropic compressibility indicates that the water molecules in the bulk solution are more compressible than the water around ionic charges of l-arginine and l-lysine monohydrochloride respectively. The present work revealed the possible molecular associations such as solute-solute and solute-solvent etc. and eventually discussed about the behaviour of solute (saccharides) in the given system. In these systems, strong solute-solvent interactions are observed and found to increase with an increase in temperature.

Effect of N-acetylglycine on volumetric and acoustic behaviour of aqueous tetrabutylammonium iodide solutions at different temperatures

In this work, the experimental densities and ultrasonic speeds of N-acetylglycine in (0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04)mol·kg−1 aqueous tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) solutions have been reported at temperatures (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15)K and at pressures 101kPa. The different parameters such as apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume, transfer volume, partial molar expansibility have been derived from density data. Experimental values of ultrasonic speeds were used to estimate coefficient of isentropic compression, apparent molar isentropic compression, limiting apparent molar isentropic compression and its transfer value. The pair and triplet interaction coefficients have also been calculated from transfer parameters. All these parameters offer a convenient method to study the intermolecular interactions between the various components of the ternary mixtures. The interactions increase with increase in the concentration of N-acetylglycine in aqueous TBAI solutions. The variation of these parameters with concentration and temperature clearly suggests the role of (C4H9)4N+ on the solute–solvent interactions in aqueous medium.

Ultrasonic Investigations of Molecular Interaction in Binary Mixtures of Cyclohexanone with Isomers of Butanol

Ultrasonic speed, u, and density, ρ, have been measured in binary liquid mixtures of cyclohexanone with the isomers of butanol (n-butanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol) at 308.15 K over the entire range of composition. Molar volume (Vm), adiabatic compressibility (ks), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (z), and their excess/deviation along with Δu have been calculated from the experimental data. These values have been fitted to Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation. Positive values of VmE, Δks, LfE and negative values of zE, Δu have been observed for all the liquid mixtures indicating the existence of weak interactions between components. Rupture of H-bond or reduction in H-bond strength of isomers of butanol or breaking of the structure of one or both of the components in a solution causes the existence of dispersions in the present investigated binary mixtures. The data obtained from V-m,1, V-m,2, and excess partial molar volumes V-m, 1E, V-m, 2E, reflects the inferences drawn from VmE. Furthermore, FTIR spectra support the conclusions drawn from excess/deviation properties. The measured values of ultrasonic speed for all the investigated mixtures have been compared with the theoretically estimated values using empirical relations such as, Nomoto, Van Dael and Vangeels, Impedance and Rao specific sound speed.

Measurements of some physical properties of binary liquid mixtures (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone + an aliphatic ester) at several temperatures and data processing of viscosity and ultrasonic speed

The ultrasonic speed (U) studies are carried out using single crystal variable path fixed frequency (2MHz) ultrasonic interferometer on some aliphatic esters in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) at temperatures of 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15K. Excess molar volume, excess isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, excess isentropic compressibility and excess ultrasonic speed are computed from the experimentally measured ultrasonic speeds and densities of pure liquids NMP, methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate (EA), butyl acetate (BA) and their binary mixtures over the entire range of composition of NMP. The variation of these properties with composition and temperature of the binary mixtures is discussed in terms of molecular interactions of component molecules. The excess parameters are fitted to a Redlich–Kister type polynomial and the corresponding standard deviations are calculated. Thermodynamic parameters under study suggest the existence of strong interactions between NMP and aliphatic esters. The experimental data of viscosity is used to test the applicability of empirical relations of Grunberg–Nissan, Katti–Chaudhri, Heric–Brewer and McAllister for the systems studied. Also, ultrasonic speeds are theoretically evaluated based on scaled particle theory and compared with the experimentally measured values. The study reveals a close agreement between experimental and theoretical values of ultrasonic speed of these mixtures at all the temperatures under study. An attempt is made to study the temperature effect on the shapes of the interacting molecules in the binary liquid mixture using scaled particle theory in the temperature range 303.15–318.15K.

Relação entre a condutividade térmica e parâmetros físicos dos gnaisses Casablanca, Juparaná Delicato e Giallo Falésia (Ceará-Brasil)

This work presents and discusses the relationship among the thermal conductivity (κ), the physical parameters and the petrographic aspects of the Casablanca, Delicato and Falésia gneisses. In general, the outcomes of thermal conductivity, although affected by local influences from the mineralogy, they reflect the general physical characteristics of each different rock. In this case, the discrepant physical characteristics influence significantly the results, including the thermal conductivity. The results show that the lower values of thermical conductivity (κ) from the Falésia gneiss are compatible with the results of its physical índex, since the level of conductivity will be inverse to the rock porosity level (high conductivity, low rock porosity), or direct to the specific mass (low conductivity, low specific mass). The Delicato gneiss presents higher values of ultrasonic speed on its natural state, denoting a higher cohesion of this rock in comparison to the others. The lower values were stated to the Falesia gneiss, and are controlled by the micaceous levels, fissures and change intensity in the feldspars. The Falesia gneiss showed the higher values of thermical dilatation, improved by the expressive amount of biotite and by the susceptibility of this mineral to thermal fatigue. The three samples have a behavior similar to that of rocks of medium to high thermal conductivity, with mean values ranging from 3,19 W/mºK (Casablanca gneiss) to 3,64W/mºK (Delicato gneiss). The Falesia gneiss shows the lower mean value (2,99W/mºK), as consequence of the presence of fissures and higher intensity of mineral alteration. Conclusively, the results of thermal conductivity ratify and answer in a consistent way the tests and physical and technological results serving as a tool to petrophysical characterization.

Study of molecular interaction in ternary mixtures through ultrasonic speed measurements

Density (ρ) and ultrasonic speed (u) of ternary liquid mixtures: acetonitrile (ACN) + 1-propanol + benzene, + toluene, + chlorobenzene and + nitrobenzene, and those of pure components, have been measured as function of composition at 303.15 K. Using experimental data, the values of isentropic compressibility (K s ), intermolecular free length (L f ), molar ultrasonic speed (R m ), acoustic impedance (Z), excess isentropic compressibility ( ), excess free length ( ), excess volume (V E ) and excess acoustic impedance (Z E ) were computed. The increase or decrease of K s , L f , R m and Z with composition indicates the presence of interaction between the component molecules in the mixtures. The excess functions and V E are predominantly negative, while Z E is almost positive. This further supports the presence of significant interactions between the component molecules in these mixtures. Theoretical values of ultrasonic speed have been calculated for all the four ternary mixtures at different compositions using free length theory (FLT), collision factor theory (CFT), Nomoto's (NOM) empirical relation and Van Dael and Vangeel (VDV) ideal mixing relation. A comparison of theoretical values of ultrasonic speed with those obtained experimentally reveals that, in general, CFT predicts the data reasonably well.

Effect of oxyethylene groups on the behaviour of thermodynamic properties of pyrrolidin-2-one and poly(ethylene glycols)

Dilatometric measurements of excess volume V E and ultrasonic speed u have been carried out for mixtures of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra(ethylene glycol)s in pyrrolidin-2-one (PY) over the whole mole fraction range at 303.15 K. In the mixture of PY and monoethylene glycol, the V E is positive except for slight negative variation at the high mole fraction of PY. The other three mixtures PY+di-, + tri- and + tetra(ethylene glycol)s show negative V E over the entire composition range in the order di-<tri-<tetra-. There is a decrease in the values of ultrasonic speed u with increase in the mole fraction of PY in the case of monoethylene glycol while for other three systems u rises. From these measurements, partial molar quantities V i E and K S, i E have been calculated and analysed. Estimates of isentropic molar quantity K S equal to −( ∂V/ ∂p) S and its excess counterpart K S E have also been computed. The K S E is positive for mono-, and negative for all the other mixtures over the whole composition range.

Effect of oxyethylene groups on the behaviour of thermodynamic properties of pyrrolidin-2-one and poly(ethylene glycols)

Dilatometric measurements of excess volume V E and ultrasonic speed u have been carried out for mixtures of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra(ethylene glycol)s in pyrrolidin-2-one (PY) over the whole mole fraction range at 303.15 K. In the mixture of PY and monoethylene glycol, the V E is positive except for slight negative variation at the high mole fraction of PY. The other three mixtures PY+di-, + tri- and + tetra(ethylene glycol)s show negative V E over the entire composition range in the order di-<tri-<tetra-. There is a decrease in the values of ultrasonic speed u with increase in the mole fraction of PY in the case of monoethylene glycol while for other three systems u rises. From these measurements, partial molar quantities V i E and K S, i E have been calculated and analysed. Estimates of isentropic molar quantity K S equal to −( ∂V / ∂p ) S and its excess counterpart K S E have also been computed. The K S E is positive for mono-, and negative for all the other mixtures over the whole composition range.

Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Benzene with 1‐Alkanols (C5, C7, C8) at 35 °C: An Ultrasonic Study

AbstractDensities and ultrasonic speeds have been measured in binary mixtures of benzene with 1‐pentanol, 1‐heptanol and 1‐octanol, and in the pure components, as a function of composition at 35 °C. The isentropic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relative association, acoustic impedance, isothermal compressibility, thermal expansion coefficient, deviations in isentropic compressibility, excess free length, excess volume, deviations in ultrasonic speed, excess acoustic impedance, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume, partial molar volume of 1‐alkanol in benzene have been calculated from the experimental data of densities and ultrasonic speeds. The variation of these parameters with composition indicates weak interaction between the component molecules and this interaction decreases in the order: 1‐pentanol &gt; l‐heptanol&gt; 1‐octanol. Further, theoretical values of ultrasonic speeds were evaluated using free length theory, collision factor theory, Nomoto's relation and Van Dæl‐Vangeel ideal mixing relation. The relative merits of these theories and relations were discussed for these systems.

Physicochemical properties in mixtures of hexamethylphosphortriamide with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol or 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol

The excess volume V E, ultrasonic speed u and 1 H NMR measurements have been carried out in mixtures of hexamethylphosphortriamide (HMPA) and 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE) or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) or 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol (HFP) over the whole composition range. The excess volume and ultrasonic velocity have been measured with the help of continuous dilution dilatometer and ultrasonic time intervalometer based on a ‘pulse-echo-overlap’ (PET) technique, respectively at 303.15 K. V E is positive throughout the whole composition range in the mixture of HMPA and TFE whereas it shows an S-shaped behaviour, negative at low x and positive at high x in the other two mixtures HMPA+TCE and HMPA+HFP. The V E results have been utilised to calculate the partial molar volumes of the components. Estimates of the isentropic molar quantity K S and of its excess counterpart K S E were obtained from excess volume data in combination with ultrasonic speed values. The K S E is positive for HMPA+TFE but negative for HMPA+HFP mixture. It is both negative and positive for HMPA+TCE with very small positive values at very high mole fraction of HMPA. The order is TFE>TCE>HFP. The apparent parameters have also been estimated for support in explaining the results of volume and compressibilities. An attempt has also been made to correlate these with the values of the spectral parameter Δ δ (HMPA-halogenated alkanol) calculated from the 1 H NMR data.

Ultrasonic study of molecular interaction in binary liquid mixtures at 30°C

Densities ρ and ultrasonic speeds u of the binary mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with 1-butanol and tert-butanol, at 30°C, over the entire composition range were measured. From these data isentropic compressibility, K s, intermolecular free length L f, relative association R A, acoustic impedance Z, molar sound speed R m, deviations in isentropic compressibility ΔK s, and excess volume V E were calculated. The variation of these parameters with composition of the mixture helps us in understanding the nature and extent of interaction between unlike molecules in the mixtures. Further, theoretical values of ultrasonic speed were evaluated using theories and empirical relations. The relative merits of these theories and relations were discussed.

Ultrasonic Speeds and Volumetric Properties of Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether–n-Alkylamine Mixtures at 298.15 K

The excess molar volume and ultrasonic speed have been measured in dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether + butylamine, dibutylamine, and tributylamine across the entire composition range, at the temperature 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The ultrasonic speed values have been combined with those of the excess molar volumes converted to densities to give estimates of the product

Molecular Interaction in Binary Mixtures of Benzyl Alcohol with Ethanol, Propan-1-ol and Octan-1-ol at 303 K: An Ultrasonic and Viscometric Study

Densities, ultrasonic speeds and viscosities have been measured for benzyl alcohol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, octan-1-ol and for their binary mixtures with benzyl alcohol as common component at 303 K. From the experimental data, isentropic compressibility, relative association, acoustic impedance, molar sound velocity, excess volume, excess isentropic compressibility, deviations of viscosity and ultrasonic speed from linear dependence on composition, excess acoustic impedance and molecular association for all the three binary mixtures were obtained. These parameters have been interpreted in terms of intermolecular interactions. The experimental viscosity data of the three binary mixtures were used to test the validity of the empirical relations of Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Hind-Mclaughlin, Katti-Chaudhary and Heric. The experimental values of ultrasonic speeds have been compared with those predicted on the basis of the Nomoto empirical relation, collision factor theory, free length theory and van Dael and Vangeel ideal mixing relation. The relative merits of these theories and relations are discussed.

Speeds of Sound and Isentropic Compressibilities of Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether - n-Alcohol Mixtures at 298.15 K

Abstract The speeds of sound has been obtained at a frequency of 4 MHz in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether + methanol, + ethanol, + 1-butanol, and + 1-pentanol across the entire composition range, at the temperature 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure using a NUSONIC velocimeter based on the sing-around technique. The ultrasonic speed values have been combined with those of the excess molar volumes converted to densities to obtain estimates of the product KS,m of the molar volumes and isentropic compressibility κS, and excess quantity KE S,m. The KE S,m values are negative over the entire range of composition for all mixtures with the exception of 1-pentanol, which changes sign from positive to negative. The magnitude of KE S,m increase with the number of carbon atoms in the n-alcohol. The deviations of the speeds of sound uD from their ideal values uid in an ideal mixture were also calculated for all measured mole fractions. The behaviour of u, uD, and KE S,m with composition and the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecule is discussed.

Ultrasonic speeds and volumetric properties of mixtures containing polyethers and 2-methoxyethanol at the temperature 298.15 K

The excess molar volume and ultrasonic speed of (polyethers + 2-methoxyethanol) have been measured at the temperature 298.15 K as a function of composition. The polyethers were ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The ultrasonic speed values have been combined with those of the excess molar volumes converted to densities to give estimates of the productKS,mof the molar volumes and isoentropic compressibility κS, and the excess quantityKS,mE. The excess volumes are negative over the entire range of composition for all mixtures with the exception of diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, which changes sign from positive to negative. TheKS,mEvalues are negative for all mixtures. Comparable measurements have been carried out on the values of these two properties in an effort to assess the effects of increasing the alkyl group size with a common polar head group, and of inserting oxyethylene groups with a common alkyl group. Also, the deviations of the speed of sounduDwere compared with the mixing function δucalculated in the paper. Graphs ofVmE, uD, δu, andKS,mEagainst composition are presented as a basis for a qualitative discussion of the results.

Prediction of the speed of sound in the ethanol+ n-heptane system : New application of the Extended Real Associated Solution model

The ERAS (Extended Real Associated Solution) Model developed by Heintz [A. Heintz, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 89 (1985) 172] for describing thermodynamic excess properties of alcohol+alkane mixtures, was modified, in order to take into account the effect of pressure ( p≠0), and applied for calculating the compressibility and the speed of sound in ethanol+n-heptane mixtures at T=298.15 K and p=0.1 MPa. The calculated compressibility and ultrasonic speed values are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental ones. Even the quantitative consistence seems to be rather satisfactory (the differences between the calculated and experimental speed values do not exceed 0.5% in the whole concentration range).

Ultrasonic speeds and volumetric properties of binary mixtures of water with 2-[2-(2-alkoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanols at 298.15 K

Density and ultrasonic speed measurements have been made using vibrating tube densimeters and by a sonic solution monitor using a ‘pulse-echo-overlap’ technique, respectively, for aqueous mixtures of 2-[2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol and 2-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol, at 298.15 K, across the entire composition range. The density values were readily converted to molar volumes, V, and excess molar volumes, VE. Estimates of the isentropic molar quantity, Ks, equal to –(∂V/∂p)s, and of its excess counterpart, KEs, were obtained from the density values, in combination with the ultrasonic speed values. The magnitude of VE decreases with the alkyl-chain length, except in the water-rich region. The composition dependence of KEs shows a similar decrease. Data reduction procedures were used to calculate several related quantities leading to graphs with enhanced visual impact. Results were compared with those reported earlier for 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol–water and 2-[2-(2-hexyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol–water, and for 2-butoxyethanol–water and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol–water. Graphs of the data sets are presented as a basis for discussion of evidence for prevailing patterns of molecular aggregation. Segmented-composition models, including a version onto which a mass-action component has been grafted, were used to analyse the various excess molar quantities.