Values Of Maximum Permissible Concentrations Research Articles

Ecological safety of sunflower seeds in the conditions of agricultural intensification

Sunflower cultivation using intensive technologies, which manifests itself in the disruption of crop rotation, high rates of mineral fertilisers and pesticides, leads to an increased risk of products contaminated with heavy metals, nitrates, and pesticide residues. The purpose of this study was to identify the risks of toxic substances accumulation in the soil and sunflower seeds. In this study, the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was used to determine the content of toxic substances in soil and sunflower seeds. The content of alkaline-hydrolysed nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, the reaction of the soil solution pH, as well as the content of mobile forms of heavy metals: lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, mercury, cobalt, and molybdenum; boron, and radioactive caesium were determined in the soil after sunflower cultivation. The factual content of soil contaminants was compared with their maximum permissible concentrations. The study investigated the content of heavy metals, namely, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc, as well as nitrates in sunflower seeds. Their content was compared with the values of maximum permissible concentrations. The coefficients of accumulation of the heavy metals under study by sunflower seeds were calculated. Thus, copper and zinc are most intensively absorbed from the soil and accumulate in sunflower seeds, while lead is the least absorbed. The findings suggest that since no excess of the permissible levels of heavy metals and nitrates in sunflower seeds was found, there is a higher probability of their increased accumulation in sunflower by-products: seed husks, stems, leaves, petioles, and roots. The study results can be used in organic sunflower cultivation

Engineering environmental protection at an industrial facility

The aim of this study is to study engineering safety at an industrial facility. The subject of the study is dangerous and harmful factors of production, which include dust and harmful gases. The objectives of the study is assessing the dispersed composition of dust, which determines the microclimate of the working area on the example of a foundry. The presence of fine dust in the air space of the workshop leads to occupational diseases, such as pneumoconiosis (silicosis), bronchitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis. The dust dispersion assessment took into account the relationship between the particle size and the speed of movement under the action of gravitational or centrifugal forces. The granulometric composition of the provided powder sample was determined by laser diffraction, implemented on the Fritsch NanoTec “ANALISETTE 22” laser particle analyzer. Data analysis shows that almost all phases of the technological process determine the microclimate of the internal environment and in the inter-hull zone during emission dispersion. The degree of exposure depends on the dispersion and chemical composition of the dust, in particular, in the air, the dust is oxidized to form a SiO2 film. In addition, there are other harmful substances in the workshop air that can be deposited on dust particles, which makes dust more dangerous and in this case it is necessary to take into account more stringent values of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC). An increase in the SiO2 content tightens the requirements for the cleanliness of the air in the working area. In the work, on the basis of theoretical and experimental data, the most dangerous areas with the formation of industrial dust from the standpoint of environmental risk were identified, the dust dispersion was assessed, the dust collection system was finalized, and a wet cleaning system was installed.

Элементный статус адаптивного состояния телят северных оленей в экологических условиях Большеземельской тундры

The chemical composition of essential elements in the longissimus back muscle and liver of 7-8-month-old reindeer calves has been evaluated. Differences in the content of Ca, a positive relationship with Mg and Fe have been noted. The identified features of metabolism in calves bred in different environments, the determining factor of which are soil types in the stable functioning of the soil–plant–animal system, provide advantages of the physiological state of the organism. By the studies of 2020 and 2021, calves of the current year of birth, comprising 83 % of slaughter, accumulate toxic substances, radionuclides and dioxins in muscle tissue, liver and kidneys within the agreed health-based exposure limits as they grow and develop under technogenic load of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra. Among the heavy metals studied (Cd, Hg, Pb, As), Pb and As concentrations in calves have low values of maximum permissible concentrations.

Approaches to the development of environmental regional standards for the content of lead in the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus on the basis of an integral indicator of the biological state of the soil

Introduction. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is an actively developing region with a progressively growing tourism and recreation infrastructure. However, there are rare and unique soils, such as southern chernozems (chestnut), brown soils of dry subtropics, yellow soils. Lead (Pb) is a priority group of toxicant metals. However, the use of uniform, common standards of Pb content in all types of soils is impractical, since local regional ecological and geochemical features of soils are not taken into account when calculating them. Materials and methods. Soil contamination of 100, 1000, 10,000 mg Pb per 1 kg of soil was modelling, corresponding to 1, 10 and 100 MPC of this element in Germany and several other countries. After 30 days, changes in biological parameters (the number of bacteria, the activity of soil enzymes and length of roots of radish) were evaluated. To combine the values of the studied biological indicators with different units of measurement into one common indicator, an integral indicator of the biological state (IIBS) of the soil was used. Results. In most cases, there was an inhibition of the biological properties of the studied soils. According to the resistance to Pb pollution, the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus form the series including southern chernozems (Haplic Chernozems Pachic) (85) > cinnamonics typical (Haplicisols Eutric) (79) ≥ soddy-carbonate typical (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) (77) ≥ cinnamonics leached (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (76) ≥ cinnamonics carbonate (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (74) = sod-calcareouses leached (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) (74) = yellow soils (Albic Luvisols Abruptic ) (74) > brown forest weakly-unsaturated (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (67) ≥ brown forest acid (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (65) > brown forest acid podzolized (Haplic Cambisols Dystric) (59). On the base of the analysis of the degree of failure of environmental functions of soils, regional values of maximum permissible concentrations (rMPC) of Pb in soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus are established. Regional values of maximum permissible concentrations of Pb for southern chernozem is 120 mg/kg, for cinnamonics typical, cinnamonics leached, cinnamonics carbonate, sod-calcareouses leached, sod-calcareouses typical soils and yellow soil - 100 mg/kg, for brown forest acid, brown forest weakly-unsaturated - 70 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg for brown forest acid podzolized. Limitations. The proposed maximum permissible concentrations of Pb in soils are applicable primarily to the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Conclusion. The proposed maximum permissible concentrations of Pb in the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus can be used by environmental, agricultural and scientific institutions.

Groundwater sources in the West Siberian region: Chemical composition, analysis, and water treatment technologies

One-fifth of the Russian population does not have access to centralized water supply sources and consumes water without preliminary treatment. Moreover, the gas and oil extracting industries and facilities suffer without a centralized water supply. It requires an immediate solution to providing high-quality water that would meet human life needs. The West Siberian region is actively developing industrially. Despite the abundance of water bodies in Western Siberia, groundwater is the only available water source. It is because surface waters are environmentally unprotected from anthropogenic impact, and the use of groundwater is limited by both the density of humic compounds and the increased density of iron ions, which is typical for the West Siberian region. We analyzed more than three hundred groundwater chemical composition samples in Western Siberia, Russia. Analyzing the samples, we found out that the groundwater includes such compounds as ionic iron (hydro carbonate iron) and iron associated with organic elements (colloidal), color index, salinity, and hydro-carbons density, silicon ions, and organic components. Due to this research, we assessed the groundwater classification. The first type of groundwater classification contains hydro-carbonate iron; however, the second one contains colloidal iron compounds associated with organic elements. We determined that it would be incorrect to measure these two types of groundwater color index similarly. Therefore, the recommendation on measuring the groundwater color index of the second type is correctly revealed. It is essential to verify the groundwater impurities quantitative substance and its ratio, size, and charge of the dispersed phase. We also analyzed the current groundwater treatment procedures and approaches to remove iron from groundwater. The hydro-carbonate iron can be removed from the groundwater by applying the oxidation-filtration method so that the iron content in the form of colloidal iron compounds does not decrease to the maximum permissible concentration values. We determined for the second type, it is better to use membrane filtration, electric discharge, and sorption methods of purification in a particular sequence to ensure the efficacious deletion of iron, silicon, and organic components. This way, the groundwater will not lose other essential microelements. The proposed groundwater classification will instantly identify the problem, considering the water characteristics while analyzing indicators to obtain an accurate result and select further groundwater treatment stages.

Ecological and economic assessment of violations of regulatory requirements for the protection of water bodies

The issues of ecological and economic assessment of the consequences of violation of regulatory requirements for the protection of water bodies are considered. A comparative analysis of the current methods for determining the amount of damage caused to water bodies in violation of water protection requirements and the amount of prevented damage to water resources as a result of the activities of environmental authorities has been carried out. It is shown that the standard of payment for a ton of toxicant entering a water body, depending on the values of maximum permissible concentrations, is essentially similar to the coefficient of relative ecological and economic danger of a pollutant discharged into a water body, also depending on the values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxicants and their hazard classes. It is established that the indicator of specific damage to water bodies can be comparable with the coefficient characterizing natural and climatic factors and the indicator depending on the multiplicity of excess of the concentration of the toxicant in the discharge above its background concentration in the water body. A fairly close convergence of the calculated data on determining the amount of damage in accordance with the methodology for assessing damage to water bodies due to violations of water legislation and the amount of the fee for exceeding the permitted discharge has been established. Maximum deviations were noted for the toxicological groups of low-risk toxicants. The coefficients of adaptation of the financial assessment of damage to water bodies caused as a result of emergency discharges of pollutants and the amount of damage caused as a result of violation of water protection requirements are obtained.

Improvement of Working Conditions of Mining Workers by Reducing Nitrogen Oxide Emissions during Blasting Operations

The article presents comparison of the values of maximum permissible concentrations, revealed during the analysis of the national standards of Russia and Australia in the field of regulation of nitrogen oxides. The impact of poisoning of the workers of the quarry with nitrogen oxides after blasting operations are presented. A detailed review of studies of methods for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions is given. The way of decreasing emission of nitrogen oxides using highly active catalysts as a part of the profiled tamping is offered. Laboratory studies were carried out using a model explosive and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. The results obtained showed that zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) is the most effective. The reduction in the amount of nitrogen oxide emissions was 40% of that released during experiments without the addition of catalysts.

Sources of lanthanides in soils and estimation of their hazards

In recent years, an increase in the input of lanthanides (Ln), an important group of heavy metals (HMs), has been observed in the environment throughout the world (in particular soil). Anthropogenic Ln sources are mainly connected to phosphogypsum, Ln-bearing microfertilizer and micronutrients, and mine waste. Therefore, assessment of the hazards associated with the presence of Ln in the soil is an urgent issue. Hazardousness, depending strongly upon the buffer capacity of a specified soil, is determined by the organic matter content, the pH value and other soil properties. For a standard soil (containing 10% organic matter and 25% clay), the discrepancy of the hazardousness of HMs can be estimated based on the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) values proposed by ecologists in the Netherlands. Low levels of Ln contamination in the soil are found, making it possible to classify them in the group of moderately and weakly acting pollutants. The MPC value proposed for cerium (Ce) in the standard soil is 44 mg kg−1. Approximate MPC values for several other lanthanides (Ln, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd and Dy) in soils were proposed based on MPC values for freshwater sediments in the Netherlands. According to the MPC value, Ln falls into the group of moderate- and low-hazardous heavy metals.

Long-term cyclicity of trace element in the Baikal aquatic ecosystem (Russia).

Longitudinal monitoring studies (between 2006 and 2019) of the chemical composition of the water from the Angara River source (the runoff of Lake Baikal) revealed the interannual, year-round and monthly cyclicity in the distribution of some trace elements vis-à-vis their concentrations. The change in the concentrations of elements was contingent on the season, the temperature of the air and water, the activity of phyto- and zooplankton and regional changes in the environment (floods, earthquakes, fires, tourism, ships, technogenesis etc.). We compared the concentrations of trace elements present in the water samples from the Angara source and the water samples from Lake Baikal with the maximum permissible concentration values for drinking water. The calculated (median) concentrations for water samples from the Angara source, which spanned the entire study period, were close to the data obtained for the Baikal water.

SCREENING OF THE CONTENT OF SOME HEAVY METALS AT THE HUMUS SOIL HORIZON OF THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION

Based on the screening of some heavy metals (HMs) content in the humus soil horizon of the Transcarpathian region, the regularities of the distribution of HMs in the soils of different landscape zones have been established. It is shown that increasing of the terrain height, the content of HMs in soils decreases (except for Mn and Hg) and for the total HMs content the values of the Spearman correlation coefficient are: Cu – (-0.84); Zn – (-0.83); Mn 0.77; Mo – (-0.91); Co – (-0.82); Pb – (-0.83); Hg – absent; for the content of acid-soluble forms: Cu – absent; Zn – (-0.72); Mn 0.75; Mo – (-0.89); Co – (-0.86); Pb – (-0.77); Hg is absent. This pattern is associated with the tectonic and geological features of the different landscape zones. The calculation of the migration coefficient (the ratio of the content of acid-soluble forms to the gross content) has been shown that in mountainous regions this indicator has the highest value for Zn, Pb, and Cu. That means the potential danger of migration of these heavy me­tals and their bioavailability. This is probably connected to the type of soil in the mountai­nous areas of the region. A pronounced inter-element correlation of the HMs content in soils (except for Hg) has been established and the corresponding values of Pearson’s coefficients for the gross content are: Cu:Zn – 0,96; Cu:Mn – (-0,84); Cu:Mo – 0,89; Cu:Co – 0,99; Cu:Pb – 0,87; Zn:Mn – (-0,79); Zn:Mo – 0,91; Zn:Co – 0,96; Zn:Pb – 0,86; Mn:Mo – (-0,86); Mn:Co – (-0,84); Mn:Pb – (-0,75); Mo:Co – 0,87; Mo:Pb – 0,81; Co:Pb – 0,87. This makes it possible to predict the content of several HMs in the soils of the Transcarpathian region based on the results of determining one of them. In general, the content of HMs in the humus soil horizon (total content and content of mobile forms) is lower than the corresponding values of maximum permissible concentrations.

Developing physical and mathematical models of the water-air mode of gravity drainage network

A physical and mathematical model of the water-air mode of free-flow drainage pipelines has been developed. The solution to the problem of physical modelling of pipeline network functioning is based on the study of the dynamics of changes in the hydraulic and aerodynamic parameters of the system, taking into account the phenomena of heat and mass transfer between liquid and air in the vaulted space of a free-flow pipeline. An algorithm for solving the problem is compiled on the basis of the criteria of hydrodynamic similarity, describing the phenomena of mass transfer as a result of forced air convection by using a mechanical ventilation system above the water surface. Based on the results of applying a special computer-aided calculation program, indicators of the required air exchange rate for effective removal of evaporation (steam) from the vaulted space of a pipeline were determined. As a result of solving the complex problem of studying the water-air mode of free-flow pipeline functioning, the authors compared and analysed the calculated values of the intensity of air exchange produced to remove steam, and to reduce harmful foul-smelling gaseous substances to reach the values of maximum permissible concentrations. The research results are aimed at preventing emissions of gases harmful to human health into the atmospheric air by constructive methods.

Some Issues Quantifying Low-carbon of an Achievement Energy and Industry

In this work, for use as a unified tool within the framework of ISO 50001, a methodology for rating assessment of the processing of emissions with global pollutants is proposed, which was developed by the authors and recommended for use by state documents of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It is distinguished by the absence of not transparences elements. As the initial data, the actual background concentrations (according to WMO data), the annual ceiling of greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum permissible emissions of toxic compounds, information on the characteristics of emission sources are taken for the enterprise, and as operational constants, the global warming potentials of greenhouse gases (GWP100) and officially approved values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic compounds (MPC). The method is based on the equation (presented here at annotation in a simplified form), which gives a numerical indicator (rating) R of the efficiency of a production facility in terms of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere, taking into account greenhouse gases and energy costs arising from their removal. Currently, the technique is adapted to the energy sector; for wider adaptation to various industries, a low-carbon rating program has been drawn up for boiler houses, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. It also meets the needs of understanding and predicting possible deviations of emission parameters from the standardized indicators. Therefore, it can serve as a tool within the framework of ISO 50001, providing objective control over the choice of means to ensure compliance with the requirements for harmful components emissions including greenhouse gases in the design and modernization of production facilities. The developed program is embedded for Russian enterprises in the shell of the ‘1C: Enterprise’ platform – a software product for automating accounting and management at enterprises. The program can also be used in the software shell of the automated accounting of the activities of a particular organization in a one or the other country.

Persistent and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the north-western coastal marine environment of India

The carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting PAHs were investigated in surface water of the north-western creeks of India. The concentrations of ΣPAHs were found to vary in the range of 114.32-347.04 μg L-1, (mean 224.78 ± 8.85 μg L-1), out of which 49.12% contribution is due to ΣC-PAHs. The assessment of toxicity and biological risk arising due to individual C-PAHs was made by calculating their toxic equivalent quantity. The level of individual C-PAHs was reported exceeding the final chronic values, Canadian water quality guideline values and Netherlands maximum permissible concentration values set for the protection of aquatic life. The mean BaP concentration (10.32 ± 2.75 μg L-1) was above the European Directive 2008/105/EC Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) value; while the sum of BkF + BbF (26.76 μg L-1) and BghiP + InP (19.59 μg L-1) were significantly higher than that set by the EQS. The results of the present study will help in understanding the global distribution and fate of PAHs which is required for implementing the necessary steps towards mitigation of the ecotoxicological risk arising due to the existence of such contaminants in the aquatic environment across the world.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ВОДОТОКЕ ШТОЛЬНИ 504 ПЛОЩАДКИ «ДЕГЕЛЕН»

Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью получения современных данных о концентрации химических элементов в системе «вода–почва–растения» на припортальном участке штольни 504 площадки «Дегелен» бывшего Семипалатинского испытательного полигона. В период весеннего половодья возможен вынос элементов за пределы площадки штольни 504. Цель: изучение пространственного распределения химических элементов в системе «вода–почва–растения» в водотоке штольни 504. Для достижения данной цели были поставлены следующие задачи: 1) определить уровни концентрации химических элементов в воде; 2) изучить уровни концентрации химических элементов в почве; 3) выявить особенности накопления химических элементов в растениях штольни 504. Методы. Элементный состав воды определялся методами масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой (Elan 9000 «Perkin Elmer SCIEX»), атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой («iCAP 6300 Duo» Thermo Scientific). Анализ таких показателей, как общая минерализация, содержание сульфатов, гидрокарбонатов, хлоридов, кальция, магния и натрия, проводился титриметрическими, колориметрическими, потенциометрическими методами в соответствии с ГОСТ. Результаты. Анализ данных, полученных по воде, показал высокое содержание таких элементов, как Li, Be, Al, Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, La, Ce, U, среднее содержание которых в несколько раз превышает показатель кларка в подземных водах аридного климата (сульфатные воды). Также для воды замечено превышение предельно допустимых уровней для таких элементов, как Be (2800 ПДК), Mn (260 ПДК), Al (76 ПДК), U (70 ПДК) и Cd (50 ПДК). По последним данным выявлено, что содержание таких элементов, как Li, Be, Al, в воде увеличилось в 2 раза, тогда как Co, Ni и Cu – в десятки раз. Пространственное распределение исследуемых элементов в почве штольни 504 неоднородно, большая часть элементов концентрируется в грунте севернее русла водотока. На данном участке выявлено повышенное содержание таких элементов, как Be, Mn, Cu, Zn, Мо, Cd, Cs, Pb и U, превышающих показатель кларка литосферы. Индекс превышения значения кларка литосферы составил для концентрации урана 1000 раз. Сравнение полученных данных на загрязненных участках со значением предельно-допустимых концентраций химических элементов для почвы выявило превышение у Pb (26 ПДК), Mn и Cu (9 ПДК). Химический состав воды и почвы штольни 504 является уникальным по содержанию редкоземельных элементов. Среднее содержание РЗЭ в воде в тысячу раз превышает показатель кларка в подземных водах аридного климата и подземных водах СИП. Замечено превышение предельно допустимого уровня концентрации для самария в воде. Характерным является преобладание группы легких РЗЭ с ярко выраженной церий-лантановой специализацией. Для большинства видов растений штольни 504 на загрязненном участке выявлено повышенное содержание Be, Сd, Cs, Pb, U и ряда РЗЭ. Концентрация исследуемых элементов в таких видах растений, как тростник и вейник, на сравниваемых участках менялась незначительно, что, видимо, обусловлено наличием физиолого-биохимических механизмов, препятствующих их поступлению. Исходя из вышеизложенного, можно сделать вывод, что пространственное распределение элементов на площадке штольни 504 связано, прежде всего, с выносом химических элементов штольневыми водами. В воде штольни 504 выявлено порядка десяти элементов, превышающих значения кларка и предельно допустимые уровни.

Evaluation of trace elements MPC in agricultural soil using organic matter and clay content

The aim of this paper is to investigate the contribution of the influence of organic matter and clay content on the value of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of trace elements Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd. The investigation was conducted on agricul?tural soil in the territory of Veliko Gradiste Municipality. There were analyzed 82 samples of eutric cambisol type soil, 17 samples of chernozem soil, and 32 samples of sandy soil. In the composite soil samples, taken from a depth of 0-30 cm, main parameters of soil fertility (pH, P2O5, K2O, CaCO3, soil organic matter - SOM), the content of the clay frac?tion, and total forms of Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd were determined. Interpretation of the obtained results was carried out in relation to the MPC of trace elements defined in the Regulations (Official Gazette, 88/2018). Based on the ratio of the defined MPC and corrected values whose calculation includes the values of the organic matter and clay content, there was determined the correlation concerning the content of organic matter and the content of clay fractions, respectively, in the tested samples. In addition, the content of Cr and Pb in tested types of soil still did not exceed the adjusted MPC value. As for Cd and Ni, there was no deviation from the established and modified values of MPC. Concludingly, the research should be continued and supplemented by data for other types of soils, which would represent a base for a further assessment of the applicability of the existing regulations taken from Dutch sources and incorporated into Serbian Regulations (Official Gazette, 88/2018).

THE ENVIRONMENTAL DANGER OF POLLUTION OF SOILS OF URBAN TERRITORIES OF THE MINING REGION

Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of the quality of soil cover in the cities located in the mountainous areas of the Trans-Urals in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of the study was the soil of lands for various purposes in cities of Uchaly, Sibay, and Baymak. In the study of soils of industrial zones, there were taken samples adjacent to the dumps and tailing dumps of mining production at a distance of up to 500 m. In the recreational zone there were included the territories of parks, in the residential zone - all micro-districts where the population of the city resides. There were investigated territories of collective gardens located near sources of pollution. Material and methods. The gross content of heavy metals and their mobile forms extracted from the soil of ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.8 were determined by atomic absorption. Generally accepted ecological values of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and regional geochemical background (RGF) were used to estimate the degree of soil pollution. To assess the degree of soil pollution, the total ZC index was calculated using the formula proposed by Yu. E. Saet. Results. As a result of the study, in all studied samples of the soil excess of MPC on gross forms on the content of Cu, Zn, in some cases, Mn, Cd, Co was revealed. Calculations of the General norm of Zc showed urban soil lands of all types of purpose by gross content to belong to the category of permissible pollution. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in all the studied cities is higher in soils for industrial purposes. Increased level of mobile forms of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd was revealed in all studied soil samples. The soils of the residential zone of Baymak according to the content of mobile forms belong to the moderately dangerous category of pollution, the rest of the studied soils had an acceptable category of pollution. In the cities of Sibay and Uchaly, the territories adjacent to the quarry dumps belong to a particularly dangerous category of pollution. Conclusion. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in urban areas of the Mountainous region of the Republic of Bashkortostan is determined by the type of destination of urban land. The most polluted are the soils of industrial zones located in close proximity to mining enterprises. The ecological danger of pollution is that in this zone there is a part of residential neighborhoods with knots, as well as garden cooperatives, where potatoes, vegetables and fruit and berry crops are grown.

The dynamics of biogenic elements in the ecosystem of Lake Arakhley (Eastern Transbaikal Region)

This study presents the interannual dynamics of biogenic elements (nitrogen and phosphorus) in Lake Arakhley and compares functioning values of the water ecosystem within different types of intra-annual (seasonal) dynamics of the content of biogenic elements and organic matter in low water years and high water years. The research shows tendencies of increasing and decreasing contents of nitrogen and phosphorus. In low water years, organic matter is autochtonous, whereas in high water years its origin is allochtonous. The concentrations of biogenic elements do not exceed the values of maximum permissible concentration in fishery waters which means that eutrophication has not started. It was found that the dynamics of the content of nitrogen and phosphorus is determined by change in abiotic conditions and rate of biochemical and biological processes. The findings provide better understanding how mesotrophic lakes function.

Оцінювання гідрохімічного стану водного басейну річки Десна (місто Чернігів)

Проаналізовано екологічні проблеми, які призводять до порушення гідрологічного та гідрохімічного режиму водних об'єктів Чернігівської області. Упродовж 2015–2017 рр. на всій протяжності річки Десна, а також її приток спостерігається перевищення значень гранично допустимих концентрацій порівняно із середньорічними показниками за такими сполуками: залізо загальне та манган, нітрити, органічні речовини за показником БСК. Концентрації інших гідрохімічних показників знаходяться в межах значень ГДК для водойм рибогосподарського призначення. Періодичне перевищення значення БСК, концентрацій амонійного азоту та нітритів зумовлені антропогенним навантаженням. Підвищений вміст заліза загального та мангану пояснюють природною геохімічною обстановкою, що залежить від сезонних коливань, які характерні для річок і озер території Полісся. Наведено результати дослідження проб води, відібраних протягом вересня 2017 р. з контрольних створів річок Стрижень (гирло), Білоус (вище та нижче м. Чернігів), Десна (вище та нижче м. Чернігів). Встановлено, що вміст заліза загального перевищує ГДК у 0,8–6,5 раза; вміст мангану – у 0,1–2 рази, розчиненого кисню у всіх створах виявлено в межах норми. Визначено індекс забруднення водного басейну Десни за гідрохімічним показником. Згідно з екологічною класифікацію він відповідає I класу – еталон <1,0 (природні сукцесії).

About rationing of the heavy metals in soils of Georgia

Abstract In Georgia, there are no approved standards that determine the values of Maximum permissible Concentrations (MPC) for heavy metals in soils. Taking into account the experience of normalizing the gross content of heavy metals in the EU countries, it is proposed to select the MPC's for Georgia, taking into account the environmental hazards of each of the metals, which is determined by the maximum permissible additives (MPA), according to the data of Dutch ecologists. In Georgia, for the highly dangerous Cd, it is proposed to use the minimum value of the MPC used in the EU. For low-risk metals - Zn and Pb – is used the maximum values of MPCs used in the EU. For moderately hazardous - Cu, Ni – is used the average value of the MPC used in the EU.

MONITORING OF SOILS CONTAMINATION OF SOME REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA WITH HEAVY METALS

The paper is devoted to the problems of soils contamination of some regions of the Republic ofArmenia and a city of Yerevan with heavy metals. The results of analyses of the selected soil tests for the purpose ofdefinition of their contamination degree with heavy metals are listed. The statistical data on the background concentration of heavy metals in various soil-climatic zones of the Republic of Armenia, not influenced with appreciable anthropogenous impact is also given. The comparative analysis on presence of polluting chemical elements in soil is carried out for the approved norms of maximum permissible concentration and background indicators. The authors consider possible negative influences on environment as a result of soils contamination, in particular on biological activity of soil and processes of its self-cleaning. It’s noticed that maximum permissible concentrations are mainly developed only from hygienic positions which do not consider the variety ofsoils, in particular, their properties. As an example there are described the results of soils researches of some regions of the Republic of Armenia and there is noticed that a paradoxical situation arises when background contents toxic elements in soils exceed the established values of maximum permissible concentration. In the paper there is arisen the question on necessity of working out and introducing in practice ecological monitoring of the system of tentatively permissible quantity of chemical elements in soil, taking into account background concentration of heavy metals in various soil-climatic zones. Introduction of the specified system will allow reasonably and, what very important, reliably to estimate an ecological condition of soils and to define the influence of contamination on qualitative characteristics of soil as a result of anthropogenous influence.