Gene Diversity Values Research Articles

Genetic structure and gene flow among populations of willow (Salix species)

The newly developed Salix hybrids were assessed for genetic diversity using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) molecular markers. The results revealed 88.08 polymorphism, 0.53 polymorphism information content, 4.70 effective multiplex ratio, 2.54 marker index, and 7.18 resolving power from the amplified primers. Clones of the Salix matsudana (MAT) population recorded a maximum mean number of effective alleles (1.42), Shannon information index (0.38), gene diversity (0.25), and percentage of polymorphic loci (82.24 %). The AMOVA (Analysis of molecular variance) results revealed a moderate genetic divergence with a genetic variation of 88 per cent within populations and 12 per cent among the populations. The highest value of total diversity (0.28) and gene diversity (0.24) was recorded between S. matsudana (MAT) and S. tetrasperma (TETRA) populations, while there was more gene flow between S. matsudana (MAT) and S. tetrasperma (TETRA) populations (5.86). The clustering pattern obtained through STRUCTURE software showed two main gene pools and a mixture of 6–7 gene pools to confirm the hybrids based on ISSR marker data. S. matsudana and S. tetrasperma clones showed the highest gene diversity due to their proximity from their original locations, resulting in the least amount of gene exchange among populations. Molecular characterization using ISSR markers was extremely useful for studying the genetic diversity among the willow hybrids and high genetic variability should be utilized for breeding purposes in the future.

Morphological and molecular characterization of ‘Saragolla’ wheats (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum from Abruzzo, Italy)

A morphological and genetic characterization of autochthonous ‘Saragolla’ wheats, currently cultivated in Abruzzo Region (Italy), was carried out. Using 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 24 UPOV morphological traits we compared: (a) 13 ‘Saragolla’ genotypes with traits of the italicum/apulicum botanical varieties (Saragolla (Sar.) italicum), (b) 26 ‘Saragolla’ genotypes with traits of leucurum/affine botanical varieties (Sar. leucurum), (c) 8 breeding varieties (pure lines), and (d) 5 Italian autochthonous wheats and 1 turanicum line (old wheats). One hundred twenty-six (126) alleles were identified. The number of alleles per locus spanned from 4 to 15 and the number of alleles per genotype varied between 12 and 21. Values of gene diversity (Nei) across the 53 genotypes was 0.17. The groups of Sar. leucurum and Sar. italicum genotypes were morphologically distinguishable from the groups of old wheats and pure lines. Likewise, the analysis of molecular data using the discriminant analysis revealed that genotypes with the Sar. italicum phenotype displayed distinct genetic differences from Sar. leucurum, pure lines and old wheats. These results make Sar. italicum genotypes distinguishable and eligible as a conservation variety. Ward's clustering analysis of the 53-genotype pool showed that the ‘Saragolla’ landrace is a valuable repository of genetic diversity.

Molecular marker-assisted genetic diversity analysis in soybean cultivars from Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India

‘Bhat’ is the soybean variety highly valued in the traditional food and therapeutic system of Uttarakhand state in the Indian Himalayan region. It is available in diverse colors, shapes, and sizes, often linked to their nutritional parameters. The present investigation was conducted to assess the diversity and genetic relatedness in ‘bhat’ genotype indigenous to the Garhwal division of Uttarakhand. 25 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and varietal identification among the 45 genotypes collected from the different villages of Uttarakhand. Out of the different markers assessed only 13 primers showed amplification with the maximum of 2–4 alleles obtained with each primer with the molecular weight ranging between 80 and 400 kb. The highest band amplification was observed in Satt 257 and Satt 197. The allelic frequencies of amplified primers ranged from 0.5 to 0.833 with a mean value of 0.645 and the mean gene diversity and PIC value was found to be 0.43 and 0.33. Satt 183, Satt 288, and Satt 389 showed the highest polymorphism, while Satt257 and Satt245 exhibited the presence of unique alleles in some samples. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 major clusters having visually distinct phenotypes in each group, indicating the mixing of population and loss of authenticity also confirming that phenotypic attributes are not indicative of genetic relatedness among the genotype under study. The results indicate the need for the development of novel ‘bhat’ specific markers for more accurate genetic identification of the nutritionally rich indigenous soybean variety.

Genetic variation among Brassica rapa subsp. rapa genotypes growing in Malatya/Türkiye

AbstractIn this study, the genetic variation of 18 Brassica rapa subsp. rapa genotypes grown in Malatya was determined using the inter simple sequence repeat - polymerase chain reaciton (ISSR-PCR). Using nine ISSR primers, a total of 73 bands were obtained and the polymorphism rate was 91.78%. The mean polymorphism information content value was determined as 0.3319. The mean gene diversity (H) value was determined as 0.4276. The mean major allele frequency value was determined as 0.6531. Similarity index values were determined to be between 0.0928 and 1.0924. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram consisted of two groups. Principal component analysis analysis and UPGMA dendrogram were compatible. In addition, the groups in the phylogenetic trees were partially compatible with geographical distribution. Our results suggest that ISSR-PCR analysis is a suitable approach for breeding Brassica rapa subsp. rapa genotypes and developing different cultivars.

Assessment of phenotypic and genotypic diversity in rice for salinity tolerance at reproductive stage

Soil salinity has turned out to be an important global concern, which affects tenable rice production in many agricultural countries like Bangladesh. A cross was made between Binadhan-7 with FL-478 for developing salt tolerant advance lines to assess phenotypic and genotypic diversity in rice for salinity tolerance. Twenty advance rice lines (Binadhan-7/FL-478) along with check varieties were screened for salinity tolerance at reproductive stage using sea site saline water having electrical conductivity (EC) 10 dS m-1. Among the twenty rice lines, seven lines were tolerant, three were moderately tolerant, six were susceptible, four were highly susceptible on the basis of phenotypic evaluation. Seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked with salt tolerance quantitative trait loci were used for investigation of salt tolerant rice lines. The result revealed that an average number of 6.286 alleles per locus were detected, with polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranging from 0.672 (RM490) to 0.838 (RM562). The highest gene diversity value (0.812) was found in RM562 and the lowest (0.684) was in RM490. A dendrogram constructed from the genetic distance of the genotypes produced four distinct clusters of twenty rice genotypes. Considering both phenotypic and genotypic observation, seven genotypes viz., Binadhan-10, FL-478, SL-51, SL-56, SL-77, EFSD-59 and IZSD-45 were identified as salt-tolerant; on the other hand, EFSD-21, SL-28, SL-32, SL-10, BRRI dhan28, and Binadhan-7 were identified as salt-susceptible. The identified salt-tolerant rice genotypes could be used in the improvement of rice breeding programs. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 1-18, 2023

Analysis of genetic relationships between broomrape populations from different countries using ISSR markers

Orobanche cumana, commonly known as sunflower broomrape, poses a significant risk to sunflower cultivation in areas located along the Black Sea and across Europe. A study was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity and differentiation among populations of this parasitic plant originating from Bulgaria, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, and Romania. A total of 269 individuals from 23 populations were genotyped using 13 ISSR markers. The frequency distribution of alleles in the broomrape populations from Romania, Turkey and Bulgaria is more homogeneous than that from Moldavian populations. However, according to genetic diversity parameters O. cumana populations from Moldova and Turkey were more variable (total gene diversity Ht=0.188; 0.214), than those from Bulgaria and Romania (Ht=0.112; 0.067). The highest values of gene diversity within populations (Hs = 0.138) were found in Turkish broomrape. The value of Gst ranged between 0.359-0.516, indicating a very high level of genetic differentiation among populations. These results are consistent with low Nm values (0.468-0.895). Pairwise differentiation index (PhiPT) and Nei’s unbiased measures of genetic distance (GD) showed similar patterns, indicating a maximum (PhiPT=0.500; GD=0.261) and, respectively, minimum (PhiPT=0.238; GD=0.079) values between broomrape from Turkey and Romania, respectively, Romania and Moldova. Dendrogram constructed using the UPMGA method based on Nei's genetic distances and Pearson's dissimilarity clustered together Moldavian and Romanian broomrape and grouped in two separate clusters populations belonging to Bulgaria and Turkey. The PCA analysis confirmed the results of UPGMA clusterization. Overall, both methods suggest that the groupings of broomrape are partly determined by its geographical origin, as well as by the genetic differences and similarities accumulated over time, and are not related to virulence.

SSR-marker assisted evaluation of genetic diversity in local and exotic pigeonpea cultivars in Benin for parental genotypes selection

Pigeonpea production is limited in Benin due to the undesirable agronomic and organoleptic characteristics of cultivated landraces. For a breeding program, some exotic cultivars were introduced for improving the available genepool in the country. The present study aims to assess the genetic diversity within a collection comprising of 32 local and 28 exotic cultivars, with the objective of selecting suitable parental lines for pigeonpea genetic improvement. All of the 60 accessions were genotyped with 14 SSR makers and a total of 38 alleles were detected with an average of 2.71 alleles per locus. The mean value of PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) and overall gene diversity were 0.37 and 0.43, respectively, while the mean value of heterozygosity was 0.11, indicating moderate genetic diversity within the 60 accessions with a deficit of heterozygous genotypes. As expected, the diversity was higher in exotic cultivars than in local landraces. Based on the genetic relationship among accessions, the entire collection formed 3 clusters, one of which comprised four specific exotic accessions. Population structure analysis using model-based and DAPC (Discriminant Analysis for Principal Components) methods subdivided the 60 accessions into two major groups reflecting their geographic origins with a minimal number (02) of admixtures. This indicates significant genetic divergence between local and exotic cultivars. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) results with an overall Fst value of 0.13 confirmed the significant genetic divergence between the two collections. The findings of this study will significantly benefit for pigeonpea breeding programs in Benin. For practical applications, selected exotic cultivars, particularly those within the specific cluster can immediately serve as donor parents in crossbreeding schemes with the local landraces, for developing new varieties.

An X-STRs analysis of the Iraqi Sorani Kurds.

A database for the Iraqi Sorani Kurds, specifically focused on the 12 X-short tandem repeat (STR) loci, has been developed to fascilitate forensic and population genetics investigations. The present study involved genotyping 117 unrelated individuals from the Sorani Kurds ethnic group using the Investigator Argus X-12 QS kit. The analysis revealed that the DXS10135 locus exhibited the highest degree of polymorphism, as indicated by a polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.94565 and a gene diversity (GD) value of 0.95623. Conversely, the DXS8378 locus displayed the lowest level of polymorphism, with a PIC value of 0.61026 and a GD value of 0.68170. Notably, two individuals were found to possess a rare allele (allele = 6) at the DXS8378 locus, which was not included in the allelic ladder of the kit. Furthermore, a significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) (p < 0.05/117) was observed between the DXS10103 and DXS10101 loci on linkage group 3 (LG3). The ancestral composition of the five primary geographic regions, namely Africa, Middle East, East Asia, Europe, and South America, was determined through the utilization of the [Formula: see text] ratio. The findings of this analysis revealed that the Middle Eastern populations exhibited the lowest [Formula: see text] ratio, measuring at 0.23243, indicating a relatively lower ancestral diversity. Conversely, the European populations showcased the highest [Formula: see text] ratio, measuring at 0.27122, indicative of a greater ancestral diversity within this region. Additionally, the allelic richness indicators, namely distinctive and private alleles, indicated that Africa and the Middle East displayed the highest levels, while Far East Asia exhibited the lowest. This analysis supports the hypothesis of repeated founder effects during outward migrations, as evidenced by both the ancestry variability and the allelic richness. Consequently, the findings of this study have important implications for forensic genetics and population genetics research, particularly in relation to the consideration of genetic predispositions within specific ethnic groups.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analyses in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Based on Agro-Morphological and Microsatellite Markers.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important vine crop of the Cucurbitaceae family and is well known for its high nutritional and medicinal values. However, the genetic variation remains largely unknown. Herein, 96 diverse bitter gourd genotypes were undertaken for diversity analysis using 10 quantitative traits, and 82 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Out of 82 SSRs, 33 were polymorphic and the mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.38. Marker, JY-003 revealed a maximum (0.81) PIC value and, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7 (average 3.46). The value of gene diversity showed the presence of a significant level of polymorphism among these genotypes. The unweighted pair group method (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into two major clusters of which Cluster I comprised mostly small and medium-fruited genotypes of both M. charantia var. charantia and M. charantia var. muricata, whereas Cluster II included mostly long and extra-long fruited genotypes. Furthermore, these genotypes were divided into six distinct groups based on population structure analysis. The diversity analysis based on 10 quantitative traits revealed that earliness and high-yielding ability were exhibited by the predominantly gynoecious line DBGS-21-06 followed by DBGS-48-00. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two components exhibited more than 50% of the total genetic variation. The present study deciphered a higher magnitude of agro-morphological and genetic diversity in 96 bitter gourd genotypes. Therefore, trait-specific genotypes identified in this study could be utilized in breeding programmes directed towards the development of improved cultivars and hybrids of bitter gourd.

Molecular Variation in Some Taxa of Genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Astragalus L. is one of the main genera of blossoming plants, and its diversity of species and forms is well known. The Astragalus L. taxa make a significant contribution to the mountainous and steppe ecosystems of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Although the species within this genus have been the subject of several molecular studies, the evolutionary relationships among these species remain unidentified. Despite extensive research, little is known about the phylogenetic relationships among the various subgenera of Astragalus. This research is intended to investigate the molecular variation of 33 species of the genus Astragalus L. found in the Kurdistan area of Iraq. For molecular validations, three separate techniques (nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and conserved DNA-derived polymorphism (CDDP)) were used. With respect to Astragalus L. indentations, universal ITS1 and ITS4 gene sequencing was used, and the discovered sequences were subjected to BLAST searches in the NCBI database. A phylogenetic tree was generated with two main clades. Regarding detecting genetic diversity between the taxa, 24 molecular markers (14 ISSR and 10 CDDP) were used. High values of polymorphic materials and gene diversity were detected. ISSR markers had an average of 22.71 polymorphic bands per primer, while CDDP markers had the highest mean values for polymorphic information content (0.37), Shannon’s information index (0.27), expected heterozygosity (0.19), and unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.23). Cluster and principal coordinate analyses divided the Astragalus L. taxa into four main groups using the two molecular data sets. According to the results of the molecular variance analysis, the highest variation was detected within sections, with values of 92.01 and 89.48% for ISSR and CDDP markers, respectively. These outcomes suggest the effectiveness of molecular markers and the ITS region in determining and identifying genetic correlations between Astragalus species.

Evaluation of soybean genotypes for cowpea mild mottle virus resistance through phenotypic reaction and genotypic analysis

AbstractCowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), a carlavirus nonpersistently transmitted by whiteflies, is an emerging and economically important virus of soybean. The present study aimed to identify soybean genotypes resistant to CPMMV through mechanical inoculation‐based phenotyping and marker trait association using gene‐specific and simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A set of 500 soybean genotypes was initially screened in the field for CPMMV infection, of which 288 genotypes showing resistance were evaluated further under controlled glasshouse conditions. Among these 288 genotypes, 43 (14.9%) were resistant, 59 (20.5%) were moderately resistant while the remaining 186 (64.6%) were susceptible. A set of five gene‐specific primer pairs, three of which targeted CPMMV R genes, was used for screening the 288 soybean genotypes; 96 genotypes from the 288 (based on disease score) were also genotyped with 24 SSR polymorphic markers for an association study. The mean values of major allele frequency and gene diversity were found to be 0.70 and 0.39, respectively. The polymorphism information content varied from 0.14 to 0.37. Population structure and cluster analysis revealed three subpopulations for the five gene‐specific markers and two distinct subpopulations for the 24 SSR markers, respectively. Neighbour joining‐based clustering analysis categorized the 288 genotypes into two major clusters. Three markers were found to be significantly associated with CPMMV resistance. The BARCSOYSSR0558 marker showed the highest phenotypic variance of 9.6%. The present study will help in identification of CPMMV R genes and breeding new resistant varieties through marker‐assisted selection.

Exploring the Agronomic Performance and Molecular Characterization of Diverse Spring Durum Wheat Germplasm in Kazakhstan

Spring durum wheat occupies over 0.5 M ha in Kazakhstan and represents an important domestic and export commodity. This study aimed to characterize 151 durum wheat cultivars and advanced lines originating from eight breeding programs of the Kazakhstan–Siberia Spring Wheat Improvement Network (KASIB) between 2003 and 2018. The phenotypic characterization was performed in two contracting evaluation sites more than 1000 km apart (Almaty in the Southeast and Shortandy in the North) for two years and a total of 11 agronomic traits were recorded. Field trials at both locations followed regional agronomy practices, including sowing, harvesting, and genotype evaluation using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The growing season was longer in Almaty, resulting in a higher number of grains per spike. Though grains are smaller in size with an overall higher yield, 243 g/m2 versus 170 g/m2, there was no correlation between germplasm performance at the two sites. Molecular characterization was performed with 10 iPBS-retrotransposons primers that resulted in a total of 345 bands and showed a mean polymorphism of 91.9%. Mean values of gene diversity (0.251), Shannon’s information index (0.388), and expected heterozygosity (0.233) revealed a relatively high level of genetic diversity in the KASIB set. AMOVA revealed higher genetic variations due to differences within the populations. Marker-based cluster analysis, including STRUCTURE and neighbor-joining algorithms, divided the material into two populations with clear differences in geographic origin. Superiors and diverse germplasm identified in the study are recommended for marker assisted selection and breeding.

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF COMMON BEAN GENOTYPES USING MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND SSR

The objectives of this study were to estimate the performance of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes under water-stress conditions, and their genetic diversity. White bean surpassed the others for relative water content, root/shoot ratio and leaf area under water-stress condition. Scatter plot indicates a strong association of yield with pod numbers plant-1, branch number and harvest index. A total of 69 polymorphic were obtained, applying 26 SSR primers on 14 genotypes. Major allele frequency was 0.601, and the average value of PIC was 0.407. The highest value of gene diversity (0.745) and PIC (0.704) were recorded for BMd-23 marker. Molecular variance among population indicated 25%, while 47% was realized within populations. Structure analysis divided the common bean genotypes into three groups (DeltaK value =3). Chity and Boschbohnen were identified to have a mixed ancestor while all the others were pure at their populations. A dendrogram and PCoA analyses are accordingly indicated three groups of the genotypes based on SSR marker data. STRUCTURE, UPGMA and PCoA analysis revealed the presence of two separated gene pools of Andean and Mesoamerican common beans, with a high level of genetic differentiation (FST value=0.250). Both phenotypic and molecular genetic outcomes here would accelerate future improvement programs.

Genetic Diversity of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum, Desf) Germplasm as Revealed by Morphological and SSR Markers.

Ethiopia is considered a center of origin and diversity for durum wheat and is endowed with many diverse landraces. This research aimed to estimate the extent and pattern of genetic diversity in Ethiopian durum wheat germplasm. Thus, 104 durum wheat genotypes representing thirteen populations, three regions, and four altitudinal classes were investigated for their genetic diversity, using 10 grain quality- and grain yield-related phenotypic traits and 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) makers. The analysis of the phenotypic traits revealed a high mean Shannon diversity index (H' = 0.78) among the genotypes and indicated a high level of phenotypic variation. The principal component analysis (PCA) classified the genotypes into three groups. The SSR markers showed a high mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.50) and gene diversity (h = 0.56), and a moderate number of alleles per locus (Na = 4). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a high level of variation within populations, regions, and altitudinal classes, accounting for 88%, 97%, and 97% of the total variation, respectively. Pairwise genetic differentiation and Nei's genetic distance analyses identified that the cultivars are distinct from the landrace populations. The distance-based (Discriminant Analysis of Principal Component (DAPC) and Minimum Spanning Network (MSN)) and model-based population stratification (STRUCTURE) methods of clustering grouped the genotypes into two clusters. Both the phenotypic data-based PCA and the molecular data-based DAPC and MSN analyses defined distinct groupings of cultivars and landraces. The phenotypic and molecular diversity analyses highlighted the high genetic variation in the Ethiopian durum wheat gene pool. The investigated SSRs showed significant associations with one or more target phenotypic traits. The markers identify landraces with high grain yield and quality traits. This study highlights the usefulness of Ethiopian landraces for cultivar development, contributing to food security in the region and beyond.

Y-STR data of the Yfiler Plus panel in population of north-eastern Poland.

The use of new high-resolution and forensic identification capabilities for population studies offered by new multiplex methods (such as Yfiler Plus) is crucial in forensic genetics cases. The development of haplotype frequency databases is essential to take full advantage of the new Y chromosome determination capabilities. Development of the haplotype database of the Yfiler Plus kit for a population-based sample of 534 males from northeastern Poland and calculation of suitability parameters for forensic genetics studies. The study was conducted on a population sample of 534 unrelated males from the area of northeastern Poland using the Yfiler Plus panel of 27 markers located on the Y chromosome. Four haplotypes appeared twice. The Discrimination Capacity (DC) of the entire set was 0.9925. The highest Gene Diversity (GD) value was calculated for DYS518 (0.86) belonging to the fast-mutation markers, while the lowest GD was calculated for DYS392 (0.42). The results indicate the need for further research and observation of changes, both in different regions of Poland and across Europe.

SSR and SNP Marker-Based Investigation of Indian Rice Landraces in Relation to Their Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Geographical Isolation

India is blessed with an abundance of diverse rice landraces in its traditional cultivated areas. Two marker systems (simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) were used to study a set of 298 rice landrace accessions collected from six different regions of India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal). Thirty hyper-variable simple sequence repeats (HvSSRs) and 32,782 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used in inferring genetic structure and geographical isolation. Rice landraces from Uttar Pradesh were the most diverse, with a gene diversity value of 0.42 and 0.49 with SSR and SNP markers, respectively. Neighbor-joining trees classified the rice landraces into two major groups with SSR and SNP markers, and complete geographical isolation was observed with SSR markers. Fast STRUCTURE analysis revealed four populations for SSR markers and three populations for SNP markers. The population structure with SSR markers showed that few individuals from Uttarakhand and Andaman and Nicobar Islands were grouped in small clusters. Population structure analysis with SNP markers showed not very distinct region-wise clustering among the rice landraces. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and minimum spanning network (MSN) using SSR markers showed region-wise grouping of landraces with some intermixing, but DAPC and MSN with SNP markers showed very clear region-wise clustering. Genetic differentiation of rice landraces between the regions was significant with both SSR (Fst 0.094–0.487) and SNP markers (Fst 0.047–0.285). A Mantel test revealed a positive correlation between the genetic and geographic distance of rice landraces. The present study concludes that rice landraces investigated in this study were very diverse, and unlinked SSR markers show better geographical isolation than a large set of SNP markers.

Genetic diversity of the threatened &lt;i&gt;Saussurea dorogostaiskii&lt;/i&gt; (Asteraceae) in the Khuvsgul region of Mongolia

&lt;i&gt;Saussurea dorogostaiskii&lt;/i&gt; Palib. (Asteraceae) is a critically endangered medicinal plant in Mongolia and Russia. We studied the genetic variation of &lt;i&gt;S. dorogostaiskii&lt;/i&gt; from three mountains of northern Mongolia. The genetic profile was assessed in 70 individuals from eight populations using five inter-simple sequence repeat markers, producing 53 loci with 96.4% polymorphism across all bands. Shannon’s index (&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;) and Nei’s gene diversity (&lt;i&gt;H&lt;/i&gt;) value at the species level of &lt;i&gt;S. dorogostaiskii&lt;/i&gt; are 0.25 and 0.17, respectively. An AMOVA showed high genetic variation among the populations (22% of populations and 32% of mountains), consistent with the high genetic differentiation (&lt;i&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;ST&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; = 0.49) and low gene flow (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; = 0.51) in &lt;i&gt;S. dorogostaiskii&lt;/i&gt; populations. Eight populations were clustered into two groups, corresponding to their geographic locations. The low within-population genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation among &lt;i&gt;S. dorogostaiskii&lt;/i&gt; populations factor into their endangered designation. This genetic analysis reveals that all populations are equally threatened, and community-based conservation is appropriate for these species.

Avena sterilis L.’in Mikrosatellit İşaretleyicileri ile Genetik Çeşitlilik Analizi

Avena sterilis is an important grassy weed that causes a problem in wheat cultivation areas, and intensive herbicides are used to control it. Genetic diversity study is important to have information how on the effect weed species of the environmental factors and herbicides. The high level of genetic diversity within the species is a guarantee for adaptation to changing environmental conditions. This study was conducted based on complaints of the loss of effectiveness during the chemical control. Analyses were carried out on 27 selected populations collected from wheat cultivation areas in Turkey's Middle Black Sea region. Seventy-seven alleles from microsatellite loci were detected, and the average number of alleles per locus was determined as five using 17 microsatellite primers. The average gene diversity (GD) and polymorphism information content (PIC) values were 0.894 and 0.732, respectively. According to the UPGMA dendrogram generated using Average Linkage, the populations were clustered into two main groups. A high degree of diversity was found among the studied steril oat genotypes, and it is seen that there is no geographical isolation. It is understood that this situation primarily provides adaptation to those geographical areas by transporting weed seeds from other provinces in various ways. According to these findings, issues such as crop rotation, cultural control methods, encouraging the use of certified seeds, and the use of herbicides with different mechanisms of action can be listed among the measures that can be taken to control the high genetic diversity, which is an indicator of herbicide resistance.

Genetic Characterization of Drought-Tolerant Maize Genotypes Based on SSR Markers

Using 20 pairs of SSR primers situated on each chromosome of the maize genetic makeup, 27 drought-tolerant maize genotypes obtained from the Germplasm Unit of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, were examined for diversity. The samples' genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted using the CTAB procedure specified by CIMMYT (2005). All 20 pairs of SSR markers used in this investigation were extremely polymorphic, resulting in 122 repeatable and polymorphic bands that were scored with an average of 12.20 alleles. Each primer yielded a main allele frequency of no more than 0.5. The average major allele frequency for the 10 primers was 0.3036. With an average of 0.8334, all markers had gene diversity values greater than 0.6. Similar to this, the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values had an average of 0.8164 and varied from 0.9051 (primer umc1042) to 0.6639 (Umc1669). Since primer umc1042 best identified this variability, the frequency of the main alleles generated by each primer points to the presence of significant molecular genetic variation across the samples under study. This occurrence is further supported by the gene diversity (GD) and polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the primers. Therefore, it can be inferred that the primers are all appropriate for genotyping genetic diversity. Due to their different genetic relationships, varieties IWD C2 SYN F2 and SAMMAZ 52 have the most diversified genotypes and can be utilised as parent materials in a maize breeding programme.

Genetic diversity and population structure of barley landraces from Southern Ethiopia's Gumer district: Utilization for breeding and conservation.

Barley is the fifth most important food crop in Ethiopia. The genetic relationship and population structure studies of barley are limited to gene bank collections. Therefore, this study fills a gap by investigating the selection, consumption, economic value, genetic diversity, and population structure of farm-collected barley from the Gumer district of the Gurage Zone, which has received little attention. The information on the use of barley in the study area was collected using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. 124 households of 11 kebeles, the smallest community unit, were interviewed. Barley landraces collected were compared with those collected from Japan, the United States (USA), and other Ethiopian locations. Illumina iSelect (50K genotyping platform) was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (20,367). Thirty landraces were found in Gumer. Burdaenadenber had the highest on-farm Shannon index estimate (2.0), followed by Aselecha (1.97) and Enjefo (1.95). Aselecha and Fetazer had the highest (44%) and the lowest (29%) richness values, respectively. High and low Simpson index values were found in Aselecha (84%) and Wulbaragenateretero (79%), respectively. The neighbor-joining tree revealed that Gumer landraces formed a separate subcluster with a common ancestral node; a sister subcluster contained barley landraces from Japan. According to the population structure analysis, barley landraces from Gumer differed from Japan and the United States. The principal component analysis revealed that US barley was the most distant group from Gumer barley. The markers' allele frequencies ranged from 0.10 to 0.50, with an average value of 0.28. The mean values of Nei's gene diversity (0.38) and the polymorphic information content (0.30) indicated the presence of high genetic diversity in the samples. The clustering of accessions was not based on geographic origin. Significant genetic diversity calls for additional research and analysis of local barley diversity because the selection and use of barley in Ethiopia would have been affected by the preference of ethnic groups.