Valuable Forest Products Research Articles

Relationship between the value of forest products and economic condition: a case study of Gandhamardan hill Odisha, India

Relationship between the value of forest products and economic condition: a case study of Gandhamardan hill Odisha, India

Tree bark prediction along the bole through the support vector regression technique

Tree bark plays a protective role by surrounding the wood of a tree like a cloak. Due to its chemical composition and the possibility of its use in various fields, such as pharmaceuticals, landscape architecture, etc., tree bark receives much attention having outstanding importance for industrial utilization and markets. Tree bark is considered a valuable forest product, along with the wood volume. Thus, the accurate prediction of the bark quantity that a tree can produce is of utmost importance for the sustainable management of the forests. For this reason, the knowledge of its quantities, further enables the accurate prediction of the plain wood volume that can be produced by the forest, as well. Because of the nonlinear nature of this biological variable, its accurate quantification is a very complicated problem. Artificial intelligent methods have shown the potential to reliably predict biological variables that are non-linear in nature. In this work, the support vector regression methodology, as a nonlinear nonparametric machine learning approach, is tested for the accurate prediction of the tree bark factor in every different height of the tree bole, through easily obtained measurements on trees.

Using AHP and Time Series Model to Make a Better Forest Harvest Plan

Nowadays, climate change is the biggest threat to the sustainable development of our society. How to deal with greenhouse gas emissions is an essential prerequisite to solve this problem. Forest carbon sequestration is an important method to offset the release of carbon dioxide. So the balance between the value of forest products and the value of allowing trees to continue growing is closely related to the amount of carbon storage. Therefore, we are expected to find an optimal management strategy that is suitable for all the forests with different factors such as economic benefits, locations and residents’ satisfaction, so as to improve forest carbon sequestration as much as possible. Three models are established: Model I: Maximum the Carbon Sequestration; Model II: Score System via Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy-Weight Method; Model III: Time Series Analysis Model and Comparison. For Model I, we aim at maximizing the carbon sequestration of a forest and collect a series of biological parameters throughout the America. We start with describing the relationship between forest growing stock and carbon sequestration via the conversion ratio. Afterwards, we introduce the S-size Logistic curve to fit the growing stock volume and set different harvest and plant rate to observe the change of growing stock volume so that find an optimal harvest or plant rate to maximize the carbon sequestration amount. The transition point is found as 4% for harvest rate and also 4% for plant rate. We note that although the values of these two parameters are identical, it would arouse a significant difference because they are completely different process for a forest. For Model II, we take citizen attitude and timber value into consideration besides carbon sequestration. With the existing data in Model I and the data of new factors from literatures, we construct a score system of different strategies through analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. As a result, the optimal harvest rate decreases although timber value is included, because the local citizens interviewed in the literature showed a high-level anti-harvest attitude, which is consistent with the output of our model. For Model III, we establish a time series of carbon sequestration (or growing stock, they can be interconverted without difficulty). After recognizing the specific type (ARIMA type) of this time series by solving difference equation, the data in the subsequent years can be predicted. Then, we make the varication of the autocorrelation coefficient and partial autocorrelation coefficient (ACF and PACF) the ensure that the result is reliable and dose make sense. The models constructed in this paper make full use of the data obtained from website and literatures to describe and visualize the results. They are validated by sensitivity analysis and can be widely applied to evaluate the different situations. At the end, we provide a two-page newspaper for the authorities and local residents. According to the output in this paper, we finally draw a conclusion that an appropriate harvest rate is advantageous for both forest and society, and this phenomenon is called tending felling or reproduction felling, which is widely applied in managing forest.

The hidden value of non-timber forest products: income contribution of the Basilicata wild truffle

The Basilicata region (South of Italy) is land of truffles where the gastronomic, economic and cultural awareness has developed for this non-timber forest product only in the past decade. Little is known about truffle production and its social, economic and environmental implications. In this article we investigate the Basilicata truffle sector by devoting particular attention to the truffle hunters who gather the truffles from the forests. The data for the analysis were collected through a survey with the aim of describing the gathering activity (people involved, specie and quantities collected, etc.) and assessing its significance as a source of income. Results show that truffles can provide local communities with earning opportunities. However, the truffle sector needs to be protected and enhanced.

«ЛЕСНАЯ ПАША ПЕРЕДАЛА»: К ЭТНОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ СЕВЕРНОРУССКИХ НАЗВАНИЙ БЛЮД ИЗ ГРИБОВ И ЯГОД

The article discusses the dialect vocabulary associated with the traditions of food-gathering in the Russian North: specifically, the names of mushrooms and berries—reflecting the features of their preparation and culinary properties—and the names of dishes made from forest products. The article was based on dialect, folklore, and ethnographic data from the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, and Kostroma regions, including unpublished data collected by the toponymic expedition of the Ural Federal University. The article reveals the features of the categorization of forest products in the language of the North Russian peasants, local features of the plant diet, as well as the possible impact of the Finno-Ugric food culture. The ethnolinguistic approach involves taking into account the quantitative ratio of lexemes, ideographic, and areal analysis of vocabulary, identifying its semantic and motivational connections. The analysis of the material established that a significant range of linguistic units and folklore are associated with the topic of picking mushrooms and berries in the Russian North. Categories and concepts characteristic of the culture of gathering are identified: “number of mushrooms / berries collected at a time”, “forest hosts of mushrooms and berries”, “generic names of forest products” (vologa, oboshcha), and “especially valuable forest products” (tsarskie “royal” mushrooms, berries, fish). The names of mushrooms and berries indicate the methods of their preparation, nutritional properties, and composition. The names of the berry dishes reflect the influence of the Finno-Ugric culinary tradition (compare the possibly borrowed designations of flour cereals with berries—the Arkhangelsk words galagatka, kiprishikha, the Arkhangelsk and Vologda word lyas). Folklore texts and narratives preserve plots and ideas about gathering: men as typical mushroom pickers, children and girls are berry pickers, each village having its own territory for collection, the exclusion of strangers from certain locations, the local specialization of territories (e.g. Vologda-originated nicknames such as vologodskie ryzhiki, obabki, etc.), and others.

Contradictory impact of the natural forest closing policy and sanitary–phytosanitary measures on the export of non-timber forest products: a case study of Vietnam

The gravity model was used in this paper to clarify the influencing factors of the export value of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for Vietnam from 2003 to 2017. The estimates of this model indicate the importance of the size of economies, distance, common borders, exchange rates, average forest area, the natural forest closing (NFC) policy of the Vietnamese government, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, and the interaction of SPS and importers’ GDP (SPS–GDP) as determinants of Vietnam’s NTFP exports. The main result of this study is the distinct and contradictory effects of the NFC policy and SPS measures. While the NFC policy increases the value of Vietnam’s NTFP exports, SPS measures significantly decrease the exportation. Using the SPS–GDP interaction variable yields a noticeable result: the negative impact of SPS on NTFP trade decreases with increasing income of NTFP importers. Furthermore, the NFC needs to continue to implement policies to increase investments in the NTFP trade and increase the quality of NTFPs from planting, to harvesting, to processing to meet the requirements of future importers. The findings offer several implications both in theory and in practice for trade policies and economic development theory based on Vietnam’s forest resources.

MAPPING OF FOREST FIRE BURNED SEVERITY USING THE SENTINEL DATASETS

Abstract. Forest fires are frequent phenomena in Uttarakhand Himalayas especially in the months of April to May, causing major loss of valuable forest products and impact on humans through the emissions and therefore effects the climate change. The major forest fire was started on May 19, 2018 and spread in 10 districts out of 13 districts of Uttarakhand state till the fire was suppressed after May 30, 2018. The burned area mapping is essential for the forest officials to plan for mitigation measures and restoration activities after the fire season. In this study, sentinel 2A & 2B satellite datasets were used to map burned severity over Uttarakhand districts. Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) and Relativized Burn Ratio (RBR) were calculated and compared with the active fire points. Results shows that both the dNBR and RBR are in good agreement with the actual occurence of forest fires.

Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20th Century: Depati Parbo and the People’s Struggle Against the Power of the Dutch East Indies (A Study of Archives and Oral History)

ABSTRACT : Kerinci is one of the regencies in Jambi p rovince, Sumatera island, Indonesia. This region has a number of past stories that have not been widely known, especially from outside the region. This historical story still lives in the nuances of locality that spread in a certain area. L ocal history tales are often underestimated, as they are considered unimportant to be discussed by people from other regions. Beyond that, local history has the potential to correct, alter or add to the familiar historical discourse. One of Kerinci ’ s local history themes is the story of Depati Parbo ’ s struggle against Dutch colonialists in the early twentieth century. The Dutch had made Kerinci as the target mastery for a long time. The White people were tempted by the many advantages gained from this effort, such as the mastery over the salt lane, the variety of valuable forest products, and the clearing of plantations. The effort was responded with the defense of Kerinci people raised by the leaders of Kerinci society, including Depati Parbo. This study uses a social history approach, which photographs social solidarity that grows due to a cause. The findings show that the emergence of heroism in the body of Kerinci society is caused by the threat that was spread by the Dutch East Indies troops, who wanted to establish influence there. The sources used are the Dutch East Indies colonial’s archives and the oral sources obtained from local sources. Based on these two sources, the attempt to reconstruct the history in the colonial era in Kerinci hopefully can be accomplished. KEY WORDS : People’s Resistance; Dutch Colonization; Economics and Social Solidarity; Kerinci ’ s Local History . About the Authors: Prof. Dr. M. Dien Madjid is a Professor of History at the UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jalan Tarumanegara No.17-B, Pisangan, Ciputat Timur, Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia. Johan Wahyudi, M.Hum . is a Lecturer and Historian at the STAI (College of Islamic Religion) Al-Aqidah al-Hasyimiyyah Jakarta, Jalan Kayumanis Barat No.99, Matraman, Kayu Manis, Jakarta Timur, Jakarta, Indonesia. Corresponding authors: dr.dienmadjid@yahoo.com and johan7790@yahoo.com Suggested Citation: Madjid, M. Dien & Johan Wahyudi. (2018). “Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20 th Century: Depati Parbo and the People’s Struggle Against the Power of the Dutch East Indies (A Study of Archives and Oral History)” in TAWARIKH: I nternational J ournal for H istorical S tudies , Volume 9(2), April, pp.137-150. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI, ISSN 2085-0980. A rticle Timeline : Accepted (January 15, 2018); Revised (March 24, 2018); and Published (April 30, 2018).

Distinctive Feature of Microbial Communities and Bacterial Functional Profiles in Tricholoma matsutake Dominant Soil.

Tricholoma matsutake, the pine mushroom, is a valuable forest product with high economic value in Asia, and plays an important ecological role as an ectomycorrhizal fungus. Around the host tree, T. matsutake hyphae generate a distinctive soil aggregating environment called a fairy ring, where fruiting bodies form. Because T. matsutake hyphae dominate the soil near the fairy ring, this species has the potential to influence the microbial community. To explore the influence of T. matsutake on the microbial communities, we compared the microbial community and predicted bacterial function between two different soil types—T. matsutake dominant and T. matsutake minor. DNA sequence analyses showed that fungal and bacterial diversity were lower in the T. matsutake dominant soil compared to T. matsutake minor soil. Some microbial taxa were significantly more common in the T. matsutake dominant soil across geographic locations, many of which were previously identified as mycophillic or mycorrhiza helper bacteria. Between the two soil types, the predicted bacterial functional profiles (using PICRUSt) had significantly distinct KEGG modules. Modules for amino acid uptake, carbohydrate metabolism, and the type III secretion system were higher in the T. matsutake dominant soil than in the T. matsutake minor soil. Overall, similar microbial diversity, community structure, and bacterial functional profiles of the T. matsutake dominant soil across geographic locations suggest that T. matsutake may generate a dominance effect.

Evaluation of deciduous broadleaf forests mountain using satellite data using neural network method near Caspian Sea in North of Iran

During the recent decades, deciduous forests have been molested by human intervention. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products have led to increased population density, creating new residential areas and deforestation activities. Revealing changes is one of the fundamental methods in management and assessment of natural resources. This study is evaluated changes in forests area of 2013 using satellite images. In order to mapping the forest extent condition 2013, images of the mentioned years were digitized and geo-referenced by using the ground control points and the maps of mapping organization. After selecting the best set of band using the Bhattacharya distance index, the image classification was performed by using artificial neural network algorithm. Classification by neural network method 2013 in showed that it has a high overall accuracy equal to 95.96%.

Ecosystem services and forest fires in India — Context and policy implications from a case study in Andhra Pradesh

Tropical landscapes are often burned by forest dwellers to obtain certain ecosystem services (ES). We analyze the importance of ES derived with the help of fires from a tropical dry forest in Andhra Pradesh, India, and conclude that regular burning of the forest is crucial for local livelihoods. We highlight the importance of “fire-driven ecosystem services (FDES)” through investigating 557 rural households' livelihood spread across 14 villages in the Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. Results show that regular forest burning procures valuable forest products like fuel wood and fodder grass, mainly serving domestic purposes.We discuss the tradeoffs that would result from an alteration of the existing fire scenario with respect to FDES, the likely impact on local economies, and possible management options. We conclude that the importance of FDES must be taken into consideration while designing forest conservation and management policies.

The Past, Present, and Future ofNotholithocarpus densiflorus(Tanoak) as a Forest Products Resource

Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, Cannon, & S. H. Oh (Fagaceae), common name tanoak, has a reputation as a “difficult to work with” hardwood species that has been viewed at different times in history as everything from a valuable resource for edible acorns to an annoying “weed” tree that interferes with commercial forest management. This paper explores the complex character of the species from a wood products point of view and discusses the possibility of developing it as a valuable forest-products resource.A comprehensive review of the forest-product literature reveals the many ways tanoak has been utilized. These uses have included fuel wood, lumber, railroad ties, flooring, and furniture, and as a source for leather- tanning chemicals. Early studies of the physical and mechanical properties of the wood show a similarity to many commercial hardwood species. However, tanoak has never gained the status of a preferred timber tree for forest products. This paper compiles what is known about the wood properties of tanoak and provides recommendations for successful lumber manufacturing. The risks and benefits of utilizing a species that is a known host for Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in't Veld, the pathogen that causes sudden oak death, are also discussed from a forest-management point of view. As interest grows in developing local resources that require little transportation from source to end use, more opportunities for utilizing tanoak will likely emerge.

Forensic Identification of Indian Snakeroot (Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz) Using DNA Barcoding

Indian snakeroot (Rauvolfia serpentina) is a valuable forest product, root extracts of which are used as an antihypertensive drug. Increasing demand led to overharvesting in the wild. Control of international trade is hampered by the inability to identify root samples to the species level. We therefore evaluated the potential of molecular identification by searching for species-specific DNA polymorphisms. We found two species-specific indels in the rps16 intron region for R.serpentina. Our DNA barcoding method was tested for its specificity, reproducibility, sensitivity and stability. We included samples of various tissues and ages, which had been treated differently for preservation. DNA extractions were tested in a range of amplification settings and dilutions. Species-specific rps16 intron sequences were obtained from 79 herbarium accessions and one confiscated root, encompassing 39 different species. Our results demonstrate that molecular analysis provides new perspectives for forensic identification of Indian snakeroot.

Chemical Constituents from the Wood of Aquilaria sinensis

The genus Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) is widely distributed in Asia. Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is of particular interest economically because it is the principal source of agarwood, one of the most valuable forest products currently traded internationally [1]. Aquilaria sinensis is the only plant resource in China for agarwood, which is also called Chinese eaglewood, to distinguish it from agarwood of other species, such as A. agallocha or A. malaccensis. Previous phytochemical investigation on Chinese eaglewood revealed characteristic sesquiterpenes and chromone derivatives [2–9], but little is known about the chemical constituents of the healthy wood. Investigation of interrelated studies has shown that agarwood has significant anticancer [10], analgesic, anti-inflammatory [11], and anti-depression activities [12]. These observations provide useful information for potential chemopreventive drug design. The MeOH extract of its wood was subjected to solvent partitioning and chromatographic separation to afford twelve pure substances. The chemical constituents in the wood of A. sinensis were separated with column chromatography. Twelve compounds, including four flavonoids, 5-hydroxy-4 ,7-dimethoxyflavone (1) [13], luteolin-7,3 ,4 -trimethyl ether (2) [14], 5,3 -dihydroxy-7,4 dimethoxyflavone (3) [15], and persicogenin (4) [16], three benzenoids, vanillic acid (5) [17], p-hydroxybenzoic acid (6) [18], and syringic acid (7) [19], one quinol, 4-acetyl-3,5-dimethoxy-p-quinol (8) [20], two amides, N-trans-feruloyltyramine (9) [21] and N-cis-feruloyltyramine (10) [21], one steroid, -sitostenone (11) [22], and one lignan, (+)-syringaresinol (12) [17], were isolated from the wood of A. sinensis. All of these compounds (1–12) were obtained for the first time from this plant. The specimen of A. sinensis was collected from Guansi Township, Hsinchu County, Taiwan in May, 2007. A voucher specimen was identified by Prof. Fu-Yuan Lu (Department of Forestry and Natural Resources College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University) and was deposited in the School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The wood (2.5 kg) of A. sinensis was chipped, air dried, and extracted repeatedly with MeOH (6 L 8) at room temperature. The combined MeOH extracts (51.7 g) were then evaporated and further separated into four fractions by column chromatography on silica gel (5.8 kg, 70–230 mesh) with gradients of n-hexane–CH2Cl2–acetone–MeOH. Part of fraction 1 (15.4 g) was subjected to silica gel chromatography by eluting with n-hexane–acetone (60:1) and enriched with acetone to furnish two further fractions (1-1–1-2). Fraction 1-1 (4.6 g) was further purified on a silica gel column using n-hexane–acetone mixtures to obtain 5-hydroxy-4 ,7-dimethoxyflavone (1) (12.7 mg). Part of fraction 1-2 (5.8 g) was subjected to silica gel chromatography by eluting with n-hexane–acetone (50:1) and enriched gradually with acetone to furnish two fractions (1-2-1–1-2-2). Fraction 1-2-1 (1.6 g) was further purified on a silica gel column using n-hexane–acetone mixtures to yield luteolin-7,3 ,4 trimethyl ether (2) (3.4 mg) and 5,3 -dihydroxy-7,4 -dimethoxyflavone (3) (3.2 mg). Fraction 1-2-2 (0.6 g) was further purified on a silica gel column using n-hexane–acetone mixtures to yield -sitostenone (11) (21.7 mg). Part of fraction 2 (11.3 g) was subjected to silica gel chromatography by eluting with n-hexane–acetone (40:1) and enriched with acetone to furnish two further fractions (2-1–2-2). Fraction 2-1 (3.4 g) was further purified on a silica gel column using n-hexane–acetone mixtures to obtain persicogenin (4) (5.3 mg). Fraction 2-2 (4.9 g) was further purified on a silica gel column using n-hexane– acetone mixtures to obtain vanillic acid (5) (9.5 mg) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (6) (4.2 mg). Part of fraction 3 (10.6 g) was subjected to silica gel chromatography by eluting with CH2Cl2–MeOH (100:1) and enriched with MeOH to furnish two fractions (3-1–3-2). Fraction 3-1 (3.5 g) was further purified on a silica gel column using CH2Cl2–MeOH mixtures to obtain

Long-Term Effects of Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Control, Vegetation Control, and Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Loblolly Pine, Pinus taeda L.

Studies were conducted in Georgia and North Carolina to determine the long-term growth impact of pine tip moth, Rhyacionia spp., attacks on loblolly pines which had been treated with different combinations of insecticides for tip moth control, herbicides for control of competing vegetation, and fertilizer. Height, diameter, and volume responses were significantly greater for tip moth and weed control at age 5, both in Georgia and North Carolina. There was no evidence of a positive response to fertilizer. The largest responses were due to tip moth control, which was the only treatment that retained a significant response through the termination of the study at age 15 in Georgia and age 20 in North Carolina. Stand volumes continued to increase on the tip moth control plots throughout the study with average gains of 3.1 m3/ha/yr (43.8 ft3/acre/yr) at the Georgia site at age 15 and 3.2 m3/ha/yr (45.8 ft3/acre/yr) at age 20 at the North Carolina site. Trees receiving tip moth control also had significantly better form than untreated trees when evaluated at age 5, which may be reflected in higher quality and more valuable forest products at harvest. Treatment responses observed in this study clearly show that tip moth control can provide benefits equal to or greater than other commonly used cultural treatments, and may be necessary to realize anticipated gains from intensive management of loblolly pine plantations when tip moth damage is heavy.

Enhancing forest tenure reforms through more responsive regulations

Forest tenure reforms have offered new opportunities for communities to obtain formal rights to forests and forest benefits, but at the same time a variety of limitations are placed on livelihood options. This article draws on several case studies of reforms in Africa, Asia and Latin America to analyse the regulations accompanying reforms. It identifies three types of regulations, namely rules that limit areas available to local communities; rules that delineate conservation areas and impose related limits on use; and bureaucratic requirements for permits and management plans, which restrict the commercial use and marketing of valuable forest products. It discusses problems with these regulations, and proposes a simple framework for identifying ways to promote regulations that work for forest conservation but are more responsive to the needs of communities and forests.

Contribution of non-timber forest products to livelihoods of communities in southeast Nigeria

This paper examines the value of non-timber forest products (NTFP) and their determinants in communities in the vicinity of the Okwangwo Division of the Cross River National Park, Nigeria. The data for this study were generated from personal interviews conducted in three villages located near the buffer area of the national park. The study showed that income from NTFP was almost 13% of the total annual income of the respondents. Income from NTFP was influenced by factors such as income from non-traditional employment, the distance of respondents' residences to the park, income from farming and age. The results suggest that a shift from primarily subsistence to a more of cash economy may lead to unsustainable exploitation of NTFP.

Values of forest products in the makiling forest reserve (MFR), Philippines

Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR) is an important forest reserve and contains valuable and diverse products, which are of economic importance. These non‐timber forest products (NTFP) include fuelwood, food and fruits, seeds, fodder, rattan, bamboo, vines, ornamental plants, medicinal plants, and wildlife. Since some of these products are not being sold in the market but are locally consumed by gatherers, there are no available market prices. In cases where market prices of a particular NTFP were not available, shadow prices were used. Forest products benefits for MFR are estimated to be P386 per hectare per year, with wildlife products making up the highest proportion (31 percent), followed by fodder (27 percent), then ornamental plants (17 percent) and seeds and planting materials (14 percent). Other products that have low percentage values of the total NTFP are bamboo (4 percent), fuelwood (3 percent), vines (2 percent), and rattan (0.4 percent). The income derived by a household from NTFP in MFR is about P1,490 per year, representing only about three percent of the total annual household income of MFR farmers. Although the contribution of NTFP to the value of MFR is modest, these products are economically important to the local community.

A Review on Benefits and Disadvantages of Tree Diversity

This paper presents the benefits and disadvantages of tree diversity in forestation. Maintaining diversity of trees in forestation enhances the conservation of trees and other organisms, decreases production risks and increases the possi- bility of natural regeneration. The value of forest products may be increased or decreased, but increasing diversity always complicates forest management. Species diversity could be increased by encouraging forest owners and managers to mix species; in order to achieve this, scientific information on lesser-known species and silviculture of mixtures must be com- piled and disseminated.

DISTRIBUTION OF SANDAL (SANTALUM ALBUM L.), CURRENT GROWTH RATES, PREDICTED YIELD OF HEARTWOOD AND OIL CONTENT AND FUTURE POTENTIAL IN SEMI ARID AND ARID REGIONS OF RAJASTHAN, INDIA

ABSTRACT The wood of Sandal (Santalum album) is one of the most valuable forest products, but this dollar- earning tree is disappearing from its natural range in parts of south India. The present study indicates that sandal may occur naturally in Rajasthan where it. is mainly distributed in the semi- arid areas of the south and east—in natural forests; agricultural lands, old havelis, etc.; a few small plantations have been successfully established in this arid region. The oil content in these trees of Rajasthan varies between 0.9 and 3%. The successful establishment of these plantations and the development of the heartwood and oil in these trees indicate the potentiality of this species in the area. Rajasthan and Gujarat have vast areas of waste land that could be utilized for planting this species, but this may entail initial irrigation and strict protective measures.