Value Of Correction Coefficient Research Articles

Influence of tangential and normal components of wind speed on the flight distance of the projectile

Based on the mathematical model proposed by the authors for determining the force of frontal air resistance motion of the projectile, the influence of the accompanying (oncoming) wind on its flight range is investigated.
 Because the nature of the behavior of the frontal air resistance depends significantly on the speed of the projectile supersonic, subsonic or subsonic, then the functional dependence of the frontal air resistance force on
 speeds are described separately for each in particular. Values of characteristic functional coefficients dependencies are determined using the results of polygon studies, which are given in the tables shooting
 In the works of other authors, the magnitude of displacements of the flight range of the projectile due to the action of the companion (oncoming) wind was determined using certain dependencies. The values of correction coefficients and resistance coefficient was determined experimentally with a certain accuracy. In addition, pressure was not taken into account of wind on the side surface of the projectile and the influence of wind speed on the speed of sound in air, the latter depends on the direction of movement of the projectile in space.
 The work considers the influence of the tangential and normal components of the accompanying (oncoming) wind, in relation to the projectile's trajectory, to its dynamics. The effect of wind speed is also taken into account at the speed of sound in air.
 The obtained theoretical results allow us to state that the normal component of the wind is significant affects the flight range of the projectile if its trajectory is convex.
 The effect of the normal component of the speed of the accompanying (oncoming) wind on the movement of the projectile is not significant, if the trajectory of the projectile is flat. However, in the case of projectile movement along a convex trajectory, its influence becomes significant Discrepancies between the tabular displacements of projectile flight distances due to the action of the companion of (oncoming) wind given in the firing tables, and displacements of projectile flight range determined at taking into account the tangential and normal components of the wind and the effect of the wind on the speed of sound in the air is essential. The obtained theoretical studies allow to automate the process of solving the straight line or inverse problems of external ballistics with arbitrary deterministic and non-deterministic values factors.

Комплексная оценка геотехнических рисков в шахтном и подземном строительстве

Introduction. Projects for the construction of underground structures and mines often involve significant geotechnical risks. The uncertainty associated with geotechnical conditions implies the development of a specific approach to making design and constructive decisions. Even after a thorough geotechnical study, the ability to accurately predict the behavior of adjacent rock massif is often difficult due to the large number of engineering-geological and hydro-geological variables. Most of the identified risks can be eliminated at the design stage. Residual risks should be subjected to a comprehensive assessment, including qualitative and quantitative analysis and calculations of damage from potential risk and technical and economic efficiency of the adopted design decision. Objective. Complex estimation of geotechnical risks in mine and underground construction based on the analysis of indicators of the implementation of accidents by mining-geological and mining-technical factors, taking into account the use of special methods of construction. Methodology. A сomplex estimation of geotechnical risks was carried out on the basis of the theory of emergency risk using methods of mathematical statistics, probability theory; the method of expert assessments to obtain the values of vulnerability coefficients of the applied technologies of mine and underground construction. The developed methodology includes several stages. At the first stage of a сomplex risk estimation, it is necessary to rank the geotechnical risk factors selected for analysis, for which a concordance coefficient is introduced. When analyzing each of the emerging geotechnical figures during the construction of a specific underground or mine construction facility, one of the defining indicators is the numerical expression of the potential damage from the occurrence of an emergency situation, which represents the percentage ratio of the excess of the construction period in real practice to the same indicator laid down in the project, or the ratio of the increase in the cost of construction to the estimated cost. Next, the numerical value of each type of risk is determined and a scale of numerical values of risks is compiled, on the basis of which decisions are made on the management of each specific risk. At the end, the vulnerability of a mine or underground construction facility under construction is determined, i.e. the degree of its possible damage and destruction when exposed to abnormal situations of a natural and man-made nature. Results and discussion. A methodology has been developed for the сomplex estimation of geotechnical risk in mine and underground construction based on the ranking of risks according to the degree of vulnerability of the technologies used. Ranking of construction objects by their vulnerability to various impacts allows us to assess the correlation between the values of the parameters and the qualitative characteristics of the elements of the “mining – rock mass – construction technology” system and the factors that lead to the development of potential damage. In the course of the research, a generalized indicator of the predicted geotechnical risk was identified, which allows taking into account the impact of construction methods on the risk. Since mine workings are currently being built mainly in complex hydro-geological and engineering-geological conditions, the calculation of the generalized indicator focuses on the use of special construction methods, which required the introduction of correction factors to calculate the indicator of the predicted geotechnical risk. The values of correction coefficients for the most used special methods were obtained by the method of expert assessments. Conclusions. One of the important aspects of a сomplex estimation of geotechnical risks in mine and underground construction is to determine the vulnerability of the “mining - rock mass – technology” system. Vulnerability depends on the location of the mine, its cross-section, engineering-geological and hydro-geological conditions, mode of operation, reliability of load-bearing and fencing, etc. By the method of сomplex estimation, vulnerability coefficients of underground structures under construction and mine workings were obtained, as well as correction coefficients taking into account the construction method.

THE USAGE OF GPM DATA IN THE UNGAUGED WONOGIRI CATCHMENT

This paper intends to establish the usage of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data in the ungauged Wonogiri catchment. Along with technological developments in the field of remote sensing, such as satellite data, the rainfall measurements can be perfgormed by monitoring rainfall in the large areas, even in places that cannot be reached by the conventional equipment. This advantage can be used to obtain the amount of rain in an area du to the benefit of water resource management. The methodology consists of collecting the observed data (rainfall station) and rainfall satellite data, then calibrating the satellite data, and by the end is to validate the result of calibration. The use of satellite rain data needs to be corrected so the rain characteristics produced by the satellite approach the rainfall conditions produced by the observations. The corrections are made by multiplying each data interval against a certain coefficient so that the value generated by the satellite data approaches the characteristic value generated by the observed rain that is used as the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM). The Global Precipitation Mesaurement (GPM) is required in the ungauged catchment that there is no observed rainfall data. Based on the results of trial and error, the results show that a correction coefficient value of 0 is produced for the interval 0 – 2 mm, 0.75 for the interval 2 – 20 mm, 0.8 for the interval 20 – 30 mm, 0.85 for the interval 30 – 50 mm and 0.95 for the value rain satellites larger than 50 mm.

Automatic detection of sleep apnea from single-lead ECG signal using enhanced-deep belief network model

Sleep apnea (SLA) is a commonly reported sleep disorder that is characterized by frequent breathing interruptions during sleep. In recent years, various approaches have been made to developing a less complex and cost-effective process for diagnosing SLA patients, as opposed to using the inconvenient, complex and costly polysomnography test. This study proposed a novel approach of cascading two different types of Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) in Deep Belief Networks (DBN) method for the SLA classification using single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The proposed framework uses two types of RBM, namely Gaussian-Bernoulli, and Bernoulli-Bernoulli, which are modified forms of the Boltzmann Machine, to develop an enhanced- DBN (E-DBN) structure for significant feature learning and detection of SLA and normal events. At each ECG data signal, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and ECG-Derived Respiration (EDR) signals are obtained from the 1-minute segmented ECG signal. The E-DBN model can also enhance the parameter detection performance as a keyfeature extractor and classification method. The Apnea-ECG datasets from physionet were used to train the presented fine-tuned E-DBN model and validate its performance for detecting SLA incidents. The proposed method shows significant improvements in performance when compared to other SLA detection methods for per-segment detection and achieved the highest accuracy of 89.11%, with specificity, sensitivity, and F1-score of 92.28%, 83.89%, and 0.913, respectively. For per-recording detection, accuracy of 97.17% and correction coefficient values of 0.938 are obtained. The proposed approach develops a method that analyses single-lead electrocardiography data from patients and diagnoses the SLA condition of patients.

An Algorithm for Obtaining 3D Egg Models from Visual Images

Mathematical models for describing the shape of eggs find application in various fields of practice. The article proposes a method and tools for a detailed study of the shape and peripheral contours of digital images of eggs that are suitable for grouping and sorting. A scheme has been adapted to determine the morphological characteristics of eggs, on the basis of which an algorithm has been created for obtaining their 3D models, based on data from color digital images. The deviation from the dimensions of the major and minor axes measured with a caliper and the proposed algorithm is 0.5–1.5 mm. A model of a correction factor has been established by which the three-dimensional shape of eggs can be determined with sufficient accuracy. The results obtained in this work improve the assumption that the use of algorithms to determine the shape of eggs strongly depends on those of the bird species studied. It is approved with data for Mallard eggs which have a more elliptical shape and correspondingly lower values of correction coefficient ‘c’ (c = 1.55–4.96). In sparrow (c = 9.55–11.19) and quail (c = 11.71–13.11) eggs, the form tends to be ovoid. After testing the obtained model for eggs from three bird species, sparrow, mallard, and quail, the coefficient of the determination of proposed model was R2 = 0.96. The standard error was SE = 0.08. All of the results show a p-value of the model less than α = 0.05. The proposed algorithm was applied to create 3D egg shapes that were not used in the previous calculations. The resulting error was up to 9%. This shows that in the test, the algorithm had an accuracy of 91%. An advantage of the algorithm proposed here is that the human operator does not need to select points in the image, as is the case with some of the algorithms developed by other authors. The proposed methods and tools for three-dimensional transformation of egg images would be applicable not only for the needs of poultry farming, but also in ornithological research when working with different shaped varieties of eggs. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has sufficient accuracy.

Determinants of Family Savings in Algeria during the Period (1970-2016) In the ARDL form window

This study aims at identifying the factors and economic variables affecting household savings in Algeria during the period (1970-2016) using the ARDL model to test the family savings model which consists of the following economic variables: GDP, inflation rate , Money supply in the narrow sense, interest rate, private consumption, and direct taxes, through: root tests, joint integration test with border methodology, ARDL error correction test, and other diagnostic tests and structural stability tests. The study found that: the determinants of family savings in Algeria during the period studied are: narrow money supply, direct taxes, private consumption, GDP, inflation rate. Given the elasticity of household savings relative to the explanatory variables, we find that the first determinant of household savings in Algeria is: the narrowly defined monetary offer (2.27), direct taxes with flexibility (1.68), elastic consumption (0.88) GDP is flexible (0.72) and finally inflation is elastic (0.45). The study also found that the speed of the adjustment from the short to the long term takes place within eight months and a half, with a significant value of correction coefficient (-1.172495).

Cointegration and Causality Study Among Inward FDI, Economic Growth and Exports

One significant feature of liberalisation for India has been a greater openness to foreign direct investment (FDI) as a means of acquiring technologies, skills and access to international markets, and of entering dynamic trade and production. The study analyses the empirical relationship between inward FDI, economic growth and exports of India from 1970-71 to 2013-2014. The objective of this article is to investigate the relationship between FDI, economic growth and exports empirically. The error correction coefficient value indicates a 15.02% movement back towards equilibrium following a shock to the model, one time period later. OLS indicate significant long-term causality relationship among the variables with high R2 value to the tune of 0.758660. The Wald Test establishes short-run causality from economic growth to inward FDI, and from exports to inward FDI. A one-way causality relationship is running from exports to inward FDI. Economic growth causes inward FDI, but, inward FDI is not causing economic growth. Exports cause inward FDI, and inward FDI does not cause exports.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЧНОСТИ СЦЕПЛЕНИЯ АРМАТУРЫ С ЦЕМЕНТНО-ПЕСЧАНЫМ БЕТОНОМ

The coupling of concrete with fiberglass reinforcement at different values of its diameter and depth of sealing is investigated. The difference in the distribution of tangent stresses over the depth of reinforcement bars‘ sealing is determined due to their diameters, which is reflected in the nature of the destruction of fiberglass reinforcement when it is pulled out of concrete. The values of correction coefficients that take into account the dependence of the fullness of the tangent stress plot in the sealing area on the diameter of the reinforcing bar are determined. Recommendations for calculating the base length of the fiberglass reinforcement anchorage in concrete are given.

MEASURE THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SUDAN FOR PERIOD 1970-2018

The objective of this study was to measure the impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Sudan. It based on the following hypotheses: The most critical factors impacting Economic Growth(GDP) in the long- and short-run: exchange rate, inflation, Money supply, and Lending cost . There was a statistically significant relationship between Economic Growth and: exchange rate, inflation, Money supply, and Lending cost . The study used a descriptive approach and the analytical statistical method to construct the model and Eviews8 Program for data analysis. The Data were collected from the Bank of Sudan for period 1990-2018. Using An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach was to estimate the model in the short and long run. Findings were as follows that there was a statistically significant relationship between the Economic Growth (GDP) and its factors in the long- and short-run. The money supply had a positive and statistically significance impact on the GDP growth. The exchange rate had a positive e and statistically significance impact on GDP growth. The inflation rate coefficient is negative, and statistically significance impact on GDP growth and Lending cost coefficient was a negative and statistically insignificant impact on GDP growth. Finally, correction coefficient values had high speed in overtaking shocks. The study recommended reducing inflation rate through appropriate economic policies in order to activate the effect of Total Investment Lending cost rate index. KEYWORDS: Inflation, Exchange Rate, ARDL, Growth, Co-integration.

An intelligent model based on statistical learning theory for engineering rock mass classification

The engineering classification of rock masses is the basis of rock engineering design and construction. We propose and apply a quick basic quality (BQ) classification method based on the standard BQ method of China to classify the quality grade of the rock mass around tunnels along the Ningguo-Huangshan Expressway during the construction period. Moreover, the joint continuity and surface roughness of the controlled key joint are added to the classification indices of the quick BQ method to address shortcomings of the standard BQ classification method. Therefore, an improved BQ classification method for rock mass is proposed. According to the BQ method, different personnel might select different values of correction coefficient that result in divergences in the result of rock mass classification. In order to solve this problem, the Genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector classification (SVC) coupling algorithm is introduced into the field of engineering rock mass classification. GA is used to automatically search for the optimal SVC parameters during the training process of samples. By training the classification samples of rock mass around a tunnel using the improved BQ method during the tunnel construction period, an intelligent SVC classification model is constructed with inputs based on eight classification indices and an output of the BQ quality grade. To verify the reliability and accuracy of the model, the SVC model is used to evaluate the quality grade of the rock mass around tunnel in other cross sections of the tunnels along the Ningguo-Huangshan Expressway. Only one section classification result differed from those of the improved BQ method in a total of 20 sections. In contrast, three section classification results based on the BP neural network (BPNN) model were inconsistent with those of the improved BQ method. Therefore, the proposed SVC model displays a higher rate of correct classification relative to that of the BPNN model. Meanwhile, the use of this SVC model can avoid the divergence among different people on the classification result of rock mass around a tunnel, which provides an effective new method for the rapid classification of rock mass around a tunnel during tunnel construction.

АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ОДНОКАНАЛЬНЫХ ПИРОМЕТРОВ С РАЗНЫМИ СПЕКТРАЛЬНЫМИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПЫЛЕННОСТИ

In the article the results of temperature measurements performed by five one-channel radiation thermometers with different spectral sensitivity characteristics under dusty environment conditions are presented. The dust influence on the random and the systematic measurement error is estimated. We examined the efficiency of two approaches of evaluating and inputting the external correction coefficients into the radiation thermometers for the purpose of minimizing the effect of the non-stationary dust cloud. It is established that the correction coefficient value used to compensate the effect of dust presence should be estimated fairly accurately (±0.04) for the specific environmental conditions. It is proved that the calculated short-time standard deviation of measurement results can be considered as an indicator of dust cloud presence in an active phase.

The semiconductor diode detector response as a function of field size and beam angle of high-energy photons.

The measurements of semiconductor diode detector response as a function of field size and beam angle of high-energy photons. In vivo dosimetry plays an important role in the therapeutic process of the patient. Because of the different orientation of the beam relative to the patient and different sizes of irradiation fields, it is extremely important to take into account the response of the detector depending on the angle and the size of the beam. In this study we used a 30cm×30cm×25cm PMMA slab phantom. On the surface of the phantom, various semiconductor detectors were placed sequentially in two configurations, angle and tilt. For the measurements of the calibration factor based on the different value of the angle, the correction coefficient value was close to 1.00 for smaller values of the angle for all the detectors used in the energy range of 6-12MV. For the measurements, the calibration factor based on the size of the field of irradiation to the value of the correction coefficient is 1.00 for the field of 8cm×8cm and 10cm×10cm. With the increase field size, the correction factor shows a linear relationship in the direction of value less than 1.00. Flat Detectors - used for both photon beams generated by the accelerating potential of 6MV and 20MV show a greater angular dependence than the cylindrical detectors. Also, the repeatability of measurements made using the flat detector is less as evidenced by larger standard deviations for the results.

Correction of the readings of albedo dosimeters at the MC400 LNR cyclotron with the use of the spherical albedo system and comparison with other correction methods

The results of correcting the readings of DVGN-01 albedo dosimeters behind the shielding of the MC400 cyclotron at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (LNR) with the use of the spherical albedo system are presented. The formulas approximating the dependences of correction coefficients used to correct the readings on the hardness parameters of low-energy neutron spectra were obtained based on these results and the results of earlier studies. Neutron spectra were measured at three points behind the MC400 shielding, and the correction coefficients for DVGN-01 were calculated based on these spectra. It was demonstrated that these coefficients agree well with the coefficients obtained with the use of the spherical albedo system. This suggests that the obtained correction coefficient values are accurate. The recommended correction coefficient values to be used in the individual dosimetric control at LNR were specified based on the results of the present study and the data given in other papers.

On the correction of the boundary deficiency in SPH for the frictional contact simulation

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a mesh-free method which is powerful for large deformation computation of soils. However, the algorithm for the simulation of frictional contact which is common in geotechnical engineering is still quite immature due to the boundary deficiency. In this study, the cause of boundary deficiency in the SPH simulation for frictional contact is analysed. Then, based on mathematical derivation, the method to correct boundary deficiency related to frictional contact is discussed theoretically, where the frictional contact algorithm is established by dividing the computational domain into several subdomains according to the existing contact boundaries and by using contact forces as bridges of these subdomains to fulfil problem solving, and the value of correction coefficient is obtained by comparing the SPH outcome of the contact particles with that calculated through Newton’s second law of motion. At the same time, from the perspective of numerical computation, an optimized value for the correction coefficient is proposed, and a thorough investigation is performed on the cubic spline kernel function and quintic spline kernel function, whose correction coefficients are found to be 2.0 and [2.0, 2.16], respectively. Finally, numerical tests are carried out to verify the proposed method. The outcome of the study is helpful to providing theoretical support for the research of frictional contact simulation within the framework of SPH.

Thermal vibration and transient response of magnetostrictive functionally graded material plates

Abstract The results of functionally graded material (FGM) plate with mounted magnetostrictive layer are investigated in thermal vibration and transient response by using the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method. The modified shear correction coefficient can be obtained based on the total strain energy equivalence principle. The computational real value solutions of Terfenol-D FGM plate with four edges in simply supported boundary conditions are obtained for the center displacement. Some parametric effects on the Terfenol-D FGM plates are analyzed, there are: shear correction coefficient values, thickness of mounted magnetostrictive layer, control gain values, temperature of environment and power law index of FGM. The effect of different mechanical boundary conditions on the results of numerical GDQ method is also investigated.

PSO Based Self-Tuning PID Pitch Control for Wind Power Generation System

Most variable speed wind turbines have pitch angle control mechanisms and one of their objectives is to protect turbines when the wind speed is too high. Pitch angle control is the most common means for adjusting the aerodynamic torque of the wind turbine when wind speed is above rated speed. The paper deals with optimal tuning of a PID controller for pitch angle control in wind turbines using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The particle swarm optimization is used for achieving the correction coefficient values of deviation which are sent to the controller so that the control effect of chlorination system is improved. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of proposed control strategy. System can eliminate the wind speed disturbance and provide good transient and robust performance.

Estimativa do tempo de vida útil de represa de pequeno porte

The purpose of this work is to compare two methods for time estimation of useful life for a small and shallow reservoir, located at Pirassununga's Municipal District, in São Paulo State/Brazil: sedimentometry and bathymetry. The model indicated a useful lifetime around 50 years for the studied dam. The values are between 51 year for the initial years of 1998/1999, and 46 year for the final years of 2004/2005, having an oscillation between years of 1999/2000, of 27 years, and 2000/2001, of 76 years. These differences probably are due to global climatic changes phenomena, and anthropomorphic activities in the region. The obtained results showed that it is possible to foresee useful lifetime for small dams through the sedimentometric method knowing the correction coefficient value (K'). The coefficient is calculated using time values of useful lifetime calculated by the sedimentometric and batimetric methods simultaneously, during the period of one year.

Quantitative Prediction of in Vivo Profiles of CYP3A4 Induction in Humans from in Vitro Results with a Reporter Gene Assay

Although primary human hepatocytes are commonly used for induction studies, the evaluation method is associated with several problems. More recently, a reporter gene assay has been suggested to be an alternative, although the contribution of only transfected nuclear receptors can be evaluated. The aim of the present study was to establish a method by which the extent of in vivo CYP3A4 induction in humans can be quantitatively predicted based on in vitro results with a reporter gene assay. From previous reports, we calculated in vivo induction ratios (R(in vivo)) caused by prototypical inducers based on the alterations in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of probe drugs. Next, we derived equations by which these R(in vivo) values can be predicted from the results of a reporter gene assay. To use the data obtained from a reporter gene assay, rifampicin was used as a reference drug. The correction coefficient (CC), which is used to quantitatively correlate the activity of inducers between in vitro and in vivo situations, was calculated by comparing the predicted data with the observed R(in vivo) values for rifampicin. With the calculated CC value, good correlations were found between the predicted and observed R(in vivo) values for other inducers such as phenobarbital, phenytoin, and omeprazole. Taken together, with the equations derived in the present study, we have been able to predict the extent of in vivo induction of human CYP3A4 by inducers in a time-dependent and quantitative manner from in vitro data.

Extractive-spectrophotometric determination of disopyramide and irbesartan in their pharmaceutical formulation

Picric acid, bromocresol green, bromothymol blue, cobalt thiocyanate and molybdenum(V) thiocyanate have been tested as spectrophotometric reagents for the determination of disopyramide and irbesartan. Reaction conditions have been optimized to obtain coloured comoplexes of higher sensitivity and longer stability. The absorbance of ion-pair complexes formed were found to increases linearity with increases in concentrations of disopyramide and irbesartan which were corroborated by correction coefficient values. The developed methods have been successfully applied for the determination of disopyramide and irbesartan in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. The common excipients and additives did not interfere in their determination. The results obtained by the proposed methods have been statistically compared by means of student t-test and by the variance ratio F-test. The validity was assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results were compared statistically with the official or reference methods showing a good agreement with high precision and accuracy.

Improved Estimation of the Soil Particle-size Distribution from Textural Data

It is possible to estimate the particle-size distribution using textural data with a proposed model by other investigators. The proposed model was based on clay, silt and one sand subclass (i.e. very fine plus fine sand fractions with an extreme radius of 125 μm). This model is easy to use, but requires values of very fine plus fine sand fractions. As for most conditions, only the value of all sand subclasses is available, it is proposed using radius of 999 μm (near radius of 1000 μm corresponded to the extreme value of the radius for sand particle in the United State Department of Agriculture system) instead of 125 μm for the extreme value of fine sand fraction for 50 different soils with various textures. Forty-four soils had silt content less than 60% and six soils had silt content more than 60%. The results indicated that for all soils, prediction of particle-size distribution was much better when using a radius of 999 μm then using a radius of 125 μm. Furthermore, for improving the results of predicted particle-size distribution using the radius of 999 μm, the ratios between the measured and predicted particle-size distribution for each radius of particle-size (1, 1·5, 2·5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 μm) were used for the soils with less and more than 60% silt content, separately. The results showed that the values of correction coefficients may be used for only the radii less than 25 μm (clay and silt contents). The results indicated that using the correction coefficients for 44 soils with less than 60% silt content tended to better or as well estimation of particle-size distribution for 30 soils (i.e. 68·2%), and tended to give a much better estimation of particle-size distribution in all six soils with more than 60% silt content.