Cleanliness Values Research Articles

Islamic Educational Values ​​in the Patuq Tradition:a Local Culture of Kuta Village, Central Lombok

This study examines the values ​​of Islamic religious education in a tradition called Patuq which is carried out after the death ceremony. With a qualitative approach and case study type, this research was conducted. Data were obtained from primary sources in the form of community leaders and family members, while supporting data were obtained from experts who are familiar with Lombok culture and religious institutions. The data collection used observation, interview and documentation techniques. While the analysis used the Miles and Huberman model. For data validity, triangulation of sources and methods was used. The results of this study show the values ​​of Islamic education in the Patuq tradition including; Shadaqah values, cooperation and solidarity, respect for the deceased, holiness and purity. The moral lessons that can be learned from this tradition are Patience, Obedience, Togetherness, Gratitude, Simplicity, and Self-Control. Each of these values ​​contributes to the development of character and spiritual understanding of the community, in line with broader Islamic teachings. Research on the Patuq tradition highlights the integration of social and cultural values ​​in Islamic education. This approach emphasizes cooperation, community involvement, and the importance of charitable practices. By connecting religious teachings with local customs, educators can strengthen students’ cultural and religious identities while promoting empathy and social responsibility. This approach encourages collaborative learning, deepens understanding of the afterlife, and instills values ​​of cleanliness and purity, as well as fostering well-rounded individuals who embody Islamic ethics in their interactions.

Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Tasawuf Dalam Membentuk Karakter Santri Di Era Globalisasi Di Pondok Pesantren Majma’al Bahroin Hubbul Wathon Minal Iman Losari Ploso Jombang

Sufismiis aiscientific discipline thatistudies theigood andibad ofitheisoul, as well as how to cleanse it of bad things and fill it with good qualities. This is done by performing suluk and journeying towards (the pleasure of) Allah SWT and leaving (prohibitions) towards (his commands). The Majma'al Bahrain Islamic Boarding School teaches the values of Sufism, leading students to have good and commendable behavior. Theiaim ofithe researchiis toifind outiwhether theimorals of Sufism which really need to be implemented in this era of globalization, whether the students have implemented them, to find out whether in the boarding school there has been a study of the values of Sufism apart from learning to recite the Koran and classical books and to find out how determined santri in tolabul ilmi at the cottage. This research method is taken from qualitativeiresearch methods,iresearch that isidescriptive ininature and tendsito useianalysis. Theitheoretical basisiis also usedias aiguide soithat theifocus ofithis qualitativeresearchi method is correct in accordance withithe factsiin theifield. not talking about facts but the facts are talking. Theiresults ofithe research areithat students in Islamic boarding schools, apart from studying the Koran and classical books, also need to instill the values of Sufism because apart from faith and Islam in religious teachings there is also ihsan, cultivating everyday traits such as zuhud, wara and sincerity will make students get blessings. knowledge for the future. The application of the values of repentance, asceticism, patience and wira'i will continue to be taught and practiced in the teachings of the Majma'aliBahroin HubbuliWathonMinaliIman LosariiPloso Jombang Islamic Boarding School, in this era of globalization character formation is not based on cleanliness values Therefore, it is feared that there will be a wrong intention in seeking knowledge, so researchers are taking part in ensuring that this does not happen among studentsiin theiera of globalization iniIslamic boarding schools.i

Kebersihan Dalam Prespektif Hadis: Studi Analisis Kebersihan Di Sekolah Dasar Karang Sari Kecamatan Medan Polonia

In the context of Islamic teachings, the values of cleanliness play an important role and these guidelines are found in the teachings of the Qur'an and hadith, so that humans are ordered to maintain cleanliness. In this study, the focus of the researcher is how the application of hygiene values based on the teachings of the hadith at SD Karang Sari Polonia and how students and teachers understand the hadith of hygiene. The purpose of this research is to find out the application of hygiene values based on the teachings of the hadith at Karang Sari Elementary School, and to find out the understanding of students and teachers towards the hadith of hygiene. The method used in this research is qualitative method, then data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The research used the hadith approach. Based on the results of the study, the application of hygiene values at SD Karang Sari Polonia can make a significant contribution to environmental cleanliness and student hygiene. SD Karang Sari has implemented the hadith curriculum and every day they do cleaning activities so that the school environment remains comfortable when used for learning, therefore SD Karang Sari has implemented hygiene values based on hadith. The understanding of teachers and students of Karang Sari Elementary School towards cleanliness in the perspective of hadith is sufficient both in text and substance.

Design and Assessment of a Small-Scale Machine for Cleaning Wheat Grains

Abstract A small-scale wheat cleaning machine was designed to winnow and separate grains from materials-other-than-grains (MOG), such as premature grains and chaff, in order to enhance the quality of grains. It was evaluated technically with respect to assessment criteria: cleanliness, grain loss, chaff rejection, and cleaning efficiency. Experiments were carried out at three levels of sieve slopes (5, 10, and 15°), two sieve reciprocating speeds (0.48 and 0.95 m·s−1), two levels of feed rates (1 and 1.5 kg·min−1), and three air velocities (5, 6 and 7 m·s−1). The results showed that, at sieve reciprocating speed of 0.95 m·s−1, the maximum cleanliness value was – 96.25% – observed at 1.5 kg·min−1 feed rate, 5 m·s−1 air velocity and 5° sieve slope. The minimum cleanliness value – 76.82% – was observed at a feed rate of 1 kg·min−1, 15° sieve slope, 7 m·s−1 air velocity, and 0.48 m·s−1 sieve reciprocating speed. The results showed that the use of either a very low, or a very high sieve slope angle and sieve reciprocating speed while using different air velocities and feed rates is not recommended.

Health and Work Conditions of Garbage Collectors: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Waste is considered everything that has lost utility after being use; therefore, it no longer has value to a person or a community. After objects have lost their value, they need to be removed from homes, workplaces, stores, markets, etc. Hence, waste collectors remove the garbage left on the streets and allocate it to appropriate places. From a historical perspective, waste disposal is closely related to consumption and values of cleanliness, purity, and organization of the current society. Objective: To analyze health and work conditions of waste collectors and the association of these parameters with the length of service. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 112 participants. Questionnaires addressing sociodemographic, work, and health conditions were used. The analysis of the association between health conditions and length of service was performed using Fisher's exact test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the length of service (more than two years) and a higher occurrence of injuries such as sharp injuries (p <0.001), headache (p = 0.036), back pain (p = 0.008) and work leave (p = 0.021). Conclusion: The working health conditions of waste collectors described in this study are associated with back pain, headache, and work and sick leave.

Implementasi Pemasangan Reklame Berdasarkan Peraturan Walikota Denpasar Nomor 3 Tahun 2014 tentang Penyelenggaraan Reklame

The implementation of billboards through their installation at this time still does not follow the procedures regulated by the existing legal regulations, resulting in an impression of disorder along roads in Denpasar City which are considered to be damaging to aesthetic and cleanliness values due to poor arrangement. Basically the function of billboards is to convey information, but if there is an irregularity in the installation, the public is reluctant to see the contents of it, so legal rules are needed related to this issue. This method used is empirical research, then the approach is carried out sociologically. Primary data from this research is by conducting interviews with the Denpasar City Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP). In addition, the use of Denpasar Mayor Regulation Number 3 of 2014 concerning the Implementation of Advertising. to literature books, related journals also help this research. The result of the research indicates that IMB-R and SIPR can only be issued according to the needs of the advertisement organizer based on the Regulation of the Mayor of Denpasar Number 3 of 2014, in controlling billboards that do not have IMB-R and SIPR permits based on the Regulation of the Mayor of Denpasar Number 3 of 2014 carried out by the Organization. The Regional Government of Denpasar City based on the Decree of the Mayor of Denpasar Number 188.45 / 422 / HK / 2013 concerning the formation of a team for organizing the Denpasar City billboard. Controlling the installation of billboards, namely written warnings to advertisement organizers and demolition of billboards.

Large Multisite Clinical Field Study Characterizing Contamination Levels in Patient Used Endoscopes After Manual Cleaning

Background: Multiple outbreaks multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) have been associated with flexible endoscopes resulting in unacceptable patient mortality and morbidity. Evidence highlights the importance of effective cleaning to achieve effective high-level disinfection (HLD). This study presents an analysis of >700,000 measurements of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) contamination levels found in flexible endoscopes after manual cleaning. Method: This 2018–2019 study consists of 702,768 measurements of ATP levels found in the suction/biopsy channel of instruments used on patients after manual cleaning: gastroscopes (267,533 measurements from 223 sites), duodenoscopes (123,697 measurements from 161 sites), colonoscopes (252,249 measurements from 229 sites), and bronchoscopes (59,289 measurements from 107 sites). Sites were located across the United States and employed protocols that included routine cleaning verification performed by the reprocessing technicians using a handheld luminometer and the associated ATP water test (3M Clean-Trace). Results: Figure 1 shows a boxplot analysis of the ATP levels by endoscope type. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopes (gastroscopes and duodenoscopes) show a significantly (P < .005) greater level of ATP contamination after manual cleaning. The pairwise mean differences are all significant (P < .005) except for colonoscopes when compared to bronchoscopes (P = .203). Also shown on Fig. 1 is a literature supported adequate cleanliness value of 200 RLUs [=2.3log(RLUs)] (MJ Alfa et al.; Am J Infec Control 2013;41:245–253 and ANSI/AAMI ST91; 2015). A 95% confidence interval analysis performed against this literature value (Table 1) showed that a high number of gastroscopes (12%) and duodenoscopes (10%) are not adequately clean. Figure 2 shows a box-plot analysis of the data set by endoscope type and by site. There is significant (P < .005) site-to-site variability for all endoscope types as demonstrated by variation in mean values, box size, and many outliers. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of using a quantitative cleaning verification method to better understand process capability and to provide more robust quality assurance for manual cleaning. Significant differences were detected in the level of cleanliness between upper GI scopes and lower GI scopes and bronchoscopes. When compared to a literature-supported level for adequate cleanliness, upper GI scopes exhibited failure rates in excess of 10%. Furthermore, significant site-to-site variability occurred, and many outliers fell well beyond the normal process envelope, representing significant cleaning lapses. Root causes to these concerning findings could range from inadequate execution of the cleaning protocol, to device design, to age and existing damage that could prevent achieving adequate cleaning and possibly impair the effectiveness of HLD.Funding: NoneDisclosures: Marco Bommarito, 3M (salary)

Social Development in the Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study of Street Vendors in Pasar Minggu, Jakarta

This article seeks to provide an alternative solutions for development for the informal street vendors in South Jakarta, with special focus on markets in the district of Pasar Minggu . Street vendors (PKL) often deal directly with government policies such as the arrest and confiscations , but on the other hand street vendors are able to safeguard and contribute to the economy of the urban poor. The social development framework with structural, cultural and process elements emphasizes the inclusiveness of development to improve the quality of life of the community as a whole. Social development offers the concept of a social process that is more flexible in establishing dialogue between policy holders and the community so that it can result in to a new culture (internalization) and new regulations (institutionalization). This article combines qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the meaning of street vendors in dealing with structuring and measuring the levels or achievements obtained from the existing dynamics of the structure, culture and social processes. This study reveals that both political and social structures in the case of street vendors ha ve not been provided . T he absence of policies issued by the government to support the PKL economy was the reflection of such problem . However, there have been evidence that the government started to focus on the minimization of acts of violence in the process of controlling street vendors and began to instill the values ​​of cleanliness and regularity in street vendors' behavior. This was accompanied with the enhancing of the social process characterized by the existence of deliberations with the limited number of the representations of the street vendors.

Modelling photovoltaic soiling losses through optical characterization

The accumulation of soiling on photovoltaic (PV) modules affects PV systems worldwide. Soiling consists of mineral dust, soot particles, aerosols, pollen, fungi and/or other contaminants that deposit on the surface of PV modules. Soiling absorbs, scatters, and reflects a fraction of the incoming sunlight, reducing the intensity that reaches the active part of the solar cell. Here, we report on the comparison of naturally accumulated soiling on coupons of PV glass soiled at seven locations worldwide. The spectral hemispherical transmittance was measured. It was found that natural soiling disproportionately impacts the blue and ultraviolet (UV) portions of the spectrum compared to the visible and infrared (IR). Also, the general shape of the transmittance spectra was similar at all the studied sites and could adequately be described by a modified form of the Ångström turbidity equation. In addition, the distribution of particles sizes was found to follow the IEST-STD-CC 1246E cleanliness standard. The fractional coverage of the glass surface by particles could be determined directly or indirectly and, as expected, has a linear correlation with the transmittance. It thus becomes feasible to estimate the optical consequences of the soiling of PV modules from the particle size distribution and the cleanliness value.

Empowering and Fostering Creative Industries Entrepreneurs Based on Local Wisdom of Malay Deli

This research aimed to provide an empowerment medium to the people of Medan city through fostering graffiti drawing base on the local wisdom of Malay Deli as a form of creative entrepreneurship. Employing a qualitative method, this research collected the data through observation, interview and documentation. The results showed that graffiti art creativity may be used as a medium to introduce and revitalize Malay Deli local wisdom values through the use of the icon Pak Belalang and Malay Deli Pantun. The icon Pak Belalang in this research served to be an informative, communicative and motivative icon in introducing and preserving Malay Deli Pantun. Malay Deli Pantun in this research has the local wisdom values of Malay Cultures such as moral values including the values of responsibility, tolerance, hard work, democratic and nationality, ethical values including the values of cleanliness, security,order, beauty and kinship and norms values including the norms of legal, morality, decency, and habit. Therefore, it can be concluded that empowering and fostering Medan people to become independent and creative entrepreneurs can be conducted by optimising the graffiti drawing creatifity in making the souvenirs based on local wisdom of Malay Deli using Pak belalang icon and pantuns of Malay Deli.

Measurement of Particles in Molten Al–Si Alloys Applying the Ultrasonic Technique

The present study was undertaken to investigate the capacity of the ultrasonic technique for measuring various particles in liquid aluminum and commercial 356 alloy at two different temperatures each. Particles of TiB2, AlSr, Al3Ti, and Al2O3 were studied using a Metalvision MV20/20 ultrasonic machine. The data provided plots of (1) the cleanliness value, (2) average particle size, and (3) particle count for each particle size range, as a function of testing time. An examination of the microstructure of solidified samples obtained from samplings of the melt was also carried out using Jeol JXA-8900L electron probe microanalyzer. Other techniques, including the liquid metal cleanliness analyzer and all the filtration techniques, can only detect TiB2 particulates when the concentration is very low (less than 10 ppm B). By applying the ultrasonic technique, measurements may be conducted properly for concentrations as high as 90 ppm B; thus, the ultrasonic technique provides an improved alternative for the measurement of TiB2 particulates in liquid aluminum. This fact is of significance, since particles are invariably present because the addition of TiB2 is essential to the grain-refining processes used for aluminum alloys.

ATP bioluminescence method: tool for rapid screening of organic and microbial contaminants on deteriorated mural paintings

The extent of the microbial contamination of the seventeenth-century wall paintings in the nave of the old Church of the Holy Ascension (Veliki Krčimir, Serbia) was evaluated via newly implemented ATP bioluminescence method, and traditional cultivation-based method, utilising commercially available dip slides. To assess the validity of ATP, as a biomarker for rapid detection of mural surface contamination, obtained zones of cleanliness values, in range from 1.0 to 5.3, were compared to documented total microbial counts, ranging between seven and 247 CFU/cm2. Small coefficients of determination, 0.0106–0.0385, suggest poor correlation between microbial counts and surface ATP levels; however, zones of cleanliness values are of great help in determining the high points of contamination, aka ‘hotspots’, which should be given special attention during sampling and investigation using other methods. In addition, various aspects of the possible implementation of the ATP bioluminescence method in an integrated system of wall painting conservation are discussed.

Emergence and Acceptance of Sharing Economy in India

India is a developing country, socially and culturally unique, fast adapting to international trends. The paper explores the sharing economy through the case of Airbnb, rooms & apartment renting service online, its emergence in India where it is yet to find a “share of mind”. It focuses on consumer understanding of sharing economy, openness to trial, factors used to evaluate such services over existing services. The qualitative study includes Netnography and in-depth interviews to understand the opinion of people online and the level of awareness and perception about sharing economy and Airbnb. Netnography shows that online reviews play a major role in decision-making prior to trial. In-depth interviews show that first time users, rely more on WOM and consider online reviews post a satisfactory transaction. Locations, safety, comfort, cleanliness value for money are confirmed. The study has implications for marketers of such services at India and is useful to create a win-win situation with the design of consumer driven marketing strategies.

Multivariate analysis of the cleaning efficacy of different final irrigation techniques in the canal and isthmus of mandibular posterior teeth

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the cleaning efficacy of different final irrigation regimens in canal and isthmus of mandibular molars, and to evaluate the influence of related variables on cleaning efficacy of the irrigation systems.Materials and MethodsMesial root canals from 60 mandibular molars were prepared and divided into 4 experimental groups according to the final irrigation technique: Group C, syringe irrigation; Group U, ultrasonics activation; Group SC, VPro StreamClean irrigation; Group EV, EndoVac irrigation. Cross-sections at 1, 3 and 5 mm levels from the apex were examined to calculate remaining debris area in the canal and isthmus spaces. Statistical analysis was completed by using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test for comparison among groups, and multivariate linear analysis to identify the significant variables (regular replenishment of irrigant, vapor lock management, and ultrasonic activation of irrigant) affecting the cleaning efficacy of the experimental groups.ResultsGroup SC and EV showed significantly higher canal cleanliness values than group C and U at 1 mm level (p < 0.05), and higher isthmus cleanliness values than group U at 3 mm and all levels of group C (p < 0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that all variables had independent positive correlation at 1 mm level of canal and at all levels of isthmus with statistical significances.ConclusionsBoth VPro StreamClean and EndoVac system showed favorable result as final irrigation regimens for cleaning debris in the complicated root canal system having curved canal and/or isthmus. The debridement of the isthmi significantly depends on the variables rather than the canals.

In vitro evaluation of cleaning efficacy of various irrigation methods in mandibular molars

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of various irrigation methods in the mandibular mesial roots. The forty five mesial root canals were shaped by Profile .06 instruments to apical size #30 and irrigated with 5 ml of 3.5% NaOCl. The teeth were divided into 3 groups and irrigated finally for 1 minute; Group 1: syringe irrigation, Group 2: ultrasonic irrigation, Group 3: RinsEndo irrigation. After histological processing, the cross sections of apical 1, 3, and 5 mm level were examined with an optical microscope. The cleanliness values of canals and isthmuses were calculated and analyzed by MannWhitney U test. 1. There were no significant differences in both canal and isthmus cleanliness between syringe irrigation and ultrasonic irrigation except 5 mm level of isthmus. 2. RinsEndo irrigation had significantly higher canal cleanliness values than syringe irrigation at 1 mm and 3 mm levels (p < 0.05). Also, RinsEndo irrigation had significantly higher isthmus cleanliness values than syringe irrigation at all levels evaluated (p < 0.05). 3. There were no statistical differences in both canal and isthmus cleanliness between ultrasonic irrigation and RinsEndo irrigation except 3 mm level of canal. From this study, RinsEndo irrigation can be useful as an additional irrigation procedure.

The In Vivo Evaluation of Hand/Rotary/Ultrasound Instrumentation in Necrotic, Human Mandibular Molars

This in vivo, prospective, randomized, single-blinded study histologically compared biofilm/necrotic debridement efficiency of a hand/rotary technique versus a hand/rotary/1 min ultrasound technique in the mesial roots of necrotic, human mandibular molars. The hand/rotary group consisted of 20 mesial roots. The hand/rotary/ultrasound group consisted of 20 mesial roots prepared with the same hand/rotary technique followed by 1 min of ultrasonic irrigation, per canal, utilizing an ultrasonic needle in a MiniEndo unit. Following extraction, histologic preparation and staining, 0.2 mum cross-sections from the 1- to 3-mm apical levels were evaluated for percentage of biofilm/necrotic debris removal. Cleanliness results at the 1-, 2- and 3-mm levels for the hand/rotary and hand/rotary/ultrasound techniques, respectively, were: Canals, 80% versus 95%, 92% versus 99%, and 95% versus 100%; Isthmuses, 33% versus 83%, 31% versus 86%, 45% versus 91%. Statistical analysis revealed mean percent canal and isthmus cleanliness values to be significantly higher for hand/rotary/ultrasound technique at all levels evaluated.

“The Unbearable Lightness of Cleaning”: Representations of Domestic Practice and Products in Good Housekeeping Magazine (UK): 1951–2001

In this paper we begin to open the black box that constitutes the organisation of domestic cleaning and consumption in the latter half of the twentieth century. We focus specifically on change and continuity in the manner in which cleaning practices and cleaning products are represented in the UK woman's magazine Good Housekeeping, in the late modern period. After a discussion of the modern history of cleanliness, we proceed with a rationale for why this magazine was chosen for our analysis, followed by a summary of our methodology. We then argue that three phases of representation may be delineated in the time period we investigated. The first phase, which is apparent in the 1951 and 1961 issues, we have named “pride in domestic practice” and it covers a period when, what we call “the women's lobby”, speaks in a uniform voice about the tasks of the housewife and the purpose of domestic cleaning. The second phase, manifest in the 1971 and 1981 issues, is termed “domestic dreaming”, and it heralds a period when Good Housekeeping calls its readership to dream about the potentials of a transformed consumer culture. The third phase, which is evident in some respects in 1981, but which is more clearly present in 1991 and 2001, we have called “modern advising in a late modern world”. During this period, Good Housekeeping settles into a new role as a modern advisor of cleaning products and practices within the context of a world that poses significant complexities. Our discussion also focuses on how three values of cleanliness; that associated with germs, aesthetics and efficiency/ease are present in the magazine. Our analysis is contextualised in relation to the cultural silencing of cleanliness in this period and related to social and cultural changes associated with feminism and consumer culture.

In Vivo Debridement Efficacy of Ultrasonic Irrigation Following Hand-Rotary Instrumentation in Human Mandibular Molars

This study histologically compared the in vivo debridement efficacy of hand/rotary canal preparation versus a hand/rotary/ultrasound technique in mesial root canals of vital mandibular molars. Group 1 consisted of 16 teeth prepared with a hand/rotary technique whereas group 2 consisted of 15 teeth prepared in similar fashion but followed by 1 min of ultrasonic irrigation, per canal, utilizing an ultrasonic needle in a MiniEndo unit. Five uninstrumented mandibular molars served as histologic controls. After extraction and histologic preparation, 0.5 μm cross-sections, taken every 0.2 mm from the 1- to 3-mm apical levels, were evaluated for percentage of tissue removal. Nonparametric analysis revealed mean percent canal and isthmus cleanliness values to be significantly higher for group 2 at all levels evaluated, except one. In conclusion, the 1 min use of the ultrasonic needle after hand/rotary instrumentation resulted in significantly cleaner canals and isthmuses in the mesial roots of mandibular molars.

State of the Art in Evaluation and Control of Steel Cleanliness.

This paper first reviews the current “state-of-the-art” in the evaluation of steel cleanliness, discussing over 20 different methods. The demand for cleaner steels requires lowering non-metallic oxide inclusions and also controlling their morphology, composition and size distribution. Because no single method can measure all of these aspects accurately, it is best to combine several methods together to quantify steel cleanliness in a given operation. Owing to the cost, time requirements, and sampling difficulties, steel cleanliness is widely inferred using total oxygen, nitrogen pick-up, and other indirect methods. Recent cleanliness values using these indicators are summarized for LCAK at many steel plants around the world. Secondly, this paper reviews operating practices to improve steel cleanliness at the ladle, tundish and continuous caster, emphasizing findings quantified with plant measurements. Inclusions come from many sources, including deoxidation, reoxidation, slag entrapment, refractory wear, and chemical reactions. They generate many defects such as cracks and slivers in the steel product. Steel cleanliness is controlled by attention to a wide range of important operating conditions throughout the steelmaking and casting processes. For ladle operations, FeO and MnO in the slag, ladle treatments, and inclusion modification are discussed. For tundish operations, tundish depth and capacity, casting transitions, refractory lining, tundish flux; gas stirring, and flow controls are discussed. Important transfer operations from ladle to tundish and from tundish to mold, such as argon protection, sealing issues, and SEN clogging are summarized. Caster operations reviewed include the effect of casting speed, fluid flow pattern control, surface level control, and caster curvature.

Catherine E. Kelly, In the New England Fashion: Reshaping Women's Lives in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. ix + 258 pp. $39.95 cloth.

In the opening pages of her clearly written and nuanced book on the emergence of the provincial middle classes, Catherine Kelly notes that nineteenth-century Americans held two seemingly different visions of the New England town. While some lauded the New England town as a source of order and stability, others condemned it as stagnant and parochial. What the casual observer misses, according to Kelly, is that these visions rested on a shared belief that the New England town had remained untouched by market culture, somehow avoiding the changes wrought by capitalism. Historians have devoted considerable attention to the processes that transformed rural New England in the nineteenth century, stressing the transformative effects of the “market revolution” on economic and social relations. Despite living in the midst of these enormous changes, Kelly's observers focused primarily on continuity—seeing in the New England town the persistence of preindustrial values of cleanliness, social harmony, and stability. Rather than dismissing these visions as mere “pastoral fantasy,” Kelly interprets them as expressions of profound anxiety, generated by an emerging provincial middle class in the throes of negotiating the transition from a household economy to a commercialized one. Ultimately, however, their expressions of resistance would prove pivotal in the spread of bourgeois culture and in the perpetuation of capitalist social relations.