Organic Matter Digestibility Values Research Articles

Studi Kecernaan dan Konsumsi Pakan pada Kambing Peranak Etawah Jantan Muda yang diberi Pakan Hijauan Mengandung Tannin Kondensasi

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using various levels of forage sengon leaves (Albizia falcataria) as a source of condensed tannin on dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), digestible dry matter intake (DDMI), digestible organic matter intake (DOMI), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and organic matter digestibility (OMD). This study used sixteen young male ettawa cross-breed goats aged 8–12 months with an average body weight range of 19±1.8 kg. The study was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and four bodyweight groups as replicates. Diet treatments consisted of R0: 60% Brachiaria mutica (BM) + 0% A. falcataria (AF) Leaf + 40% Concentrate (CON), R1: 50% BM + 10% AF Leaf + 40% Concentrate, R2: 40% BM + 20% AF Leaf + 40% CON, and R3: 30% BM + 30% AF Leaf + 40% CON. The results showed that the use of sengon leaves as a source of condensed tannin in diets significantly (P 0.05) reduced DMI, OMI, DDMI, and DOMI but did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect DMD and OMD values. This study concluded that AF leaf as a forage source containing condensed tannin made up as much as 30%, or equivalently, 50%, of the forage in the diet of young male ettawa cross-breed goats without having any effect on diet intake or digestibility.

Effects of organic acid treated legume forages on in vitro degradability values

In this context, we aimed to investigate the effects of varying levels of Fumaric Acid (Fu), Malic Acid (Ma), Formic Acid (Fo), and their combinations on in-vitro degradability parameters, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) of alfalfa (Medicago polymorphia), white clover (Trifolium repens) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). Obtained data were analyzed as a completely randomized 3×8 factorial design, with GLM using SAS 9.4. The effects of legume forages and their interacion with organic acid were significant on ME, NEL and OMD values (p<0.05, p<0.01). in such a way that fumaric acid was led to an increase NEL. All of the parameters, except ME and OMD, were affected by organic acids (p<0.01). To conclude, utilization of organic acids could increase NEL, reduce the fermentation of insoluble fraction (b) and potential extent of gas production (a+b) from ruminants and reduce rapidly soluble fraction (a) (malic acid treatment only).

Variety and Digestibility of Forages Fed to Sacrificial-goats: A Preliminary Study in Mataram City

The study evaluated the variety and digestibility of forages fed to sacrificial-goats in Mataram. The study was carried out by direct observation method. A total of 20 points vendors selling sacrificial goats were used as sampling locations. From all stall selling point, all types of forage as feed were collected. The collected feed samples were identified and tested for digestibility. The results showed that Turi (Sesbania glandiflora) leaves had the highest Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD), which was 65.54%, compared to the DMD of other forage samples, while the lowest DMD was obtained of Gayam (Inocarpus fagifer) leaves, which was 24.86% (P<0.05). As with the DMD value, the highest organic matter digestibility (OMD) was by Turi (61.08%) and the lowest OMD obtain by Gayam which had an OMD value of 11.85% (P<0.05). The OMD of Waru leaves (48.68%) was not different but does not show any difference of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) leaves (44.73%). It was concluded that among the ten forages offered by vendor to sacrificial-goats; by order of their digestibility, Turi (Sesbania glandiflora), Waru, (Hibiscus tiliaceus), and Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) leaves produced the highest DMD and OMD.

Potential of indigenous legume fodder tree and shrubs to animal feed and mitigation of methane emission in the semi‐humid condition of southern Ethiopia

AbstractThe study was conducted to investigate the in vitro gas production characteristics and methane (CH4) emission potential of indigenous legume fodder trees and shrubs (ILFTS). The most predominant 11 ILFTS species were selected, and leaves and fruit/pod samples were collected, oven dried, and ground. The potential leaf biomass yield (PBY), dry matter (DM), ether extract, digestible crude protein, carbohydrate (CHO), acid detergent lignin, ash, total phenol, condensed tannin, gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy (ME), gas production characteristics, CH4 emissions, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) were determined. ANOVA and independent t test were used to examine variation among species in plants nature and between fruits and pods within agroecosystems, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to determine relationships among parameters. The study indicated that only DM and CHO showed substantial variation in nutritional quality parameters among trees, shrubs, and fruit/pods in the lowlands. Fruits/pods and trees displayed significant differences in gas production characteristics in the lowlands, unlike shrubs, which had non‐substantial variations. Moreover, the PBY, CH4 emission, OMD, and ME of ILFTS revealed substantial variation (P < .05) with species and among trees, shrubs, and fruits/pods in both agroecosystems. Besides, CH4 production showed a positive significant correlation with gas volume and (b) substantiating the effect of rate and degree of fiber fermentation on CH4 emission. It was discovered that there was a positive significant correlation between the 6 and 24 h incubation period, (c) which substantiated the need for optimal microbial density and substrate for high rate constant gas production of b (c). In conclusion, ILFTS produce considerable biomass rich in nutrients but vary in the degradability of CHO with plant nature, species, and forage origin. This elicits differences in gas production characteristics and CH4 emission with in vitro fermentation, resulting in differences in the corresponding OMD, ME, and SCFA values.

Prediction of the nutritive value of whole plants and morphological fractions of forage sunflower by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and empirical equations

This technical note sought to examine the ability of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the chemical content and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of whole plants and the morphological components of forage sunflower. Empirical models for the prediction of OMD values from chemical components were developed, and their predictive ability vs. NIRS models was assessed. The total set of samples (n=147) was composed of whole plants (n=14) and morphological components (n=133) from different experiments performed at Galicia (Spain) and were scanned using a Foss NIR System 6500 instrument. The reference values of OMD corresponded to in vitro determinations (n=112 samples) from laboratory incubation tests using rumen fluid. The predictive capacity of the NIRS models was assessed by the coefficient of determination value in external validation (r2 ), showing good to excellent quality prediction of OMD and chemical components with values of r2 ≥0.88. However, the estimation of lignin did not show predictive utility (r2 =0.40). Using the NIRS models to predict the OMD of whole plants and morphological components of forage sunflower led to a decrease in the standard error in external validation, in contrast to the best empirical equation through the chemical components of samples (from ±8.25 to ±3.23%). This technical note showed that NIRS is a suitable technology, providing a rapid assessment of forage sunflower. However, these results should be considered preliminary, as they are based on a limited number of samples, and it is desirable to improve the performance of NIRS equations by increasing the dataset in future works.

PHYSICAL QUALITY, IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, AND FERMENTATION PRODUCTS OF SILAGE RICE STRAW ADDED VARIOUS TYPES OF LEGUMINOSE


 
 
 This study aims to determine the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3, and total VFA of rice straw silage added with various legumes. This research was conducted at Farm Sesetan and at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry Udayana University from No- vember to December 2020. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications were P0 (90% rice straw + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P1 (60% rice straw + 30% Calliandra calothyrsus + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P2 (60% rice straw + 30% Gliricidia sepium + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P3 (60% rice straw + 30% Indigofera zollingeriana + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P4 (60% rice straw + 30% Sesbania grandiflora + 5% pollard + 5% mollases). The results showed that the best values for color, odor, and fungus were obtained in tre- atment P0, P1, and P4. Texture variable got the best value in treatment P0, P1, P2, and P3. The highest of dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility values were in the P4. The highest production of total VFA and N-NH3 was produced in treatment P1 and P2. Based on the research results, the addition of various types of legumes added to the rice straw silage can improve the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3 and total VFA of the silage.
 
 

Predicción del valor nutricional de sorgo para forraje mediante espectroscopia de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) y ecuaciones empíricas

In the present work it is studied the predictive ability of NIRS for the estimation of chemical composition (n=171) and organic matter digestibility (n=71) of whole plants forage sorghum and morphological components, being developed empirical equations based on chemical parameters to estimate the organic matter digestibility (OMD) values and compared the predictive ability of empirical models vs. NIRS equations. The predictive ability of NIRS models for estimating the OMD and chemical composition showed high reliability, according to the coefficient of determination in external validation (r²≥0.90), whilst the ratio of the standard deviation of the original data to standard error of external validation (RPD) values were higher than 3.0 for all parameters studied. Applying NIRS models to the prediction of OMD of whole plants and morphological components of forage sorghum led to the reduction in the standard error of external validation, in comparison of the best empirical model based on the chemical composition of samples (from ±3.9 to ±1.9%). It is concluded that the NIRS equations developed in the present work are valuable tools for the fast and accurate assessment of the nutritive value of the whole plant and components of forage sorghum.

Performance and nutrient digestibility of kacang goats fed with fermented sago waste

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of feeding fermented sago waste on production performance and nutrient digesbility of male kacang goats. The study employed a randomized block design, with 4 dietary treatments, i.e, of Field Grass (FG), Fermented Sago Waste (FSW) and Concentrate. The treatments were: T0 = 60% FG + 0% FSW + concentrate, T1 = 45% FG + 15% FSW + concentrate, T2 = 30% FG + 30% FSW + concentrate, and T3 = 15% FG + 45% FSW + concentrate. Each treatment consisted of three groups, so that the number of experimental units were 12 kacang goats which were grouped according to body weight between 18-23 kg. The results showed that dietary inclusion of FSW to substitute FG increased (P<0.05) feed intake, ADG, feed efficiency, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of kacang goats. However, the inclusion at T1 and T2 decreased (P<0.05) the R/C ratio in comparison to control group. The T3 treatment produced the highest ADG, DMD and OMD values. In conclusion, FSW is able to replace FG and therefore potential to be used as a forage source for ruminants in West Kalimantan.

PENGARUH PERBEDAAN VARIETAS DAN STARTER PADA SILASE TEBON JAGUNG TERHADAP KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING DAN KECERNAAN BAHAN ORGANIK SECARA IN VITRO

This study aimed to determine the dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) in forage corn silage with two varieties (BISI-18 and NK-212) given two types of starter (molasses and bran). This research was conducted in May—August 2019 at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. In vitro analysis of dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility by Tilley and Terry (1963). The experimental design used was factorial 2x2 in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 3 replications. The factors studied were (1) corn stover varieties which consisted of two varieties (BISI-18 and NK-212) and (2) starter which consisted of two types of starter (molasses and bran). The results of this study indicate that there was no interaction (P&gt;0,05) between the use of varieties of corn forage and starter sugar cane the dry matter digestibility, and organic matter digestibility. Duncan furher test, the use of different corn forage varieties has a significant effect (P&lt;0,05) on silage the the dry matter digestibility, and organic matter digestibility. The best DMD value is found in the BISI-18 variety (59.07%) and The best OMD value is found in the BISI-18 variety (58.20%). The use of different types of starter has no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on the determine the dry matter digestibility, and organic matter digestibility of silage.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Corn Forage, Digestion, Dry matter, Organic matter, Silage

Determination of Nutritional Value of Alfalfa Varieties and Lines by Using the In Vitro Method and Gas Production Technique

This study was organized to determine the nutritional value of different alfalfa varieties and lines selected within the scope of the “Cukurova Region Alfalfa Breeding Project”, conducted at the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, by using the in vitro gas production technique. In the project, Nimet was certified as a new variety. The used alfalfa lines were YSH 26-12, YSH 23-9, YSH 21-1, YSH 27-9, YSH 37-12, YSH 35-11, YSH 28-6, YSH 16-11, YSH 14-3, and YSH 11-4. The certified Nimet variety was used as a control. Alfalfas have been harvested in April, at the beginning of blooming. Chemical composition, metabolic energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL), and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the certified Nimet variety with 10 different alfalfa lines used in the experiment were determined by Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique. The incubation times in the Hohenheim gas production technique are 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96th hours. Crude protein (CP), crude cellulose (CC), NDF, and ADF contents of the alfalfa varieties and lines ranged between 19.06-22.40%, 24.90-33.30%, 33.16-45.73%, and 30.77-39.75%, respectively. After 96-hour incubation, the highest total gas production (GP) was found at the YSH 11-4 line (45.32 ml) (P &lt; 0.05). While ME, OMD and NEL contents were found to be high at the YSH 11-4 line, ME and OMD values were statistically different from the YSH 28-6, YSH 16-11, YSH 14-3, and YSH 21-1 lines. On the other hand, NEL values were determined different from YSH 23-9, YSH 21-1, YSH 28-6, YSH 16-11, YSH 14-3 lines.

Prediction of quality of total mixed ration for dairy cows by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and empirical equations

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the predictive ability of NIRS for the estimation of the chemical composition and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of total mixed rations (TMR) for dairy cows. Moreover, herein, empirical equations based on chemical parameters were developed for calculating the OMD. Samples were collected from Galician dairy farms and were scanned in duplicate a Foss NIRSystem 6500 monochromator (1100-2500 nm). The predictive ability of NIRS models was evaluated according to the coefficient of determination in external validation ( 2). High 2 (equal to or higher than 0.90) was shown in predicting chemical composition, however, the estimation of OMD was acceptable ( 2 = 0.83). The ability of the NIRS models for estimating the chemical composition was considered excellent, with the ratio performance deviation of external validation () higher than 3.0, allowing for quantitative predictions. The estimation of the OMD value by NIRS was considered acceptable ( = 2.5), and led to reduction in the standard error of external validation, in comparison of the best empirical model based on the chemical composition of samples (from ± 2.06% to ± 1.89%). Therefore, this study demonstrated that the NIRS is an effective technology for the rapid and precise nutritional evaluation of TMR in Galicia.

Fermentation Quality and Nutritional Traits of Cluster Bean-Maize Mixture Silages

In present study, effects of different mixture ratios of cluster bean (CB) and maize (M) on silage fermentation and nutritional traits were investigated. Based on dry matter (DM) ratios, maize and cluster bean plants were mixed in five different ratios (100% M, 75% M+25% CB, 50% M+50% CB, 25% M+75% CB and 100% CB). Pure maize, cluster bean and mixture were ensiled for 60 days. Effects of mixture ratios on investigated traits were found to be highly significant (p≤0.01). Increasing silage DM, ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), lactic acid, gas-methane production, metabolizable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) values and decreasing pH levels were observed with increasing maize ratio of the mixtures. Increasing silage crude oil (CO), crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) content and volatile fatty acids (acetic, butyric and propionic) were observed with increasing cluster bean ratio of the mixtures. Present findings revealed that improvements were achieved in DM, pH, nutritional traits and ME of the silages with mixtures of maize and cluster bean. It was concluded that 25, 50 and 75% maize ratios in mixtures provided significant contributions to silage quality.

An in vitro Evaluation of the Silages in White Mulberry Pomace/Meadow Grass mixtures containing different levels of White Mulberry Pomace

This study was conducted to determine the in vitro gas production (GP), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and energy values of ensiled white mulberry pomace (WMP), meadow grass (MG), and the mixtures of the two crops at three different ratios. The silages in WMP/MG mixtures containing 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0% WMP were evaluated by using of ANKOMRF GP system. It was observed that increasing levels of WMP in the silages enhanced GP. Whereas the OMD value of WMP silage was highest (53.27%) among all silages, MG silage was the lowest (47.83%). Higher ME, NEL, and OMD values were obtained in WMP and MG mixture silage at a ratio of 75:25 compared with the other mixtures. The results indicated that the OMD, ME, NEL, and non-fiber carbohydrate values were positively correlated with GP-24 h (r=0.981, r=0.966, r=0.981, and r=0.957, respectively). The results of the study showed that the OMD and energy values of WMP100/MG silage were higher than the other silages. In addition, since ensiling of WMP with MG at different ratios will be resulted in increases in OMD and energy values of WMP/MG silages, incorporating unusual silages like WMP/MG silage into diets may provide a benefit to reduce in cost of livestock production.

The application of total mixed ration with iso protein and different TDN levels on the productivity of Simmental crossbred cattle

The objective of research was to know the levels of digestibility and fermentability between breeders feed and iso-protein-based feed. A randomized Complete Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications based in the iso-protein with different levels of Total Digest Nutrient (TDN) was employed. Research on amber hay and concentrate combined into “Complete Feed” was conducted. The treatment with T0 = Complete feed (6% CP+ 60% TDN), T1 = Complete (12% CP+ 60% TDN), T2 = Complete feed (12% CP+63% TDN), T2 = Complete feed (12% CP+ 66% TDN) and T4 = Complete feed ((12% CP+ 69% TDN) was given. The parameters observed were dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), volatile fatty acid (VFA), NH3, dry matter intake, CP intake, TDN intake, daily weight gain (DWG), and feed efficiency. The result of complete feed application on Simental Crossbreed Intake of DM T0 and T2 was significantly different, but the CP intake and DWG was not significantly different. TDN intake, conversion, and feed efficiency of feed T0 to all treatments were significantly different (P <0.05). Feeding is recommended using CP 12% and TDN 63% (T2). The results showed that vitro feed analysis was not significantly different (P> 0,05%) in terms of DMD, OMD, NH3 and VFA values.

The Effect of Some Vegetable Oils Added to Dairy Calf Rations on In Vitro Feed Value and Enteric Methane Production

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the addition of Safflower, Sunflower and Corn vegetable oils to dairy cattle rations on in vitro gas and methane production, true dry matter (TDMD), organic matter (TOMD) and NDF (TNDFD) digestibilities values ​​and microbial protein (MP) production. Dairy cattle TMR ration consisting of milk feed, corn silage, alfalfa hay and meadow hay was prepared as the control group, and the experimental groups were prepared with the addition of safflower, sunflower and corn vegetable oils at the level of 3% in each of the control groups, respectively. Vegetable oils added to the diet significantly affected in vitro gas production and organic matter digestibility (OMD). Methane (ml) production values ​​in the experimental groups varied between 10.00 and 10.71 ml. The Metabolic energy (ME) and OMD values ​​of the control and experimental groups varied between 7.00 and 7.29 MJ/kg DM and between 53.78 and 51.20. TDMD values ​​of the rations were determined between 48.49 and 52.63%. While the control group had the highest TDMD value, the ration containing safflower oil had the lowest TDMD value. TNDFS values ​​of the rations varied between 67.26 and 68.80%. As a result; Since the vegetable oils added to the ration increase the net energy lactation (NEL) content of the ration, it can be said that it used to meet the energy needs of high milk yielding cattle in the lactation period, provided that they do not exceed the upper limits specified in the literature.

Lactobacillus plantarum as feed additive to improvement invitro ruminal biofermentation and digestibility of some tropical tree leaves.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on the invitro gas production (GP) kinetics and ruminal fermentation parameter of three species of tropical forage Ziziphus mauritiana, Acacia victoriae and Moringa oleifera. Treatments were (i) Z. mauritiana (Z) without LP (-ZLP), (ii) Z. mauritiana (Z) with LP (+ZLP), (iii) A. victoriae (A) without LP (-ALP), (4) A. victoriae (A) with LP (+ALP), (5) M. oleifera (M) without LP (-MLP) and (6) M. oleifera (M) with LP (+MLP). The LP was used at 0·5 Mcfarland (1·5 × 108 colony-forming unit per millilitre (CFU per ml)). Kinetic of GP (GP from the fermentable fraction [b], GP rate [c] and lag phase [L]) and GP were affected (P < 0·05) by plant species and LP. The highest value of b, c and GP were observed in +MLP treatment compared with other treatments. The lowest value of L was observed for the +ZLP treatment compared with other treatments. The GP and fermentation parameter included organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) content, microbial CP (MCP) and truly degraded substrate (TDS) were affected by plant species and LP supplementation. The highest OMD, ME, TDS and MCP values were observed in +MLP treatment. At different incubation times, the highest amount of ammonia-N was observed in treatment +MLP compared with other treatments. Under the influence of experimental treatments (effect of plant species and LP), the highest concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and acetate to propionate ratio were observed in treatments +MLP, +ALP and +ALP, respectively. Concentrations of propionate, iso-butyrate, n-valerate and iso-valerate were affected by plant species, and the highest levels were observed in -ZLP, +MLP, -MLP and +MLP tretments, respectively. The use of LP as a microbial additive had a positive effect on the invitro digestibility and ruminal fermentation of tannins-rich tropical plants. Results suggest that dietary LP inclusion could be an option to improve ruminant energy utilization efficiency of tannins-rich tropical plants. Regardless the effect of the forage species, the use of LP as a microbial additive improved GP and kinetics and also increased OMD, TDS, MCP and enhanced the total invitro ruminal VFAs production.

Effects of barley and corn as sources of silage and grain on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility in growing beef heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of barley (BS) or corn (CS) silage when fed with dry-rolled barley grain (BG), corn grain (CG), or an equal blend (BCG) of BG and CG for backgrounding cattle. Ruminally cannulated heifers (n = 5) were assigned to an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments contained either BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. Samples were collected to determine dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance. Interactions between cereal silage and cereal grain sources were detected for the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate where the magnitude of change with the type of cereal grain was increased in heifers fed CS relative to BS. Feeding CS increased estimated microbial N production (silage, P = 0.022) and fecal N excretion (silage, P = 0.042) over BS. Diets containing BG had greater dry matter, organic matter, starch, and gross energy digestibility values compared with CG, but values for BCG were not different (grain, P ≤ 0.043). Based on limited silage × grain interactions, use of CS in backgrounding diets may increase microbial N production relative to BS and dry-rolled CG may reduce apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility relative to dry-rolled BG.

Nutrient contents and in vitro digestibility of different parts of corn plant

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the nutrient contents and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of parts of the corn plant. The corn used in the study was P2088, a variety that is grown widely in Turkey. It had matured and was harvested 140 days after planting. Four replicate plants were separated into nine parts, namely lower stalk, central stalk, upper stalk, corn ear stalk, corn ear shuck, kernels, corn cob, leaf, tassel, plus the entire plant. The samples were dried and ground for analysis. Nutritional values were determined in the laboratory and in vitro digestibility was assessed. Significant differences in nutrient content were observed among parts of the corn plant. The highest crude protein (CP) content was found in the leaf (12.41%), followed by the grain (12.37%). Dry matter (DM) varied from 91.25% to 96.07%. The highest ether extract (EE) was in the grain (2.84%), and the upper stalk contained the least EE (0.29%). The parts also differed in their contents of crude cellulose (CS) and crude ash (CA) (P &lt;0.001). Most organic matter (OM) was found in the corn cup (94.27%). The highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was in the kernels (79.06%) and the lowest was in the lower stalk (38.13%). In terms of in vitro true organic matter digestibility (OMD) values of the corn plant and its 9 parts, the highest values were found in the kernels and the lowest in the lower stalk.Keywords: crude nutrients, in vitro true digestibility, parts of corn plant

Preservation of wet rice straw using urea and molasses in monsoon of Bangladesh

An experiment of treated and ensiled wet rice straw with urea and molasses was performed to explore the chemical composition, physical quality, in vitro digestibility and its potentiality as a quality feed for ruminants. In this experiment, plastic containers were used to preserve chopped wet rice straw under airtight condition based on the treatment as T1 (wet rice straw only), T2 (straw with 5% molasses), T3 (straw with 5% urea), T4 (straw with 5% urea and 5% molasses) and T5 (straw with 10% urea and 5% molasses) to analyze chemical composition, physical quality, metabolizable energy (ME) content, in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) and in vitro gas production (IVGP) at five different ensiling times of 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days. The physical quality (color, smell, softness characteristics) of wet rice straw was improved with urea and molasses treatment. Treatments T5 was found better as there was no fungal growth till 90 days of ensiling. The addition of urea and molasses improved the physical quality, nutritive value and preservation quality of wet rice straw. Urea and molasses treated and ensiled (T5) straw showed better color, nutritional quality, softness and longer preservation capacity compared with all treatments followed by T4, T2 and T3. The crude protein (CP) content was increased (P&lt;0.05) but the crude fibre (CF), dry matter (DM), ash contents and ether extract (EE) were decreased (P&lt;0.05) in all of the treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5) compared to control (T1). The OMD, IVGP and ME contents were increased in all of the treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5) compared to control (T1). The highest OMD, IVGP and ME values were observed in treatment T5 and the lowest values were in control (T1) Through the Consideration of all the chemical and physical properties, among all of the treatments, 10% urea and 5% molasses are found acceptable for the preservation of rice straw. Thus, environment friendly and cost effective feed can be formulated.

Matcha Tea: Analysis of Nutritional Composition, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity

Matcha was analysed for its chemical composition, fibre, vitamin C, caffeine and chlorophyll contents. Flavonoids and phenolics, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity both in water and methanol solutions were determined. In vitro digestibility was established. To understand the contribution of individual substances to antioxidant activity or digestibility their mutual correlations were evaluated. Crude fibre (10.7-17.5%), neutral-detergent fibre (30.7-42.8%) and organic matter digestibility values (59.4-69.7%) showed positive correlations, in contrast to protein contents (20.3-35.0%). It seems that chlorophyll b was a stronger contributor to antioxidant activity than chlorophyll a. The highest contents of flavonoids (99-139mg RE/g) and phenolics (169-273mg GAE/g) were determined in methanol fractions. High concentrations of chlorogenic (up to 4800μg/g), sinapic (up to 1400μg/g) and gallic acids (up to 423μg/g) were recorded. Kaempferol and rutin were not proved as significant contributors to antioxidant activity.