Stability Index Values Research Articles

Effect of transglutaminase cross‐linking on the structure and emulsification performance of heated black bean protein isolate

AbstractBACKGROUNDTransglutaminase (TGase) is a heat‐resistant biocatalyst with strong catalytic activity, which functions effectively under moderate temperature and pH conditions, and is used widely in protein cross‐linking and recombination. Transglutaminase cross‐linking is a novel and specific modification method for black bean protein isolate (BBPI). This article investigates the effect of transglutaminase cross‐linking on the structure and emulsification performance of heated BBPI.RESULTSSodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis showed that heated BBPI with TGase had a higher molecular weight than heated BBPI without TGase, and the protein bands widened with increasing enzyme activity, indicating that TGase cross‐linking promoted protein molecule aggregation. A high molecular weight polymer can better stabilize the oil–water interface, preventing the emulsion from layering. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the α‐helix content decreased from 15.64% to 13.75%, and the β‐sheet content increased from 48.13% to 54.08%. The decrease in α‐helix content and increase in β‐sheet content could make the structure more stable and improve the emulsifying properties of heated BBPI. When TGase was 20 U g−1, the protein emulsification activity index (EAI) reached its highest value of 1.87 m2 g−1, and the emulsification stability index (ESI) value was 0.27 min (P < 0.05); these figures were 0.19 m2 g−1, and 0.07 min higher, respectively, than in the sample without added TGase.CONCLUSIONIn summary, transglutaminase cross‐linking has a positive effect on the structure and emulsification performance of heated BBPI and can be used as an effective method for BBPI modification. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Influence of plasma density gradient on the tearing mode with the poloidal shear flow

The influence of the plasma density gradient on the m/n = 2/1 and m/n = 4/1 (m is the poloidal mode number and n is the toroidal mode number) tearing mode instability with poloidal flow and flow shear is investigated. Using the analytical solution that we obtained in a previous work and mainly focused on the factors of plasma density and poloidal shear flow, we found that the plasma density has a stabilizing effect on the classical tearing mode, and the poloidal equilibrium flow can intensify this beneficial effect. The density gradient was detrimental to the stability of the tearing mode. The effects of both density and density gradient are slight, but the effect of poloidal flow on the plasma density is significant. Considering that the plasma density changes with the poloidal flow, the values of the tearing mode stability index ∆′ clearly change. Our investigation also found that compared with the negative flow shear, the positive flow shear is beneficial to the stability of the tearing mode, and a larger poloidal flow shear has a better stabilizing effect on the classical tearing mode.

Impact of Ferulated Arabinoxylans from Maize Bran on Farinograph and Pasting Properties of Wheat Flour Blends

This research explores the extraction of ferulated arabinoxylans (FAXs) from maize bran and their incorporation into wheat flour to assess their impact on rheological and pasting properties. Flour blends were prepared with FAX concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, and these blends were then evaluated using farinograph, mixograph, micro-extensibility, and viscosity analyses. The results indicated that farinograph water absorption increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), ranging from 54.9% to 60.5%, as the FAX content rose, correlating with higher gel-forming potential. Notably, the 2% FAX treatment (FAX2) exhibited the longest dough development time at 24.7 min. Stability and mixing time index (MTI) values also varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among treatments, with FAX2 displaying a longer mixing time of 14.4 ± 3.3 min. A pasting analysis revealed a significant decrease in peak and hot paste viscosity (p < 0.05) with increasing FAX concentrations, suggesting an association between lower hot paste viscosity and reduced breakdown. Micro-extensibility measures further indicated that blends with 0% and 2% FAX had greater extensibility, while the 4% FAX blend showed higher resistance. Overall, this research aims to advance the understanding of how these components can enhance flour functionality and contribute to the development of healthier, higher-quality baked products.

The impact of fatigue on dynamic balance in coopers athletes with chronic ankle instability

Athletes who have successfully regained high sports performance despite prior inversion injuries, and who do not have persistent symptoms, are referred to as “copers” in the literature. The aim of the study was to assess dynamic stability under fatigue in patients with chronic ankle instability in comparison to healthy controls. We conducted a case - controlled study on a group of 60 young, physically active individuals aged 29.8 ± 4.6. They were divided into 3 groups: I - unilateral ankle instability n = 14, II - bilateral ankle instability n = 15, III - no ankle instability, n = 31. All participants filled out questionnaires on the health, the FADI and FADI-S. The study protocol consisted of a dynamic stability measurements by Biodex Balance System, followed by a fatigue test, followed by the series of the same measurements. General stability index value before and value after fatigue test did not differ significantly. The differences between groups in measurements taken before fatigue test (F (2.49) = 1.59; p = 0.214; ηp2 = 0.06) and after fatigue test also proved insignificant (F (2.49) = 1.28; p = 0.286; ηp2 = 0.05). The incidence of structural ankle instability did not affect functional stability. “Copers” had efficient neural-muscular control in dynamic stabilography tests.

Optimization screening, performance and mechanism analysis of green and low-carbon surfactants for oil-based drilling cuttings treatment

Oil-Based Drilling Cuttings (OBDC) have attracted extensive attention from scholars due to their high annual generation and high toxicity. At present, the thermal cleaning technology of surfactant is one of the research hotspots for treating OBDC, but it still faces the problems of high toxicity of surfactant, high carbon emission and unknown treatment mechanism. Therefore, we sequentially optimized screening the surfactants through the perspectives of greenness, treatment performance and costs, and low-carbon. A single-variable experiment was used to optimize the process parameters for treating OBDC, and the oil removal mechanism was explored by oil droplet size, TSI, Zeta potential and SARA fractions. The SLM was the most green and low carbon surfactant in this study, and had a better treatment performance for OBDC (51.56% oil removal rate). The optimal treatment parameters for SLM treatment of OBDC were 70 °C, 45 min, 300 r/min, 1:4 (solid/liquid) and pH 8.2. The lipophilic groups of SLM "striped" the asphaltenes and saturates in oil phase from the solid phase surface and "integrated" them into the water phase by its hydrophilic group. The mean value of the oil droplet sizes (Dmean) and Turbiscan stability index (TSI) value of the OBDC-water mixtures increased and the |Zeta potential| decreased after treatment, and the mixture system became more unstable, which promotes the subsequent separation of the oil phase from the solid phase.

The Preparation of W/O/W High-Internal-Phase Emulsions as Coagulants for Tofu: The Effect of the Addition of Soy Protein Isolate in the Internal Water Phase.

Tofu quality is determined by a controlled coagulation process using a W/O/W emulsion coagulant. The impact of adding soy protein isolate (SPI) to the inner water phase on the stability of W/O/W high-internal-phase emulsions (HIPEs) and its application as a coagulant for tofu was assessed. No creaming occurred during 7-day storage with SPI concentrations up to 0.3%, while the emulsion droplets aggregated with 0.5% and 0.7% SPI. Emulsions containing 0.3% SPI maintained a constant mean droplet size after 21 days of storage and exhibited the lowest TURBISCAN stability index value. HIPE stability against freeze-thaw cycles improved after heating. HIPEs with SPI concentrations above 0.3% demonstrated an elastic gel-like behavior. The increased viscosity and aggregation of the protein around droplets indicated that the interaction among emulsion droplets could enhance stability. W/O/W HIPE coagulants significantly increased tofu yield, reduced hardness, and produced a more homogenous tofu gel compared to a MgCl2 solution. The HIPE with 0.3% SPI was found to be optimal for use as a coagulant for tofu.

Using rice bran as a press aid during the cold-pressing of sesame seeds improved the extraction yield and quality of the resultant oil.

Simple, cost-effective, and practical techniques can enhance the shelf life of cold-pressed oils. This study evaluated sesame seed (SS) cold-pressed oil with various percentages of rice bran (RB) as press aid, including 0% (control or TSSO), 1% (T1), 2.5% (T2.5), 5% (T5), 7.5% (T7.5), and 10% (T10) w/w. The results demonstrated that adding RB considerably boosted extraction yields (p < .05), with 5% RB constituting the ideal combination. Adding 7.5% and 10% RB to the SS reduced free fatty acid (FFA) levels compared to the control sample. The oxidative stability index (OSI) and peroxide value (PV), however, significantly increased at combination ratios ranging from 2.5% to 10% (p < .05). Rice bran oil (TRBO) had the greatest OSI of all the studied oils, with 18.99 h, while the extracted oils showed an increase in OSI as RB contents rose. Total phenolic compounds (TPC), tocopherols, γ-oryzanol content, and total antioxidant activity (TAA) increased directly with the RB level. Despite the addition of RB altering the fatty acids concentration, linoleic and oleic acids continued to be the predominant fatty acids in TSSO, TRBO, and other extracted oil samples. Increasing the combination ratio increased the palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid content and decreased the stearic and linoleic acid content. In summary, the study demonstrated that the simultaneous cold-pressing of oil-bearing seeds and agro-industrial by-products is a potentially advantageous technique to increase the extraction yield, qualitative attributes, and shelf life of the extracted oils without the addition of synthetic antioxidants.

Effect of surface sealant on the color stability and whiteness index of single-shade resin composites after staining and bleaching.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of polishing systems and surface sealant on the color stability and whiteness index of single-shade resin composites after staining and bleaching. Three single-shade (Omnichroma, Charisma Diamond One, Zenchroma) and one multi-shade (Filtek Z250) materials were tested. From each resin composite, 40 specimens were prepared. The specimens were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 10) according to the surface treatments: 1-step polishing, 1-step + Biscover LV, 2-step polishing, and 2-step polishing + Biscover LV. Color differences (ΔE00) were calculated after being immersed in the coffee solution for 12 days. After the staining, the specimens were immersed in a whitening mouthrinse (Crest-3D White) for 12 hours. Whiteness index differences (∆WID = WID after staining - WID after bleaching) values were recorded. The generalized linear model was used for analysis (p < 0.05). The lowest and highest ΔE00 values were found for Zenchroma and Charisma Diamond One respectively. Sealed groups indicated higher ΔE00 values than nonsealed groups with significant differences (p = 0.008). The lowest and highest ΔWID values were found for Zenchroma and Charisma Diamond One respectively. Sealed groups indicated lower ΔWID values than nonsealed groups with significant differences (p = 0.022). The use of surface sealant increased the discoloration and showed less whiteness change in resin materials. When the 1-step was compared with the 2-step polishing, the effects on the color stability and whiteness index values of the resin materials were similar.

Probabilistic load flow based voltage stability assessment of solar power integration into power grids

The interconnection of renewable energies increases the complexity of modern power systems. Hence, stability assessments should be made to ensure the system’s stability after penetration. Solar power is a type of renewable energy that has become a widespread energy source among renewable energy sources. About 1 MWp of the solar power plant has been prepared to be interconnected to the IEEE 8 bus of Manokwari grid, and this paper investigates the voltage profile, power losses, and stability of the solar power plant penetration using an adaptive kernel density estimator (AKDE) and compares it to a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)-based probabilistic load flow (PLF). About 5000 samples have been used to test the grid after the connection. Results of simulations show that the solar penetration can reduce power losses from 0.4084 MW to 0.3080 MW and 0.3045 MW by the proposed method and MCS method, respectively, and further increase the bus voltage profile. The power network has the stability to be connected to solar power, as indicated by the small stability index values of each bus. The proposed method using the AKDE method has a more accurate result in stability indices indicated by small fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability index (Lmn), and line stability factor (LQP) indices.

Physicochemical characteristics of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) milk, a non-dairy milk alternative developed using various pretreatment methods

The endeavor to turn jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) into jack bean milk faced a challenge regarding its hard skin, which makes pretreatment of the jack bean before processing essential to soften and ease the dehulling of beans, as well as aid the grinding process. However, different pretreatment methods influence the characteristics of treated jack beans and jack bean milk as the final product. This study, thus, aimed to investigate the effect of different jack bean pretreatment methods such as soaking in NaHCO3 solution (P1), soaking in hot water (95℃) (P2), and a combination of boiling and soaking in water (P3), on the physicochemical properties of jack bean milk. Jack bean milk was prepared by subjecting jack beans to pretreatment, dehulling, wet grinding, filtering, and heating before proceeding with analyses based on proximate composition, phase behavior, color and viscosity. The results demonstrated that P2 produced the highest protein (7.01±0.11%), fat (0.10±0.00%), and ash contents (0.11±0.00%) of jack bean milk. P1 yielded higher protein and ash contents of jack bean milk than that of P3, while no significant differences in fat contents were discovered in both P1 and P3. Besides, a slight difference in carbohydrate contents was found among all treatments, ranging from 1.17 to 1.20%. The phase behavior and color analyses showed P1 and P2 to significantly generate higher colloidal stability and whiteness index value of jack bean milk than P3. In addition, jack bean milk from P2 possessed the highest viscosity value of 48.1±1.4 cP, followed by P1 (28.6±0.6 cP) and P3 (12.6±0.5 cP). Accordingly, the recent study proposes the pretreatment of soaking in hot water (95℃) to be applied in jack bean milk processing and provides new insights into how pretreatment methods affect the characteristics of plantbased milk products.

Evaluation of sugarcane genotypes (Saccharum sp. hybrid) for multi-trait stability analysis across diverse environments

The current study evaluated a total of 21 sugarcane genotypes across 27 diverse environments, including nine locations over three cropping seasons, to identify the superior and stable sugarcane genotypes. The pooled ANOVA results showed substantial genotype-environment interactions among the 21 genotypes under study. The genotype Co 11015 exhibited the highest mean value for CCS yield, CCS percentage, and sucrose percentage. With the help of GGE analysis and biplots, both stable genotypes as well as mega environments were identified. The following genotypes such as Co 13014, Co 11015, Co 13018 and Co 14016 emerged as the high-mean performers and exhibited stability across diverse environments. The outcomes from ‘which-won-where’ patterns suggested the existence of different mega environments which are classified as ME1, ME2, and ME3. When the genotypes were ranked, it revealed that Co 14016 is closer to the ideal genotype, followed by Co 13014, Co 11015, and Co 13018 as the most desirable genotypes. Similarly, the environments E8, E25, and E26 were identified as the most desirable ones, based on GGE biplot environment rankings. The Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI) values highlighted the following genotypes such as Co 13018, Co 13003, and Co 11015 as stable ones with high performance across the traits and environments. The MGIDI (Multi-trait Genotype Ideotype Distance Index) values inferred that Co 11015, Co 15007, and Co 13018 are the superior genotypes. Consequently, Co 11015 was released for commercial cultivation based on its stability and superior performance for biomass yield and quality traits across the locations and environments.

Sustainable one-pot solvent-free enzymatic synthesis of capric acid-rich structured lipids to enhance the nutritional value of grape seed oil

Grape seed oil (GSO) is a valuable resource for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries due to its fatty acid composition, which provides anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. GSO is also recognized for its sensory attributes and serves as an essential component in our dietary intake, providing vital fatty acids for metabolic reactions. The enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids (SL) using GSO was investigated in this study. The SL was created by incorporating medium chain fatty acids (capric acid – C10) at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and long chain fatty acids in the internal position of the triacylglycerols (TAG). GSO was selected based on its composition rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid. The acidolysis reactions were catalyzed by an immobilized commercial lipase Lipozyme TLIM®. The incorporation degree of C10 into GSO reached 36%. Health lipid indices were calculated to determine the C10 incorporation effect on the improvement of nutritional quality of oil. The SL showed lower oxidative stability index (OSI) values than the original oil and higher degree of fatty acid (DFA) values. The simpler, solvent-free method not only enhances the health benefits of oils but also gives valuable properties to GSO, making it an even more attractive option for food industries.

Application of Intercriteria and Regression Analyses and Artificial Neural Network to Investigate the Relation of Crude Oil Assay Data to Oil Compatibility

The compatibility of constituents making up a petroleum fluid has been recognized as an important factor for trouble-free operations in the petroleum industry. The fouling of equipment and desalting efficiency deteriorations are the results of dealing with incompatible oils. A great number of studies dedicated to oil compatibility have appeared over the years to address this important issue. The full analysis of examined petroleum fluids has not been juxtaposed yet with the compatibility characteristics in published research that could provide an insight into the reasons for the different values of colloidal stability indices. That was the reason for us investigating 48 crude oil samples pertaining to extra light, light, medium, heavy, and extra heavy petroleum crudes, which were examined for their colloidal stability by measuring solvent power and critical solvent power utilizing the n-heptane dilution test performed by using centrifuge. The solubility power of the investigated crude oils varied between 12.5 and 74.7, while the critical solubility power fluctuated between 3.3 and 37.3. True boiling point (TBP) analysis, high-temperature simulation distillation, SARA analysis, viscosity, density and sulfur distribution of narrow petroleum fractions, and vacuum residue characterization (SARA, density, Conradson carbon, asphaltene density) of the investigated oils were performed. All the experimentally determined data in this research were evaluated by intercriteria and regression analyses. Regression and artificial neural network models were developed predicting the critical solubility power with correlation coefficients R of 0.80 and 0.799, respectively.

Exploring the potential of high hydrostatic pressure and ionic polysaccharides in improving interfacial stability of sweet potato protein hydrolysate emulsions

SummaryThis study aims to explore the potential of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 300–500 MPa) and ionic polysaccharides (sodium alginate, SA; chitosan, CH) in improving interfacial stability of sweet potato protein hydrolysate (SPPH) emulsions. HHP markedly improved emulsifying performance of SPPH with SA and CH at different concentrations (0.02% and 0.06%, w/v) and enhanced the apparent viscosities of their emulsions. SPPH‐CH0.02% at 400 MPa showed the highest emulsifying stability index (ESI, 255.96 min) and zeta potential absolute value (54.13 mV), and its emulsion exhibited the highest adsorbed peptide and CH at interface (31.72% and 1.51%, respectively) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value of interfacial layer (264.56 μg TE mL−1). Additionally, multiple potential antioxidant peptides were obtained from interfacial layer of emulsion stabilised with SPPH‐CH0.02% at 400 MPa through LC‐MS/MS, and the relationship between their structure and emulsion stability was analysed. Therefore, HHP has great application potential in production of SPPH‐CH emulsion with enhanced stability.

The Influence of Amplitude Stability Index Values in Mapping Land Movements on Sipora Island

Sipora Island in the Mentawai Islands Regency is prone to land movement disasters that can damage and cause losses to the people who live on Sipora Island, plus very little data base related to land movement maps on the island. To reduce the risk that will arise, it is necessary to map land movement using the PS-InSAR method, using 48 scenes of Sentinel-1A images and comparing the amplitude stability index parameters 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85 to get differences in the distribution of land movement points and the number of land movement points on the island of Sipora, to see the relationship between the value of the amplitude of the stability index is done fisher test, amplitude stability index parameters 0.65 and 0.75 can map points with subsidence value up to -99mm / year while the amplitude stability index parameter 0.85 can map points with subsidence value -87mm / year all parameters have a maximum uplift value of 5mm / year. The number of points obtained with an amplitude stability index of 0.65 is 27561, 0.75 is 961 and 0.85 is 255. The distribution of land movement points parameter value amplitude stability index 0.65 covers the entire surface of the island of Sipora, the distribution of land movement points amplitude stability index 0.75 focuses on the north and south of the island and the distribution of land movement points amplitude stability index 0.85 in the northern part of the island. The difference parameters of amplitude stability index 0.65, 0.75 and 0.85.

Impact of the Pre-Dehydration and Drying Methods on the Mass Transfer and Quality Attributes of Yak Milk Casein.

Drying is an important preservation method of casein. Traditional natural draining and drying processes have low efficiency, long processing time, and poor product quality, which urgently need to be improved. This study investigated the effects of pre-dehydration intensities (30 N 30 min (PreD1) and 50 N 30 min (PreD2)) and drying methods (including pulsed vacuum drying (PVD), infrared drying (IRD), and hot air drying (HAD)) on the drying kinetics, drying modeling, and quality of yak milk casein. These findings reveal that PreD2 and PVD both had a positive impact on shortening the drying time. Compared to other combined treatments, PreD2-PVD had the shortest drying time of 6 h. The Midilli-Kucuk mathematical model effectively predicted the drying of casein. The yak milk casein powder treated with PreD2-PVD possessed a higher content of gross compositions, superior color, lower levels of fat oxidation and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and higher emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI) values. Overall, combining pre-dehydration with PVD proved effective in improving the drying rate and maintaining a good quality of yak milk casein, showing promising potential for industrial applications.

Relationship between foot morphologic characteristic and postural control after jump-landing in youth competitive athletes.

Foot arch dynamics play an important role in dynamic postural control. Association between foot arch dynamics and postural control among adolescent athletes remains poorly explored. To examine the relationship between foot arch dynamics, intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) morphology, and toe flexor strength and dynamic postural stability after jump landing and repetitive rebound jump performance in competitive adolescent athletes. Based on foot arch dynamics, evaluated from relative change in the foot arch height in sitting and standing positions, 50 adolescent athletes were classified as stiff, normal, or flexible. IFM morphology was evaluated by ultrasonography. Dynamic postural stability index (DPSI) was measured as participants jumped and landed with the right leg onto a force plate, whereas repetitive rebound jumping performance was assessed using the jump height and reactive jump index. The stiff group had a significantly worse DPSI and vertical stability index than the normal group (p= 0.26, p= 0.44, respectively), and worse anteroposterior stability index (APSI) values than the flexible group (p= 0.005). Multivariate regression models of the relationship between the APSI and foot arch dynamics showed adequate power (probability of error = 0.912). Increased foot arch stiffness negatively affects dynamic balance during jump-landing, which may deteriorate their performance.

Research of Maillard reaction and stability of liquid infant formulas during storage

SummaryThis study investigated the Maillard reaction (MR) and the stability of liquid infant formulas (LIFs) stored at 5 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C for 6 months. With the increase in storage temperature, the concentrations of 2‐furoylmethyl‐ε‐lysine (furosine) increased from 60.72 to 109.60 mg/100 g protein and Nɛ‐ Carboxy methyl lysine (CML) increased 106.82 to 197.04 mg/100 g protein. Colour became darker, yellower and redder, and pH values decreased. Negative charges increased during the first 3 months and decreased during the last 3 months. Fat globule sizes increased and particle size distribution (PSD) regressed, and the accumulation of fat was clearly observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Shear thickened with the increase in shear rate, and the turbiscan stability index (TSI) values increased. In summary, these results indicated that lower storage temperature (5 °C) inhibits the MR and reduces unstable changes of LIF during storage period; thus, the nutritional value of LIF can be largely preserved.

Dynamic fuzzy learning based hybrid GWO-CSA for optimal planning of PV, BESS and DSTATCOM with network reconfiguration

The proposed approach is on the optimal planning issue of photovoltaic distributed generation (PV-DG) and DSTATCOM device with integrated battery energy storage systems (BESS) considering network reconfiguration by applying hybrid Grey-Wolf crow-search algorithm (GWO-CSA) encompassing dynamic fuzzy learning (DFL) optimization technique. Considering the stochastic nature of solar irradiance and variations, when solar energy is inadequate, BESS acts as backup energy storage device to meet essential load requirements. Network reconfiguration is to reduce power loss by changing the network tie switches using optimization algorithm. The principal objective of the proposed research work is to reduce the total power loss, enhance the voltage profile, improve the voltage stability index, and perform network reliability analysis. The beneficial effect of the proposed method is validated on Standard IEEE 69 and Standard 118 bus systems. It found that for the IEEE 69 bus system, the overall Real power loss values decreased to 12.82% and overall Reactive power loss increased to 78.18%. The total voltage deviation index (TTVDI), and total voltage stability index (TTVSI) values decreased to 17.94% and − 0.75% respectively. The reliability indices like SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, CAIFI, and AENS values decreased by 56%, 3.54%, − 3.09%, 0.55% and 30% respectively. Similarly, for IEEE 118 bus system overall Real power loss, overall Reactive power loss, TTVDI, and TTVSI decreased to 9.53%, − 0.11%, 24.64%, and 3.87%. The reliability indices like SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, CAIFI, and AENS values decreased by 2.4%, 1.0%, 1.54%, 0.94%, and 10.1% respectively. Further, the proposed approach of DFL-based hybrid GWO-CSA considers the reconfiguration with PV-DG, DSTATCOM and BESS enhances the overall performance compared to other scenarios.

Analysis of Extreme Weather Causes of Flooding in Manado North Sulawesi

On January 27 and 28 2023, Manado City was hit by heavy rain which caused several areas to experience significant flooding. The high intensity of rain during that period reached extreme levels, resulting in the inundation of several areas and submerging hundreds of residents' houses in 22 villages or sub-districts and 7 sub-districts in Manado. In studying this event, this research investigates the factors that influence extreme weather in Manado, observing sea surface temperature data, streamlines, air observations, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The analysis shows that the positive SOI and negative IOD phenomena significantly impact extreme weather in the region. Cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds drove the atmospheric conditions formed on January 27 and 28 2023 and air flows from the Indian Ocean which brought wet air masses into Indonesian territory. High sea surface temperatures, reaching 28-29°C, also play a role in the intensive growth of rain clouds. Based on atmospheric conditions seen from radiosonde observation data, the stability index value shows that unstable conditions trigger heavy rain which causes flooding