Value Of Rd Research Articles

Multieffect bioconvective transport of oxytactic microorganisms with thermal radiation, Lorentz force, heat source, and chemical reaction over a flexible cylinder

AbstractThe multieffect bioconvective heat transfer in porous media is essential for many technological applications. However, the literature governing practical applications is very scarce. The bioconvective transport of magnetohydrodynamic cross nanofluid carrying oxytactic microorganisms across a flexible cylinder with velocity slip, viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, and chemical reaction with a heat source in Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium is predicted in this piece of work. The random movement and thermophoresis processes are revealed by the Buongiorno model. Using a suitable similarity transformation and boundary layer approximation, the simplified model equations are converted into coupled highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The resulting ODEs are dealt with numerically utilizing the BVP4C and the shooting method with predetermined thermal radiation, heat source, chemical reaction, and so forth parameters. The velocity field is inversely influenced by the Forchheimer number and porosity parameter. The Sherwood number is significantly influenced by chemical reactions. For heat source parameter (S) and increasing radiation parameter (Rd), the Nusselt number increases and convection is shown for the value of Rd near about 3. Overall, this study will help researchers in science and engineering to understand the intricate and multieffective dynamic system and industrial applications like microbiology, and biodynamical systems, biological tissues, biofilms, soil, or filter media.

Comparative study of some non-Newtonian nanofluid models across stretching sheet: a case of linear radiation and activation energy effects

The use of renewable energy sources is leading the charge to solve the world’s energy problems, and non-Newtonian nanofluid dynamics play a significant role in applications such as expanding solar sheets, which are examined in this paper, along with the impacts of activation energy and solar radiation. We solve physical flow issues using partial differential equations and models like Casson, Williamson, and Prandtl. To get numerical solutions, we first apply a transformation to make these equations ordinary differential equations, and then we use the MATLAB-integrated bvp4c methodology. Through the examination of dimensionless velocity, concentration, and temperature functions under varied parameters, our work explores the physical properties of nanofluids. In addition to numerical and tabular studies of the skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and local Nusselt number, important components of the flow field are graphically shown and analyzed. Consistent with previous research, this work adds important new information to the continuing conversation in this area. Through the examination of dimensionless velocity, concentration, and temperature functions under varied parameters, our work explores the physical properties of nanofluids. Comparing the Casson nanofluid to the Williamson and Prandtl nanofluids, it is found that the former has a lower velocity. Compared to Casson and Williamson nanofluid, Prandtl nanofluid advanced in heat flux more quickly. The transfer of heat rates are 25.87%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$25.87\\%$$\\end{document}, 33.61%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$33.61\\%$$\\end{document} and 40.52%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$40.52\\%$$\\end{document} at Rd=0.5,Rd=1.0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Rd =0.5, Rd=1.0$$\\end{document}, and Rd=1.5\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Rd=1.5$$\\end{document}, respectively. The heat transfer rate is increased by 6.91%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$6.91\\%$$\\end{document} as the value of Rd rises from 1.0 to 1.5. This study is further strengthened by a comparative analysis with previous research, which is complemented by an extensive table of comparisons for a full evaluation.

P436 The AI based Red Density score is correlated with the established and new histological indices for Ulcerative Colitis in an independent cohort

Abstract Background Red Density (RD) is an automated endoscopic tool that is developed for the objective evaluation of disease activity in ulcerative colitis (UC). The initial development integrated histological disease activity based on Robarts histological index (RHI) in the machine learning algorithm. New histological scores for UC have been developed since. The aim of this study was to establish the correlation between RD and the Nancy histological index (NHI) and PICaSSO Histologic Remission Index (PHRI). Methods Patients included in 4 centers in the ongoing PROCEED-UC study (NCT04408703) had assessment with RD in the rectum and sigmoid at baseline, w52 or early termination visit. Biopsies were taken according to protocol. Biopsies were scored for the Geboes score (GBS), RHI, NHI, PHRI in a blinded way after initial scoring convention training. Correlation was tested on patient level between mean RD per segment and the different histological indices based on Spearman correlation. Results In total 96 patients from 4 centers were included representing 2634 RD images from 400 colonic segments with biopsies and corresponding RD score. Mean (± SEM) rectal RD score was 32.7 (± 4.54), 33.69 (± 5.25) and 64.86 (± 31.71) at baseline, w52 and ET respectively. Mean sigmoidal RD score was 38.13 (± 3.68), 42.82 (± 11.80) and 77.33 (± 24.65) at baseline, w52 and ET respectively. Analysis based on the segment with the highest mean RD score per patient showed significant correlation with NHI (r=0.60, p<0.0001), PHRI (r=0.62, p<0.0001). In the rectum the RD score at all time points correlated significant with NHI (r =0,53, p<0.0001) and PHRI (r=0.63, p<0.0001). Similar correlation was seen in the sigmoid for NHI (r=0.51, p<0.0001) and PHRI (r=0.22, p0.0108). A RD score of <57.5 (Likelihood Ratio (LR) 4.176; AUC 0.7820 (95CI 0.7047 - 0.8593), p<0.0001) was associated with histological remission based on NHI (<2) and a RD score of < 64.5 (LR 9.821; AUC 0.8133 (95%CI 0.7053 - 0.9212), p<0.0001) with histological remission based on PHRI (=0). The current dataset demonstrated to be stable in line with the previously established RD cut-off with GBS and RHI. 1 Conclusion In an independent cohort of patients with UC the correlation with the established and new histological indices for UC is confirmed. This underlines the value of RD as an objective endoscopic tool for the assessment of histological and endoscopic disease activity in UC. Ref 1: Bossuyt P, Nakase H, Vermeire S, De G, Eelbode T, Ferrante M, et al. Automatic, computer-aided determination of endoscopic and histological inflammation in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis based on red density. Gut. 2020;69:1778–86.

Numerical simulation of entropy generation in thermo-magnetic convection in an inverted T-shaped porous enclosure under thermal radiation

PurposeThermo-magnetic convective flow analysis under the impact of thermal radiation for heat and entropy generation phenomena is an active research field for understanding the efficiency of thermodynamic systems in various engineering sectors. This study aims to examine the characteristics of convective heat transport and entropy generation within an inverted T-shaped porous enclosure saturated with a hybrid nanofluid under the influence of thermal radiation and magnetic field.Design/methodology/approachThe mathematical model incorporates the Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkmann model and considers thermal radiation in the energy balance equation. The complete mathematical model has been numerically simulated through the penalty finite element approach at varying values of flow parameters, such as Rayleigh number (Ra), Hartmann number (Ha), Darcy number (Da), radiation parameter (Rd) and porosity value (e). Furthermore, the graphical results for energy variation have been monitored through the energy-flux vector, whereas the entropy generation along with its individual components, namely, entropy generation due to heat transfer, fluid friction and magnetic field, are also presented. Furthermore, the results of the Bejan number for each component are also discussed in detail. Additionally, the concept of ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP) has also been included to analyse the thermal efficiency of the model.FindingsThe graphical analysis of results indicates that higher values of Ra, Da, e and Rd enhance the convective heat transport and entropy generation phenomena more rapidly. However, increasing Ha values have a detrimental effect due to the increasing impact of magnetic forces. Furthermore, the ECOP result suggests that the rising value of Da, e and Rd at smaller Ra show a maximum thermal efficiency of the mathematical model, which further declines as the Ra increases. Conversely, the thermal efficiency of the model improves with increasing Ha value, showing an opposite trend in ECOP.Practical implicationsSuch complex porous enclosures have practical applications in engineering and science, including areas like solar power collectors, heat exchangers and electronic equipment. Furthermore, the present study of entropy generation would play a vital role in optimizing system performance, improving energy efficiency and promoting sustainable engineering practices during the natural convection process.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first ever attempted detailed investigation of heat transfer and entropy generation phenomena flow parameter ranges in an inverted T-shaped porous enclosure under a uniform magnetic field and thermal radiation.

Propulsive characteristics of single-pulsed jets with tube and orifice openings

The effects of the nozzle exit geometry on the unsteady propulsive characteristics of single-pulsed jets are studied numerically. For both tube and orifice nozzles, the jet exit configuration is parameterized by the diameter ratio RD, which is defined as the ratio of the nozzle entrance D0 to the jet exit diameters D. It is found that the diameter ratio has significant influence on the propulsive characteristics of the single-pulsed jet during its entire ejection phase. The total impulse production is augmented considerably as the diameter ratio increases until a critical value of RD_cir≈2.0 is approached. The larger impulse production by the orifice nozzles over the tube nozzle stems from the persistent over-pressure contribution at the jet exit due largely to the fact that the flow contraction near the jet exit of the orifice nozzle results in the intensification of the radial velocity gradients and higher local pressure. By using the existing prediction of the contraction coefficient Cc to account for the flow contraction, a theoretical model has been developed with the quasi-one-dimensional flow approximation to predict the pressure thrust at the jet exit during the steady discharging stage, showing good agreement with the present numerical results. Moreover, the pressure force acting on the vertical wall of the orifice nozzle, which is proportional to the wall area, is found to be primarily responsible for the larger transient variations in the jet impulse during the onset and end of the jet ejection phase as the diameter ratio increases.

A new approach based on off-design R-curve and thermal load duration curve for the design and optimization of bioresources driven cogeneration Rankine cycle: Application on industrial site in Nova Scotia, Canada

Decarbonization objectives in industrial processes impose major changes for industrial energy supply. The combination of decarbonization of heat and electric load can be achieved by cogeneration plant driven by clean energy resources. Despite of new innovative cogeneration cycle being investigated, Rankine cycle cogeneration plant driven by biomass or biofuels stills the most attractive solution in low solar irradiance countries. The aim of this study is to establish a new original method combining a steady state and dynamic approach to solve and link optimal conceptual design problem and operation strategies of the plant. This approach is applied also to evaluate the worthiness of adopting a thermal energy storage solution. Breakdown of electricity and thermal cost of cogeneration plant is established for the first time for the sake of mapping energy prices of different decarbonization solutions. A thermodynamic and economic model to predict the performances of the cogeneration plant at design and off-design conditions was developed.Three off-design operation strategies are identified: the first engenders steam throttling, the second induces part-load operation of the condensing turbine, and the third requires an auxiliary boiler to meet peak thermal demand. A new R-curve named off-design R-curve is developed to predict cycle performances during these operations, and then combined with the thermal load duration curve to predict energy consumption. Subsequently, an optimization procedure combining the R-curve tool and cost break-down of electricity and thermal energy is carried out. The energy prices and the annualized capital cost R-curves are summed up to optimize the design of power to heat ratio.A case study in an industrial site in Nova Scotia (Canada) is considered. The method proves its simplicity and effectiveness in the conceptual design of the plant, as well as predicting different costs of energy and the optimization of the R ratio. Case study results show that biomass energy cost saving rises with power production to achieve its maximum at Rd equal to 1.23, while biofuel energy cost saving decreases with Rd and was achieved only when Rd is lower than 0.7. Combining the annualized cost with the energy cost reveal that the optimal Rd is at 1.07 for biomass and 0.21 for biofuel, respectively. Moreover, with the introduction of the off-design R curve, it was found that the cogeneration efficiency drops down to 18 % (from 0.52 to 0.34 at Rd equal to 1.23) and the power production down to 60 % when the process load is double the average load. Hence, more accurate energy cost-saving values and optimal on-site power production are achieved. Energy cost saving drops by 7 %, which lowers the value of Rd where biofuel cost saving is achieved to 0.3, while the optimal value stays the same for biomass. Besides, the maximum potential of thermal energy storage in energy saving is accounted. The saving in the case study is low at 5–6 %, but generally it is dependent on the frequency at which the thermal load occurs. The method developed proves its effectiveness in solving conceptual design problems, and can used to rigorously evaluate new innovative configurations of cogeneration plants. Challenges and future works to improve this method are also addressed.

Properties Evaluations of Topology Optimized Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Owning to their lightweight characteristic and high performance, functionally graded lattice structures (FGLSs) show great potential in orthopedics, automotive industries and aerospace applications. Here, two types of uniform lattice structures (ULSs) with RD = 0.50 and 0.20, and two types of FGLSs with RD = 0.30-0.50 and RD = 0.20-0.40, were designed by topology optimization and fabricated by SLM technology. Subsequently, their surface morphology, compressive deformation behavior and energy absorption abilities were evaluated by use of the finite element method (FEM) and compression tests. From these results, both elastic modulus and yield strength of specimens decreased with the lowering of the RD value. ULSs had a uniform deformation behavior with bending and bulking of struts, while FGLSs presented a mixed deformation behavior of different layers. Additionally, the energy absorption capability (Wv) of specimens was proportional to the RD value. When the value of RD increased from 0.20 to 0.50, the Wv of specimens increased from 0.3657 to 1.7469 MJ/m3. Furthermore, mathematical models were established successfully to predict the mechanical properties of FGLSs with percentage deviations < 10%. This work provides a comprehensive understanding regarding how to design and manufacture FGLSs with the properties desired for satisfying the demand of different application scenarios.

Investigation of the blast furnace process using multicomponent blast

An urgent direction of the development of blast-furnace smelting technology is the use of multicomponent fuel-enriched blast of high parameters, in particular, the combined use of natural gas, pulverized coal fuel (PCF) and process oxygen. The object of the research is the blast-furnace process using reducing blowing additives in PJSC &ldquo;NLMK&rdquo;. The database of the main indicators of the operation of blast furnaces number 6 and 7 during 2013&ndash;2018 has been formed and analyzed. The furnaces operate with similar raw material, parameters of fuel enriched blast and coke consumption. With a change in the consumption of natural gas, PCF and process oxygen, the values of the degree of compensation (the ratio of the consumption of reducing additives to the consumption of process oxygen) are in the range 0,9&ndash;1,1. This provides a stable level of values of the theoretical combustion temperature and the amount of reducing components of the hearth gas, a constant level of heating of the hearth, stability of the gas-dynamic melting mode and the consumption of coke. At the same time, different level of development of the processes of indirect (Ri) and direct (rd) reduction in blast furnaces number 6 and 7 indicates a different composition of hearth gases. This circumstance makes it possible to perform correct studies of the features of the blast furnace process in a wide range value of Ri (from 65 to 92%) and rd (from 12 to 42%). It has been established that the mode of blast furnace smelting using natural gas, PCF and process oxygen, characterized by rd values less than 20&ndash;25%, is distinguished by the presence of a pronounced extreme dependence of coke consumption and productivity on the parameters of combined blast.

Oilseed Rape Yield Performance in the Clearfield® System under Varying Management Intensities

Oilseed rape production is under pressure due to a limited availability of herbicides. Therefore, the performance in terms of management intensity (MI) and herbicide strategy (HS) and the involved yield formation was evaluated in a two-year Clearfield® oilseed rape field experiment. Furthermore, weed density and weed composition were also investigated. The variants of MI were standard sowing density (StS; seed rate: 50 seeds m−2, primary tillage: plow, row width: 12 cm), reduced sowing density (RD; seed rate: 25 seeds m−2, primary tillage: plow, row width: 50 cm), and strip-till (ST; seed rate: 25 seeds m−2, primary tillage: strip tillage, row width: 50 cm). The variants of HS were preemergence strategy (PES; application of dimethachlor, napropamide, clomazone in preemergence and application of prapaquizafop in postemergence) and Clearfield® strategy (CLS; application of imazamox, quinmerac in preemergence, no postemergence herbicide application). In the first year of the trial, there were no interactions between the factors in terms of grain yield. Grain yield in StS was 3.85 t and 5.2% significantly lower than in ST, and the value of RD was not significantly different from StS and ST. Grain yield in CLS was 3.7 t and 2.7% lower than in PES. In the second year of the trial, the grain yield in ST CLS was significantly lower, and there were no significant differences between the other variants. Higher weed emergence was observed in CLS RD (2.7 to 4 times higher weed density compared to PES RD) and CLS ST (2.8 to 4.5 times higher weed density compared to PES ST). No significant differences existed between StS PES and StS CLS in both trial years. The Clearfield® system offers significant advantages in the control of cruciferous weeds. Although these did not occur on the trial fields, the Clearfield® system in this study showed to be an alternative to the more common pre-emergence system, especially with regard to the parameter grain yield.

Distribution Pattern of Some Ethnomedicinal Plants of Mayali in Jashpur District

Present study aimed to compare the distribution pattern and trends of medicinal plants. Present work was focused on the study of relationship of local people with indigenous plants and the documentation of indigenous their knowledge on how local plant resources are utilized to cure different diseases. The field work was carried out in two distinct sites for studying both distribution pattern and folk medicinal uses of plants. A total of ten quadrates in Mayali site were used to calculate phytosociological characteristics (Frequency, density, abundance and important value index). During the present investigation fifteen ethnomedicinal plants species families were document from Mayali site situated at Jashpur district. Cynodon dactylon, Bambusa vulgaris, Alkana tinctoria, Senna tora and Crnum latifoliumi exhibited maximum value of RF, RD, RM and IVI at Mayali site. The outcome of present research work was the documented plant diversity of at Mayali site that could generate further research activities and will help the upcoming generations to conserve ethno-medicinal knowledge of medicinal herbs for the benefit to society and ecosystem.

Thermal decay rates for an asymmetric cusped barrier at strong friction

The thermal decay of a metastable state over an asymmetric cusped barrier in the regime of overdamping (strong friction) is considered. This seems to be of importance for the nanoscale experiments on pulling polymeric molecules. The decay process is simulated numerically through computer solving of the Langevin equation. The quasistationary rates RD , as well as the mean lifetimes and transient times, are extracted from the numerical time-dependent rates Rn (t). The impact of the backscattering on the value of RD is discussed. The approximate analytical decay rate is derived for the asymmetric cusped barrier. The numerical results are confronted with this formula and with another analytical formula (the integral Kramers rate) available in the literature.

Effects of Lintnerization, Autoclaving, and Freeze-Thaw Treatments on Resistant Starch Formation and Functional Properties of Pathumthani 80 Rice Starch

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of lintnerization, autoclaving, lintnerization followed by autoclaving, and freeze thawing treatments on the production of resistant starch from Pathumthani 80 (RD 31) rice. The produced resistant starch was further evaluated for some important physicochemical properties including pasting properties, swelling behavior, digestibility, water holding capacity, and functional properties including glycemic index and antioxidant properties. The lintnerization treatment and autoclaving significantly (p ˂ 0.05) increased resistant starch content to 64% (w/w) and gave the lowest glycemic index (46.12%). The lintnerization followed by autoclaving treatment significantly increased the solubility and water holding capacity, reduced the swelling power, and disrupted the crystalline structure of the starch granules. The native rice starch with autoclave treatment exhibited the highest swelling power among the samples, while the acid hydrolyzed starch was followed by autoclave treatment showing the lowest swelling power (1 g/g) at 90 °C. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the modified structures and bonding of the starch materials with the shifting of C=O stretch. However, the antioxidant properties and pasting properties were observed to decrease with the lintnerization, autoclaving, and freeze-thawing treatment of the native starch. The highly resistant starch content and low glycemic index value of the autoclaved RD 31 starch indicates the potential of the resistant starch’s application for the formulation of functional foods targeting the diabetic population.

Evaluation of optimized depth of waterproof curtain to mitigate negative impacts during dewatering

Dewatering using a combination of waterproof curtain and pumping wells is commonly adopted to ensure the stability of foundation pits in multi-aquifer strata. However, dewatering is likely to result in environmental problems. This paper investigates the impact on surroundings owing to the interaction between the waterproof curtain and pumping wells by numerical simulation. The depth of the diaphragm wall penetrating the dewatering aquifer (D) and the filter length of pumping wells (L) are varied in the simulation. The relationship between approximate hydraulic gradient (Δi) or ground settlement outside the foundation pit (S) with curtain depth ratio RD (D over the thickness of the dewatering confined aquifer Ha) or filter length ratio RL (L/Ha) can be divided into three change parts, namely initial gradual, middle sharp and final gentle part. Three values of RD and RL, namely effective, suggested and control value, are proposed. RD and RL should vary between the effective and control value. The suggested value of RD and RL is recommended in actual engineering by comprehensive consideration. The effective, suggested and control value of RD can be calculated by a linear equation according to the value of RL.

Experimental investigation on the blocking of groundwater seepage from a waterproof curtain during pumped dewatering in an excavation

The interaction between a waterproof curtain and withdrawal wells (or simply, the wall-well effect) is a key factor in controlling the environmental effects that occur during the dewatering of foundation pits. A series of laboratory investigations was conducted to study the changes in groundwater level during dewatering. The influence of the buried depth of the waterproof curtain placed in a dewatering confined aquifer (D), and the filter length of the pumping well (L), is investigated. Based on the laboratory test results, numerical simulations are used to analyse the ground settlement. The relationship between the approximate hydraulic gradients on both sides of the wall (Δi), or the ground settlement outside the excavation (S), using ratio RD (D divided by the thickness of the confined aquifer) or ratio RL (L divided by the thickness of the confined aquifer), can be simulated using a Boltzmann curve. The value of Δi increases while S decreases with an increase in RD, whereas Δi decreases while S increases with an increase in RL. The value of the contraflexure point of the Boltzmann curve is regarded as the effective value of RD or RL. Based on a comprehensive consideration, RD is suggested to be equal to or larger than the effective value, and RL is suggested to be equal to or lesser than the effective value.

Spatial heterogeneity of canopy photosynthesis for Larix olgensis.

Based on a 14-year-old planted Larix olgensis in the Maoershan Forest Farm, Heilongjiang Province in 2014, the spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic indicators, environmental factors and photosynthetic physiological parameters were analyzed, meanwhile the relationship between net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and other indicators were studied. Results showed that in the vertical direction, Pn, stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were higher in upper than middle and lower canopy significantly, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased in the sequence of upper < middle < lower canopy. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) decreased from outside of upper to inside of lower canopy significantly, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and needle leaf temperature (Tl) in upper canopy were respectively higher than in middle and lower canopy significantly, while relative humidity (RH) showed no significant difference with spatial location. The mean value of maximum Pn(Pn max), dark respiration rate (Rd), light compensation point (LCP) and light sa-turation point (LSP) followed the pattern of upper > middle > lower canopy and decreased by 32.7%, 55.8%, 80.2% and 51.6% from upper to lower canopy respectively. Apparent quantum yield (AQY) in lower canopy was 1.2 and 1.3 times as much as that of middle and upper canopy, respectively. In the horizontal direction, Pn, gs, Tr, PAR and VPD were significantly higher from outside to inside in the upper crown, but Ci and RH showed no significant diffe-rence. The mean value of Pn max, Rd, LCP and LSP declined by 0.4%, 37.7%, 42.0% and 16.4% from outside to inside, on the contrary, AQY was 0.7% higher from inside to outside. Ci was the main physiological impact factor for Pn, and PAR was an important environmental factor that had the most obvious influence on Pn, especially in weak light region. Therefore, spatial heterogeneity should be considered necessarily when simulating and/or predicting the tree canopy photosynthesis.

Nanoparticles effects on MHD fluid flow over a stretching sheet with solar radiation: A numerical study

In this research, a numerical study on the solar radiation effect on the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flow over a stretching plate is performed. A different application of Rosseland approximation for thermal radiation is introduced in this study and Keller-Box numerical method is applied to solve the problem. An excellent agreement was found between our calculated results and those obtained by Mushtaq et al using Runge-Kutta method. Also, the influences of different parameters such as magnetic field, local radiation, Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters as well as Eckert, Lewis and Biot numbers are explained through graphs for velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration. As a main outcome, our results show that, regardless of the selected value of radiation parameter Rd, the temperature increases as the Brownian motion and thermophoretic effects are simultaneously increased. Furthermore, the nanoparticles volume fraction is found to decrease upon increasing the Brownian motion parameter.

GW24-e3664 Study of quantitative evaluation of individual risk of coronary heart disease

ObjectivesTo explore the quantitative evaluation methods of individual risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).MethodsRisk factors and OR values were sifted out based on the case-control study and logistic regression analysis,...

Is the recovery of (photo) respiratory CO2 and intermediates minimal?

Is the recovery of (photo) respiratory <scp>CO</scp>₂ and intermediates minimal?

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Maximum Seismic Shear Stresses in Soils Using Improved Ground-Motion Parameters

Maximum seismic shear stresses (τmax) have been recognized as one of the important parameters in design practice. This study develops ground-motion parameters for τmax and implements these in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to provide the τmax distribution of deep soil layers for design purposes. The application of improved ground-motion parameters for τmax is demonstrated at the Oakland International Airport, where a thick Young Bay Mud deposit exists under the artificial fill. Model biases in the predictive equations of seismic shear-stress reduction coefficients (rd) are evaluated by comparison with the site response analyses performed with a wide range of input ground motions. Based on these results, we introduce improved ground-motion parameters for τmax (Itau) as a linear combination of spectral accelerations, implemented in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to calculate seismic hazard curves. Conditional mean spectra are calculated, given Itau at 10% in 50 years to illustrate the variations in frequency contents with depth compared with the uniform hazard spectra. Finally, τmax is calculated with depth by using hazard values of Itau and compared with the peak-ground-acceleration-based and uniform-hazard-spectra-based calculations. Analysis results show that τmax will be underestimated for deep soil layers by peak-ground-acceleration-based calculation if the median value of rd is used in design practice.

Rotation curve of the Milky Way

We use SEGUE and Hipparcos data to restrict the behaviour of the rotation curve of the Milky Way in the solar neighbourhood. Then we construct a density model of the Milky Way which best reproduces the available observations of the rotation curve and is consistent with the density constraints in the solar neighbourhood. This equation assumes constancy of the shape of the velocity ellipsoid, its alignment with the axes of spherical coordinate system, and an exponential disc with scalelength Rd and a constant thickness. Thus we find the circular velocity vc for our samples. We assume the local circular velocity vc� = 231km/s, the local standard of rest from (3), and the disc scalelength Rd = 2.5kpc. The resulting rotation curve is presented in the left panel of Fig. 1. SEGUE sample is plotted with purple line, GCS is separated in 5 colour bins, which are plotted with points of different colours. Mean rotational velocities without correction for asymmetric drift being implemented are plotted with dashed lines, the corrected circular velocity with solid lines. The consistency of the circular velocity for GCS colour bins with different mean velocities demonstrates viability of the adopted value of Rd and other our assumptions. The rotation curve for the SEGUE data appears to be essentially flat in the solar neighbourhood. At least, it obviously demonstrates no drastic dip between 8 and 10kpc, as it was assumed in (6).