Nr Values Research Articles

From non‐renewables to renewables and high‐tech production: The impact of natural wealth and technology on ecological load capacity in sub‐Saharan Africa

AbstractIn the face of growing sustainability challenges, this study examines the ecological impacts of natural wealth (NR) and tech‐driven industrial diversification (TID) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). It employs the load capacity factor (LCF), utilizing a panel dataset spanning from 1991 to 2020. The findings reveal that renewable (forest) resources exert a positive and significant influence on LCF, primarily at lower quantiles. When the resource basket is adjusted to include mineral resources, this impact turns negative across all quantiles, with statistical significance evident at the upper quantiles. Further modifications to the resource basket, including energy extraction such as oil, coal, and natural gas, yield a statistically significant negative impact on LCF across the lower, median, and upper quantiles. Additionally, TID has a positive impact on LCF in the upper quantiles. Robustness analysis confirms that the covariates indeed Granger‐cause LCF. This finding also indicates that the causal equation is significantly influenced by past values of NR and TID. The Half‐Panel Jackknife estimator reaffirms that, on average, TID has a positive effect on LCF in the region. These findings suggest enhancing growth through renewables and industrial capacity in medium‐ and high‐tech industries as part of broader sustainability strategies in the SSA region.

Numerical study of third‐grade nanofluid flow with motile microorganisms under the mixed convection regime over a stretching cylinder

AbstractThe investigation of mixed convective flow involving microorganisms in nanofluid has garnered considerable interest in recent times owing to its extensive applicability in the biomedical domain. However, there has been a lack of study investigating a comprehensive parameter analysis for the flow of a third‐grade nanofluid around a cylinder in the presence of microorganisms. This study focuses on numerically investigating the flow of nanofluid around a stretched cylinder in the presence of motile microorganisms. The study also considers convective boundary conditions. Moreover, this study explores the nanofluid qualities related to Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion characteristics. The variable parameters include the Prandtl number (Pr), Peclet number (Pe), buoyancy ratio parameter (Nr), mixed convection parameter (), bioconvection Lewis number (Lb), Biot number (Bi), and Marangoni number (Ma). The bvp4c issue solver tool in MATLAB is used to numerically solve the nonlinear governing differential equations. The numerical model has been validated using prior papers. Graphical representations are created to depict several important measurements, such as velocity streamlines, velocity profiles, temperature distributions, nanoparticle concentrations, densities of gyrotactic motile microorganisms, local Nusselt numbers, skin friction, and Sherwood numbers. The link between the Nusselt number and the parameters Nt and Rd suggests that as Nt falls and Rd increases, the Nusselt number increases. The skin friction value is directly proportional to the values of Nr and Nc. There is a positive correlation between the rise in the local mass transfer rate and the values of Rd and Nt. The population of mobile microorganisms grows as the values of Lb and Pe decrease.

Entropy generation and Arrhenius activation energy mechanisms in EMHD radiative Carreau nanofluid flow due to Brownian motion and thermophoresis with infinite shear rate viscosity: solar energy application and regression analysis

This research is devoted to analyzing the radiative electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) Carreau nanofluid flow, emphasising entropy generation and activation energy under unique conditions, specifically, with infinite shear rate viscosity and binary chemical reactions occurring over a nonlinear stretching sheet. Also, this innovative nanofluid model explicitly includes the vital role of Brownian motion and thermophoresis phenomenon, which are significant factors governing the movement and distribution of nanoparticles in the base fluid. A binary chemical reaction has also been taken in this study since it affects the mass transfer rates between different species present in the nanofluid. The ODEs were solved by using the bvp4c routine to effectively tackle momentum, temperature, and concentration equations. It is noted that velocity distribution increases with enhancement in the Weissenberg parameter, whereas the reverse trend is seen on the temperature profile. With an escalation of the viscosity ratio parameter, the velocity profile increases. Further, multiple linear regression has been utilised to statistically scrutinised the effect of pertinent parameters on skin friction coefficient, heat transfer rate, and Sherwood number by considering 64 sets of values of Nr in the range [0.3,0.6]. Nb & Nt in the range [0.1, 0.4] & [0.2, 0.3], respectively, to obtain the regression model.

Features of a finite-element modeling of a tubular tower for a wind-power unit

Introduction. Being indisputably relevant, an identification of the features of modeling tower structures can simplify the work of engineers and simultaneously move the design decision-making to a qualitatively new level.Aim. To assess the effect, caused by some particular features of a computational modelling, on the resulting parameter, representing the frequency behavior of a tubular tower for wind-power units.Materials and Methods. Numerical studies were conducted using a domestic SCAD Office programming and computing suite. In computational modeling, 41st, 42nd, 44th and 50th FE types were used. During the assessment of effects, caused by the finite element type, calculations of a cylindrical tower with fixed parameters were performed, taking into account variations in the type and size of the FE. Estimating factors in calculations included: variations in stresses, as well as in the frequency of first-mode natural oscillations. During the comparison of stress values, the plate of the third from the fixed base row was taken as the design one. Turbowind T600-48 and Eviag EV 100 were considered as wind turbines.Results. A sufficient discretization value of the computational model for determining the frequency of natural oscillations equals to nR = 12, since a further increase in the value of nR will lead to variations in the frequency of natural oscillations by less than 1%. The individual frequencies of 0.275 and 0.825 Hz were determined for an Eviag EV 100 wind turbine. For a Turbowind T600-48, the range of resonant frequencies is determined due to the presence of a variable rotor speed: starting and maximum frequency ranges of 0.255–0.765 and 0.383–1.149 Hz, respectively.Conclusions. During the modeling of a tower in the SCAD Office PCS, it is feasible to use the 44th type of finite elements, taking into account the obtained sufficient discretization value. The obtained spectrum of natural and resonant frequencies allows avoiding the appearance of a resonant effect when making design decisions.

Aroma compounds retention and release from protein-polysaccharide-based bilayer emulsion gels: A thermodynamic and kinetic study

Thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of five aroma compounds (ACs) with different molecular structures in bilayer-stabilized emulsion gels (BEGs) depending on starch type (ST) and starch concentration (SC) during refrigerated storage time (RST) was investigated. The internal phase of BEGs was stabilized by myofibrillar proteins (MPs) and gum arabic, while the external phase was thickened and texturized with MPs and starches (waxy maize starch, potato starch) differing in amylose/amylopectin ratio. Oscillatory and rotational shear modes were used to evaluate rheological properties of BEGs, and the results are presented in terms of: Herschel-Bulkley parameters, quality factor and divergence from the Cox-Merz rule, which were modeled using a first order kinetic equation. Thermodynamic models composed of myosin and ACs were applied to determine the Stern-Volmer quenching constants, binding and thermodynamic parameters: enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and Gibb’s free energy (ΔG). Retention (R), release rate constant (kr) and mechanism of release (nr) values were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) dependent on: ST, SC and ACs type. After 12 days of refrigerated storage, the R values were ranged from 0.34 to 0.77, whereas those of kr and nr determined during RST were in ranges 6.21–102 × 10−3 (day−1) and 0.55–0.86, respectively. The gas-BEGs partition coefficient (kg/e) of ACs was measured at thermodynamic equilibrium and the enthalpy of vaporization was calculated from the variations of kg/e with temperature changes (30–60 °C). From a practical point of view, these results may have important implications for the development of commercial emulsion-type food with controlled ACs retention during RST.

Analysis Of The Community Satisfaction Index On Public Services At The Sub-District Head Office Of The Ulu Musi Sub-District, Empat Lawang District

The research was conducted in Ulumusi District, Empat Lawang Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of the community satisfaction index on public services at the Sub-District Office of Ulu Musi District, Empat Lawang Regency. The data analysis technique used is to use the measurement of the value of the Community Satisfaction Index / IKM based on the Regulation of the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2017 concerning the Regulation of the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform on Guidelines for Preparing Community Satisfaction Surveys for Public Service Delivery Units. The sample used was 210 people who came to the Ulu Musi Sub-District Office, Empat Lawang Regency. From the results of the study, it was found that the services of the Ulu Musi Sub-District Office of Empat Lawang Regency were at a good level. This is indicated by the value of the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) of 9 (nine) IKM elements of 3.13 and with an IKM conversion value of 78.25. . The indicator that has the highest IKM value is the cost/tariff with an IKM value of 3.54 with an IKM conversion value of 88.69. While the indicator that has the lowest IKM value is the facilities and infrastructure indicator, getting an IKM value of 2.90 and an IKM conversion value of 72.64. The nine elements of the IKM at the Ulu Musi Sub-District Office, Empat Lawang Regency, the quality of service obtained after the research is all predicated on at least "Good". The weighted NR value after conducting research amounted to 3.13. So the weighted IKM value is predicated on "Good".

Comparative techno-economic assessment and minimization of the levelized cost of electricity for increasing capacity wind power plants by row and angle layout optimization

This work presents techno-economic assessment and optimization results for wind power implementation. The results constitute an attempt to provide recommendations on optimal design configurations and operating conditions for future possibilities of installations in Kuwait, where the wind speed is at maximum levels at high altitudes during the early daytime and late nighttime, whereas in the afternoon, the wind speed reaches its maximum at low altitudes. This cyclic behavior indicates that the wind speed and direction change in a predictable pattern, benefiting wind power generation. The techno-economic assessment and optimization are performed for multi-row design configurations of power plants. The selection using an optimal method comes through evaluating 2220 configurations, from which 60 optimal configurations are determined for different variations of the number of rows in the wind power plant (Nr) based on the minimization criterion of the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE). The optimal configurations have optimal wind power plant layout angle (θplant). Some of the main findings are as follows:(i) the Nr and θplant values impact the LCOE, wake losses, performance ratio, capacity factor, and annual gross energy. (ii) The wind power density is calculated to be 289 W/m2, (iii) June and July have high levels of generation, wind speed, temperature, and humidity, (iv) there exists an exponential relation between the installed cost per watt and Nr. (v) The present value of annual energy, net present value (annual costs), annual energy, and annual gross energy have increasing linear trends as Nr increases, and (vi) the optimal configurations require a power purchase agreement price of at least 7.03 cent/kWh to make a positive return on investment.

Study the Soret effects on Bioconvective induced magneto-hydrodynamics flow in presence of multiple slip and thermal radiation

The study deals with the bio-convective induced magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) flow of non-Newtonian fluids with the simultaneous effect of multiple slips, heat source/sink, and linear thermal radiation, along with the Soret effect. The novelty of the present study is to analyze the impact of linear thermal radiation, bio-convection Lewis number and Soret parameter on velocity, induced magnetic field, and concentration. For this the flow for Maxwell and Casson fluids were considered and discussed separately, whereas a single governing momentum conservation equation was constructed by combining these two flow models. The governing equations were transformed by using similarity transformation. The transformed equation was solved by using MATLAB “BVP4C” solver. The transformation contributed various parameters such as the Soret parameter, Bioconvective Lewis number, Peclet Number, Radiation parameter, and Schmidt number. The effect of such parameters on momentum, induced magnetic field (i.m.f), temperature, and concentration were studied. The results depicted that the rise in the value of Nr, the temperature of the fluid were increased. However, the concentration of the microorganism declined with the rising value of chemical reaction parameter in both the Maxwell and Casson fluid. The observation also revealed that the velocity optimizes with the rising value of Sr, due to the hike in the concentration of the fluid.

Numerical simulation of bioconvective Casson nanofluid through an exponentially permeable stretching surface

Nanofluids are a very productive etymology of intensifying the process of heat and mass transport systems linked with the industrial and thermal engineering systems. Nanomaterials have effective thermal properties and various applications in our daily life like in heat transfer, electronic cooling systems, energy production and biomedicine and also in the food industry. Keeping the entire motivating potential ramifications of nanoparticles in mind, this work is visualized in the mathematical model developed to show the heat and mass transport behavior of swimming motile organisms in the existence of the magnetic field, heat conduction source, thermal radiation, chemical processes and viscous dissipation. The flow of mass and heat transport under consideration is governed by nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by implementing an eminent method called similarity transform and then numerical results obtained through MATLAB inbuilt package ‘bvp4c’. Numerical solution is visualized through the comparison of Casson fluid results with Newtonian fluid. The impact of numerous nondimensional parameters of temperature, heat transfer, velocity and concentration profiles involved in governing equations is debated and visualized graphically. Furthermore, the effects of parameters and local Nusselt number, motile organism’s number, Biot number, Sherwood number, thermal radiation and microorganism concentration are elaborated through graphical representation. From these results, we clearly see that the velocity profile shows a decrement by raising the values of Buoyancy ratio Nr and Bioconvection Rayleigh number Nc, thermal profile depicted propagation by incrementing the values of Biot and radiation variables, concentration profile decreases by incrementing Lewis parameter Le and microorganisms profile revealed an increase and decrease by the presence of magnetic M and bioconvection Lewis variable Lb, respectively.

Representation of effective facial mask design as a novel dimensionless number—Implications for COVID 19 pandemic

A dimensionless number Nr for the effective design of facial masks was derived and compared with other dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics. Nr is found to closely resemble Euler’s number (Eu). Nr is equal to the logarithmic function of the ratio of inertial force (Fi) of the air to the pressure force (Fp) of the air through the porous membrane of the mask. Nr is then introduced as a novel dimensionless number (Habib number) Ha in which the air flow through a facial mask is derived with parameters for an effective barrier from the COVID-19 virus (SARS COV 2). The introduction of Ha was not only for a comparison reason with other dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics but also the number Ha is an essential extension of an early work on “Fluid mechanics of facial masks as personal protection equipment (PPE) of COVID-19 virus” [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 074101 (2021)], in which the air flow through the mask is in its optimum design conditions to shield against the COVID-19 virus. As a result, an optimum Nr of expressing the flow of the O2 and N2 gases through the porous membrane was determined (Nr = NO2 = NN2 = Ha = −4.4). This was obtained when the N95 mask with specifications of a = 20 nm, l = 30 µm, and ε = 30% was used, with respect to the pressure gradient of the human lungs during exhaled and inhaled conditions, PAverage = 20 mm Hg (g cm−1 S−2), and to the size of the COVID-19 virus of about 125 nm (0.125 µm). In addition, a range of values of Nr was analyzed with respect to the optimum (Ha) value of Nr. On the one hand, when the range value of Nr falls between 0 ≥ Nr ≥ Ha, the mask has less resistance than Nr < −4.4, but not necessarily its optimum design conditions. On the other hand, when Nr = 0, the flow through the mask has no resistance at all, as if the mask does not exist.

P‐7.16: Design of ORGB LED array based BLU for Night Vision Compatible Application

P‐7.16: Design of ORGB LED array based BLU for Night Vision Compatible Application

Morning glory-inspired lattice structure with negative Poisson's ratio effect

Negative Poisson's ratio (NR) structures have compression-contraction properties. Many studies have focused on the NR effect of artificially designed microstructures, but very few studies have been conducted on biomimetic NR structures. In this study, inspired by the geometric features and living habits of a plant called morning glory, a biomimetic lattice structure is proposed. A finite element model of the morning glory-inspired lattice structure (MGS) was established and the sample was prepared by 3D printing. Axial compression experiments and simulations were performed, and the MGS exhibited the characteristics of light weight, efficient energy absorption, and the NR effect. The mechanisms of the NR and compression force characteristics were analyzed in detail. In addition, many MGS models have been proposed, based on various connection modes of cells. The effects of the cell distance and cell connection modes on the compression behavior of the MGS were further studied. It was found that the energy absorption efficiency and NR effect of the MGS deteriorated with an increase in vertical cell spacing, and the energy absorption efficiency and NR effect of the MGSs tended to contradict each other. Furthermore, the minimum NR (MNR) values obtained for W5MG and F6MG were –1.509 and –1.480, respectively. In summary, the MGSs have broad application prospects.

Symmetric Resonance Mechanism for Elimination of Parasitic Torque of a Permanent Magnet Generator under Stable Load

Vibration and torque ripple of the permanent magnet generator axis cause excessive wearing up of the generator, noise, efficiency reduction. The article theoretically considers the possibility of eliminating the oscillation of the rotation torque of the permanent magnets generator at constant load due to mutual compensation of the interaction of coils with the field of permanent magnets in the case of certain symmetry of this field. This effect is called pi resonance. For a given class of model functions of the magnetic field density of permanent magnets, it is shown that full compensation occurs with a certain number of coils (Ns) and magnets (Nr), while for other combinations of {Ns, Nr} the interaction is in the nature of oscillations. Pi resonance tables are given for a number of model field density functions represented by Fourier series up to the fifth power. Pi resonance is primarily realized in the case of a small difference in the values of Nr and Ns, which corresponds to the location near the main diagonal of the pi resonance table, as well as at the values of Nr, Ns corresponding to prime numbers. The number of configurations {Nr, Ns} providing pi resonance (compensation of parasitic torques) is the largest for the sinusoidal magnetic flux density and decreases if the magnetic flux density function is approximated by a high-degree Fourier series. It is shown that in the absence of coil cores, pi resonance is possible at Nr = Ns. An additional possibility of pi resonance is shown when placing coils on opposite sides of the rotor. A simplified method of investigating the system (without integrating the equation for the induction current) is substantiated. The results can be used in the design of permanent magnets generators and motors.

Field attenuation characteristics of hearing protectors and differences in estimating their attenuation with different methods.

This study investigated the field attenuation characteristics of hearing protection devices (HPDs), differences in estimating the protection provided by HPDs with different rating methods, and suggested potential solutions on proper use of attenuation ratings to estimate the protection provided by HPDs. The binaural octave-band personal attenuation values obtained from 1583 field users with 3985 fits on seven HPDs were used to compute the field-rating values as described in the International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 4869-2:2018, and the octave-band noise reduction (OB NR) values of each fit for 100 noises. The estimated protection for 100 noises was compared within different rating methods. The OB NR values varied with quality of fit, noise spectra, and HPD. The quality of fit was a crucial factor. Deviations in estimating the protection given by different rating methods varied with HPD and quality of fit. The misuse of subtracting the single number rating (SNR) from A-weighted noise level magnified these deviations. The multiple-number rating gave a more accurate estimation of protection provided by the earmuff compared to SNR. Improving the quality of fit and including C-weighted noise level can reduce the variability and deviation in protection estimation for different noises.

The Diagnostic Value of Whole Blood lncRNA NR_120420 for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Objective Current clinical practice based on CT or multimodal images to diagnose ischemic stroke always led to substantial treatment delay. We perform this study to explore possible circulating lncRNA biomarker to help promptly diagnose the disease. Methods We used microarray to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs in the peripheral whole blood between AIS patients and controls and verified the results by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to determinate the lncRNAs independently associated with AIS occurrence. The ROC curve was used to detect the diagnostic accuracy of candidate lncRNAs in AIS and AIS subtypes, which was classified according to the Oxford Community Stroke Project (OCSP) criteria. Results The microarray analysis screened out 5686 differentially expressed lncRNAs. Among the nine selected lncRNAs verified by qPCR, NR_120420 (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02-1.65, P = 0.037) was found independently associated with AIS after balancing patient baseline characteristics. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis concerning NR_120420 in total anterior circulation infarction subgroup showed that the area under the curve was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.73-0.99, P = 0.003), and at the optimal cutoff point of 1.93, the sensitivity and specificity reached 85.7% and 84.6%, respectively. Conclusion Our study indicated that NR_120420 could predict the total anterior circulation infarction with high sensitivity and specificity and could be potentially used as a biomarker for total anterior circulation infarction in AIS patients.

Preliminary Estimation of Soil Carbon Sequestration of China's Forests during 1999–2008

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is an important resource for estimating the national carbon balance (These data were unpublished data, and we could only obtain the data before 2008 through data search by now). Based on the data from sample plots, the literature, and NFI, as well as the relationships between volume, biomass, annual litterfall and soil respiration of different forest types, the net ecosystem production (NEP), changes in forest biomass carbon storage (ΔCbiomass) and non-respiratory losses (NR) of China's forests during 1999–2008 were estimated, and the forest soil carbon sequestration (ΔCsoil) was assessed according to the carbon balance principle of the forest ecosystem (ΔCsoil = NEP – NR – ΔCbiomass). The results showed that the total NEP, ΔCbiomass, NR and ΔCsoil values for China's forests were 157.530, 48.704, 31.033 and 77.793 Tg C yr–1 respectively, and average NEP, ΔCbiomass, NR, and ΔCsoil values were 101.247, 31.303, 19.945 and 49.999 g C m–2 yr–1 respectively. There were large spatial differences in forest soil carbon sequestration in different parts of China. The forest soil in Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangxi and Liaoning served as carbon sources and the carbon released was about 25.507 Tg C yr–1. The other 22 provinces served as carbon sinks and the average carbon sequestration by forest soil came to 103.300 Tg C yr–1. This research established a method for evaluating soil carbon sequestration by China's forests based on the NFI, which is a useful supplement to current statistical data-based studies on the forest ecosystem carbon cycle, and can promote comparable studies on forest soil carbon sequestration with consistent research methods at the regional scale.

Statistical modeling for bioconvective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid towards stretching surface with zero mass flux condition

This article presents the implementation of a numerical solution of bioconvective nanofluid flow. The boundary layer flow (BLF) towards a vertical exponentially stretching plate with combination of heat and mass transfer rate in tangent hyperbolic nanofluid containing microorganisms. We have introduced zero mass flux condition to achieve physically realistic outcomes. Analysis is conducted with magnetic field phenomenon. By using similarity variables, the partial differential equation which governs the said model was converted into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation, and numerical results are achieved by applying the shooting technique. The paper describes and addresses all numerical outcomes, such as for the Skin friction coefficients (SFC), local density of motile microorganisams (LDMM) and the local number Nusselt (LNN). Furthermore, the effects of the buoyancy force number, bioconvection Lewis parameter, bioconvection Rayleigh number, bioconvection Pecelt parameter, thermophoresis and Brownian motion are discussed. The outcomes of the study ensure that the stretched surface has a unique solution: as Nr (Lb) and Rb (Pe) increase, the drag force (mass transfer rate) increases respectively. Furthermore, for least values of Nb and all the values of Nt under consideration the rate of heat transfer upsurges. The data of SFC, LNN, and LDMM have been tested utilizing various statistical models, and it is noted that data sets for SFC and LDMM fit the Weibull model for different values of Nr and Lb respectively. On the other hand, Frechet distribution fits well for LNN data set for various values of Nt.

Active Tuning of Optical Constants in the Visible–UV: Praseodymium‐Doped Ceria—a Model Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor

AbstractMixed ionic–electronic conductors offer chemical and electrical means for active tuning of their optical constants, e.g., with variations in oxygen non‐stoichiometry in Pr0.1Ce0.9O2–δ, enabling implementation of adaptive thin film optical devices. In situ chemo‐tuning of the extinction coefficient in Pr0.1Ce0.9O2–δ at elevated temperatures is demonstrated and a tuning model is provided that treats the interdependence of mobile oxygen vacancies and small polarons coupled to variations in optically active praseodymium ions. Furthermore, a new means for electro‐tuning of the optical constants of mixed ionic–electronic conductors is demonstrated experimentally and modeled for Pr0.1Ce0.9O2–δ thin films deposited on grid‐like electrode structures. Modeling of non‐steady‐state optical transmittance modulations in the latter allows for estimation of oxygen vacancy mobility that determines the switching speed of the device. Quenched‐in values of nr and k to room temperature become nonvolatile, providing a modulation range in the extinction coefficient of Δk ≈ 0.1 (change of ≈800%) and in the refractive index of Δnr ≈ 0.1 (relative to initial nr of ≈2.35). Key figures of merit, including transmission optical modulation of ≈0.04 per 1 mV nm–1, switching energy per area of 1.9 nJ µm–2, and switching times of seconds, are demonstrated, with further improvements possible.

Thermal Analysis of Conductive-Convective-Radiative Heat Exchangers With Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity

In this paper, one dimensional mathematical model of convective-conductive-radiative fins is presented with thermal conductivity depending on temperature. The temperature field with insulated tip is determined for a fin in convective, conductive and radiative environments. Moreover, an intelligent soft computing paradigm named as the LeNN-WOA-NM algorithm is designed to analyze the mathematical model for the temperature field of convective-conductive-radiative fins. The proposed algorithm uses function approximating ability of Legendre polynomials based on artificial neural networks (ANN’s), global search optimization ability of Whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and local search convergence of Nelder-Mead algorithm. The proposed algorithm is applied to illustrate the effect of variations in coefficients of convection, radiation heat losses, and dimensionless parameter of thermal conductivity on temperature distribution of conductive-convective and radiative fins in convective and radiative environments. The experimental data establishes the effectiveness of the design scheme when compared with techniques in the latest literature. It can be observed that accuracy of approximate temperature increases with lower values of Nc and Nr while decreases with increase in λ. The quality of solutions obtained by LeNN-WOA-NM algorithm are validated through performance indicators including absolute errors, MAD, TIC, and ENSE.

Absence of Influence of the Pre-Transplant Immune Status of Recipients on Survivals and Gvhd after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Retrospective Study of 195 Cases

Introduction: While many publications have studied immune reconstitution after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), data exploring whether the pre-transplant immune status (IS) of the recipients has any impact after this procedure are still lacking. Material and Methods: Since May 2017, in our department, the IS of allo-SCT recipients has been systematically investigated at the time of pre-graft check-up. Data of this monocentric retrospective study on post-allo-SCT outcomes are reported here. Information was retrieved from complete blood counts (CBC) in terms of lymphocytes (normal range [NR] 1.5-4x109/L) and monocytes (NR: 0.15-0.9 x109/L). Classical multiparameter flow cytometry and a double platform were used to assess absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets, i.e. CD3+ (NR: 0.9-1.8 x109/L), CD4+ (NR: 0.5-1.2 x109/L), CD8+ (NR: 0.3-0.7 x109/L), CD19+ (NR: 0.1-0.4 x109/L) and CD56+ (NR: 0.1-0.4 x109/L). All patients also benefited from standard serum electrophoresis allowing to appreciate their global level of immunoglobulins (Ig) (NR: 8-13.6 g/L). The impact of pre-graft immune parameters was investigated for overall (OS) and disease-free (DFS) survivals as well as acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) incidence. Results: Between May 2017 and December 2019, 195 consecutive adults were checked for immune status before allo-SCT. They were 117 males and 78 females at a median age of 59 years-old (range: 23-71). The median follow-up for the whole cohort was 21.7 months (range: 5.77-37.5). The majority of patients had a myeloid disease (n=141) and received a reduced intensity (RIC) regimen (n=149, myeloablative [MAC] n=23; sequential n=23). The disease-risk index was low/intermediate and high/very-high for respectively 91 and 104 patients. GVHD prophylaxis included anti-thymocytes globulins (ATG) for 102, post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) for 54 and both ATG+PTCy for 39. Donors were siblings in 39 cases, matched-unrelated (MUD) in 86, haplo-identical in 66 and 9/10 mis-matched in 4. The IS was evaluated at a median of 20 days (range: 8-72) before allo-SCT. Except for monocytes (median: 0.48 x109/L, range: 0-26), all median immune cell populations were lower than the NR before allo-SCT: lymphocytes (0.84 x109/L, range: 0-8.4), CD3+ (0.7 x109/L, range: 0-3.5), CD4+ (0.37 x109/L, range: 0-2.37), CD8+ (0.25 x109/L, range: 0-2.56), CD19+ (0.005 x109/L, range: 0-0.56), CD56+ (0.097 x109/L, range: 0-0.77). Conversely, the Ig median level was in the NR (8.6 g/L, range: 1.4-28). The percentages of patients with immune cells and Ig above the lowest NR were as follows: lymphocytes: 14.8%, monocytes: 80%, CD3: 37.4%, CD4: 37.4%, CD8: 38.9%, CD19: 16.4%, CD56: 47.6%, Ig: 56.7%. Only 5 patients (2.5%) had a fully normal IS before transplant. Considering the whole cohort, 2-year OS and DFS were 55.6+3% and 50.4+3%, respectively, while incidences of day 100 grade 2-4 and 3-4 acute GVHD and 2-year moderate/severe chronic GVHD were 34.7%, 19.4% and 19.8%, respectively. The comparison of survivals between patients partitioned using either the median of the NR values for immune cells and Ig, showed no difference between subgroups. Similarly, IS had no impact on the incidence of acute nor chronic GVHD. Finally, no difference either was seen according to the conditioning regimen (RIC) or GVHD prophylaxis (ATG, PTCY or both). Conclusion: As expected, almost all pre-ASCT patients present with immune depression. However, pre-transplant IS does not appear to impact survival nor GVHD. This suggests that there is no need to decrease or replace immunosuppressive treatments commonly used in recipients before allo-SCT in the hope to provide better outcomes. Disclosures Touzeau: GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses; Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses. Le Gouill:Roche Genentech, Janssen-Cilag and Abbvie, Celgene, Jazz pharmaceutical, Gilead-kite, Loxo, Daiichi-Sankyo and Servier: Honoraria; Loxo Oncology at Lilly: Consultancy. Moreau:Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria.