DS Values Research Articles

Physical attributes of the soil in an area under Forage Palm management in the Agreste of Alagoas

The objective was to evaluate soil density (Ds) and penetration resistance (RP) in an experimental area with forage palm management. The study was conducted in an experimental area belonging to the Federal University of Alagoas - Arapiraca Campus. To determine the Ds, undeformed samples were collected at three points within the plot, each point with three different depths (0-10; 10-20 and 20-30 cm). To determine the PR, the impact penetrometer was used at depths of 0-60 cm. For comparison purposes, samples were collected in a native forest area. The data were submitted to analysis through the statistical program R and Tukey test at 1 and 5% probability. Ds ranged from 1.59 to 1.63 g cm-3, not differing significantly. The lowest densities were obtained in the surface layer, influenced by the contribution of organic matter and greater presence of roots. In all depths evaluated, the Ds values were lower for the native forest area. In relation to PR, the values gradually increased up to the first 20 cm of depth for most treatments, reflecting the influence that the non-soil revolution causes in the most superficial layers. Therefore, Ds did not differ significantly. The 0-10 cm layer showed the lowest Ds values. The native forest showed the lowest Ds values at all depths when compared to the managed area. PR gradually increased to the first 20 cm of depth for most of the treatments analyzed.

Improved measurement of the semileptonic decay Ds+→K0e+νe

Analyzing e+e− collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.33 fb−1 collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226 GeV with the BESIII detector, we measure the branching fraction of the semileptonic decay Ds+→K0e+νe to be (2.98±0.23stat±0.12syst)×10−3. Based on fit to the partial decay rates in various q2 intervals, the product value of Ds+→K0 hadronic form factor and Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa element is measured to be f+K0(0)|Vcd|=0.143±0.011stat±0.003syst. With |Vcd|=0.22486±0.00067 as an input, the hadronic form factor is evaluated to be f+K0(0)=0.636±0.049stat±0.013syst. The branching fraction and form factor measurements are factors of 1.6 and 1.7 more precise than the previous world averages, respectively. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Diagnostic accuracy of hemodynamic assessment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis from a single angiographic view: a validation study

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of identifying the hemodynamic status of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) using angio-based fractional flow (FF) calculated from a single angiographic...

Studi Evaluasi Kinerja Ruas Jalan MT Haryono Kota Malang

The MT Haryono highway in Malang City is a type 4/2 UD collector road which connects various places in both the economic and educational sectors in Malang City. The large number of activities that occur on this road result in a buildup of vehicles and high side obstacles, causing traffic jams during rush hours. To overcome this problem, an analytical study using the MKJI 1997 method is needed. The results of the analysis are the value of the degree of saturation for current road conditions >0.80, namely 0.94 at the service level (E) of unstable flow. Therefore, 2 (two) alternatives are given to reduce the DS value, the second alternative is recommended, namely changing the road type to a one-way road so that a DS value of 0.67 is obtained at a stable flow service level (C). Analysis of the performance of the MT Haryono Road section after alternative improvements for the next 5 years is still at a stable service level, with a DS value in 2028 of 0.76 at service level (D).

An Environmentally Friendly Solvent for Cellulose Acetate Production: Ethyl Lactate

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using biodegradable ethyl lactate instead of acetic acid, the most preferred solvent in industrial production, during cellulose acetate synthesis under certain conditions. In the study, dissolving pulp fibres, which were activated with water and acetic acid respectively, were dispersed in ethyl lactate after pressing and then subjected to acetylation reaction with acetic anhydride catalysed by sulfuric acid. The properties of acetylated cellulose were determined using X-Ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and other chemical analysis methods (viscosity, the percentage of bounded acid, chemical resistance). It was determined that it was possible to produce cellulose acetate with a DS value of 2.79 in ethyl lactate at 40°C using dissolving pulp. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed a characteristic band broadening in the 1739 cm-1 region, indicating the presence of acetyl groups. The results of X-ray diffraction analyses also showed that the crystalline structure of cellulose was completely dispersed and band broadenings on diffractograms occurred. However, the calculation made on X-ray diffractograms also provided interesting findings in terms of crystallite sizes. It was observed that the crystallite sizes of the acetates were higher compared to the dissolving pulp. It was determined that the high crystallinity of the samples posed a problem in terms of processing properties such as dissolution. Among the solvents used, only Dimethylsulfoxide was found to have sufficient dissolving power.

Analisis Perbandingan Arus Jenuh Pada Pendekat Terlindung Simpang Diponegoro-Pilau-Nenas Dengan Metode MKJI Dan Time Slice

Over time the number of vehicles has increased due to improved urban conditions. This affects the emergence of problems in the Palangka Raya urban transportation system, which has an impact on the performance of the road network, especially the performance of signalized intersections. The purpose of this research is to calculate the value of saturation current (S) using the IHCM 1997. In order to analyze the saturation flow and road performance on the Diponegoro - Pilau - Nenas approach, Primary data and Secondary data are required, Primary data includes intersection geometric data and traffic volume in green hours. While secondary data includes location maps and population. In analyzing the comparison of saturated flow refers to the IHCM 1997 and the Time Slice method. The results of the comparison analysis of saturated flow with IHCM 1997 and Time Slice method on each approach A, B, C, and D respectively are 12.64%, 27.52%, 14.94%, and 36.94%. Also obtained the highest DS value using the saturated flow value of IHCM 1997 and Time Slice method is on St. Pilau which is respectively 1.09 included in the level of service F, and 0.93 included in the level of service E, then from the results of this analysis can be known by using the results of the calculation of saturated flow of Time Slice method there is an increase in the value of Level of Service (LOS).

Diffusion behavior of rhodamine 6G in single octadecylsilyl-functionalized silica particle revealed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

We investigated the diffusion behavior of rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) within single octadecylsilyl-functionalized (ODS) silica particle in an acetonitrile (ACN)/water system using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS measurements were conducted at the center of the particle to exclusively determine the intraparticle diffusion coefficient (D). The obtained D values were analyzed based on a pore and surface diffusion model, the results of which indicate that surface diffusion primarily governs the intraparticle diffusion of Rh6G. Furthermore, an increase in the concentration of ACN (CACN) resulted in a corresponding increase in the surface diffusion coefficient (Ds), whereas the addition of NaCl did not significantly affect the Ds values. We attributed this dependence of Ds to the dielectric constant change in the interfacial liquid phase formed on the ODS layer. Specially, Ds values of (4.0 ± 0.5) × 10-7, (7.7 ± 1.1) × 10-7, (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10-6, and (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10-6cm2s-1 were obtained for CACN = 20, 30, 40, and 50vol%, respectively. We anticipate that this approach will contribute to advancing research on intraparticle mass transfer mechanisms.

Dynamic changes in the plastid and mitochondrial genomes of the angiosperm Corydalis pauciovulata (Papaveraceae)

BackgroundCorydalis DC., the largest genus in the family Papaveraceae, comprises > 465 species. Complete plastid genomes (plastomes) of Corydalis show evolutionary changes, including syntenic arrangements, gene losses and duplications, and IR boundary shifts. However, little is known about the evolution of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) in Corydalis. Both the organelle genomes and transcriptomes are needed to better understand the relationships between the patterns of evolution in mitochondrial and plastid genomes.ResultsWe obtained complete plastid and mitochondrial genomes from Corydalis pauciovulata using a hybrid assembly of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies reads to assess the evolutionary parallels between the organelle genomes. The mitogenome and plastome of C. pauciovulata had sizes of 675,483 bp and 185,814 bp, respectively. Three ancestral gene clusters were missing from the mitogenome, and expanded IR (46,060 bp) and miniaturized SSC (202 bp) regions were identified in the plastome. The mitogenome and plastome of C. pauciovulata contained 41 and 67 protein-coding genes, respectively; the loss of genes was a plastid-specific event. We also generated a draft genome and transcriptome for C. pauciovulata. A combination of genomic and transcriptomic data supported the functional replacement of acetyl-CoA carboxylase subunit β (accD) by intracellular transfer to the nucleus in C. pauciovulata. In contrast, our analyses suggested a concurrent loss of the NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase (ndh) complex in both the nuclear and plastid genomes. Finally, we performed genomic and transcriptomic analyses to characterize DNA replication, recombination, and repair (DNA-RRR) genes in C. pauciovulata as well as the transcriptomes of Liriodendron tulipifera and Nelumbo nuicifera. We obtained 25 DNA-RRR genes and identified their structure in C. pauciovulata. Pairwise comparisons of nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitution rates revealed that several DNA-RRR genes in C. pauciovulata have higher dN and dS values than those in N. nuicifera.ConclusionsThe C. pauciovulata genomic data generated here provide a valuable resource for understanding the evolution of Corydalis organelle genomes. The first mitogenome of Papaveraceae provides an example that can be explored by other researchers sequencing the mitogenomes of related plants. Our results also provide fundamental information about DNA-RRR genes in Corydalis and their related rate variation, which elucidates the relationships between DNA-RRR genes and organelle genome stability.

Evolutionary dynamics of the cytoskeletal profilin gene family in Brassica juncea L. reveal its roles in silique development and stress resilience

Essential to plant adaptation, cell wall (CW) integrity is maintained by CW-biosynthesis genes. Cytoskeletal actin-(de)polymerizing, phospholipid-binding profilin (PRF) proteins play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis across kingdoms. However, evolutionary selection of PRF genes and their systematic characterization in family Brassicaceae, especially in Brassica juncea remain unexplored. Here, a comprehensive analysis of genome-wide identification of BjPRFs, their phylogenetic association, genomic localization, gene structure, and transcriptional profiling were performed in an evolutionary framework. Identification of 23 BjPRFs in B. juncea indicated an evolutionary conservation within Brassicaceae. The BjPRFs evolved through paralogous and orthologous gene formation in Brassica genomes. Evolutionary divergence of BjPRFs indicated purifying selection, with nonsynonymous (dN)/synonymous (dS) value of 0.090 for orthologous gene-pairs. Hybrid homology-modeling identified evolutionary distinct and conserved domains in BjPRFs which suggested that these proteins evolved following the divergence of monocot and eudicot plants. RNA-seq profiles of BjPRFs revealed their functional evolution in spatiotemporal manner during plant-development and stress-conditions in diploid/amphidiploid Brassica species. Real-Time PCR experiments in seedling, vegetative, floral and silique tissues of B. juncea suggested their essential roles in systematic plant development. These observations underscore the expansion of BjPRFs in B. juncea, and offer valuable evolutionary insights for exploring cellular mechanisms, and stress resilience.

Analysis of Passenger Car Equivalency (EMP) Values on Road Sections in BandarLampung City (Case Study: Ratu Dibalau Road Section and Damar Island Road Section)

The increase in vehicle volume in Lampung Province has resulted in a decrease in road performance. Capacity evaluation is prevention, determining capacity there are several parameters, one of which is EMP. In this case, the analysis of road section performance refers to MKJI 1997. The characteristics of MKJI 1997 are strongly influenced by the traffic of major cities in Indonesia which are made the place of empirical research in 1991 - 1995. Of course, there are differences in the characteristics that occurred in that year with the current situation. This study was conducted to determine whether there is a difference in the EMP value in MKJI with the current field EMP. This research uses field survey data including traffic volume, road section geometry, and Time Headway data between vehicles. In this study, the emp value is analyzed using the Time Headway method and the data for analyzing the performance of road sections refers to the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI). The results of the emp MC value for the morning and afternoon peak hours on Section 1 are 0.48 and 0.46. Section 2 is 0.46 and 0.44. This value is significantly different from the 1997 MKJI emp of 0.25. for the DS value using emp MKJI on section 1, the results are 0.45 and 0.68. for DS emp calculations on section 0,3 of 0,43 and 1. For section 2 DS emp MKJI of 0.33 and 0.48. For DS emp calculations on section 2 of 0,48 and 0,65. It can be seen that significant differences can be caused by traffic flow conditions, differences in road characteristics, road gemetry conditions, and environmental conditions in 1997 with current conditions. It can also be seen that the greater the emp value will affect the amount of traffic volume so as to make the degree of saturation value greater.

River networks evolution under multiple stresses: A geometric and structural fractal perspective

Accurately quantifying changes in river networks is essential for studying and assessing the environmental effects of such changes. The fractal method has become a popular and effective tool for describing and capturing river network changes. However, it is usually limited to the geometric fractal dimension (Dg), whereas the structural fractal dimension (Ds) is rarely used. Despite this, the Ds could capture crucial structural information, which the Dg does not, such as interconnections among rivers and the overall basin connectivity. In this study, we examined the evolution of Dg and Ds in the Qinhuai River Basin from the 1960s to 2016, revealing the changes in river networks under natural and anthropogenic stresses from both the traditional geometric and novel structural fractal analysis perspective. We also determined the key factors causing fractal variation and their contributions. The results showed that river networks possess both structural and geometric fractality, with values ranging from 1.484 to 1.287 and 1.615–1.514, respectively. The values of Dg and Ds both declined, with Ds declining at a higher rate, suggesting that the river network weakened and deteriorated. The variances of Dg and Ds attributed to urbanization were 0.3139 and 0.3103, respectively, more than thirty times and almost twice as much as the variance attributed to precipitation features. Urbanization was identified as the most significant factor influencing fractal dynamics. These findings advance the understanding of river network evolution from a novel fractal perspective and provide support for integrating river restoration with urban planning practices.

Enhancing Traffic Flow and Safety at LMU Nurtanio Road Crossings - Abdul Rahman Saleh Intersection in Bandung

Bandung is the largest metropolitan city in West Java Province and serves as its provincial capital. One of the locations where vehicle queues or traffic congestion occurs is at the level crossings between the highway and railway tracks, including the direct crossing (JPL) at Andir on LMU Nurtanio Street - Abdul Rahman Saleh Street. The purpose of this research is to assess the performance of the existing road section, simulate it using the PTV VISSIM program, and find alternative solutions to the identified problems. In this study, primary data was obtained through direct field measurements, including vehicle volume, queue length, and road geometry data. Additionally, secondary data on the number of trains passing through the crossing was obtained from PT Kereta Indonesian Fire. The PTV VISSIM program used in this analysis is a student-licensed program, which implies limitations and simplifications in the analysis. The performance calculation of the road section yielded a degree of saturation (Ds) value of 0.73 for LMU Nurtanio Street and 0.77 for Abdul Rahman Saleh Street. According to the road service levels set by the government, both roads fall below service level C. The PTV VISSIM modeling results indicated a queue length of 66.59 m for LMU Nurtanio Street and 105.18 m for Abdul Rahman Saleh Street. Bandung study uses PTV VISSIM to assess LMU Nurtanio - Abdul Rahman Saleh Streets, revealing congestion issues. Queue lengths highlight improvement needs.

Potential of Hydroxypropylated Corn and Sorghum Starch Extrudates as Simultaneous Fat and Casein Mimetics in Analogue Mozzarella Cheese: Insights from Functional, Rheological, Textural, and Sensory Analysis

AbstractThis study demonstrates that inclusion of modified starch extrudates as casein and fat replacers in analogue mozzarella cheese array is a statistically echo loom for hydroxypropylation of sorghum and corn starch extrudates involving lesser number of researches than the predictable approach. The hydroxypropylated starches are prepared by using propylene oxide and are found to have DS values between 0.0083 and 0.153, which complied with food grade limit approved by Codex Alimentarius. Inclusion of native and hydroxypropylated corn and sorghum starch extrudates in analogue cheese results in better melt characteristics as compared to their counterpart control cheese. The storage modulus (Gʹ) and loss modulus (Gʹʹ) of analogue cheese increase with the rising frequency. Hydroxypropylated extrudates (HEx) containing cheese is softer and shows elastic behavior. Replacement of casein and fat with native and hydroxypropylated starch extrudates improves the analogue cheese melt and stretch but this strengthening is at the expense of hardness. Inclusion of native and hydroxypropylated starch extrudates permits easy instantaneous replacement of casein by 15% and fat by 10% in analogue mozzarella cheese. This study provides a theoretical guidance for industrialization of analogue cheese with improved rheology, texture, melt, and stretch.

Cellulose Ethers from Banana (<i>Musa balbisiana</i> Colla) Blossom Cellulose: Synthesis and Multivariate Optimization

Cellulose ethers are biocompatible polymers which have attracted considerable attention for various applications due to their physical and mechanical properties. The present work aims to find the optimum condition for synthesizing cellulose ethers from banana blossom cellulose (BBC) such as methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The ultrasonication-assisted method as an energy source is used to shorten the synthesis time at room temperature and obtain high yields. The influences of various parameters (NaOH concentration, etherification agents, and sonication time) were analyzed using a multivariate statistical modeling response surface methodology (RSM). The materials were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The cellulose ethers obtained have the potential as food additives with DS values of 2.0, 0.7, and 0.86, respectively. MC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 96.52% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 50% (w/v) NaOH (10 mL) and dichloromethane (6 mL). CMC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 98.26% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 30% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and monochloroacetic acid (1 g). HPC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 97.51% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 10% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and propylene oxide (1.5 mL).

Fault complexity degree in a coal mine and the implications for risk assessment of floor water inrush

Faults significantly affect the stability of surrounding rock and stress distribution, which increases the possibility of water inrush disasters in a coal mine. Also, the precisely advanced prevention and control of floor limestone water become the foundation of ensuring mine safety and efficient production in coal mines. Fault development evaluation is one of the elements that control further transparent and fine studies. In this paper, the fault control index (FCI) is built based on the fractal dimension (Ds) and fault influence factor (E), which is determined according to the measured water inflow of water inrush points. The box meshing level is analyzed to calculate and compare the FCI. The results show that the box-meshing level affects the value of Ds and FCI and a meshing level of 6 seems to be the minimum standard of Ds for high accuracy. To verify the results, a comprehensive risk evaluation model of floor water inrush is established to illustrate the implications of fault complexity degree on safety mining. A stricter meshing grade when using the box-counting method in fault complexity degree is necessary for further studies in the precise prevention and control of mine hazards.

ANALISIS KINERJA SIMPANG TAK BERSINYAL PADA BUNDARAN MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE PTV VISSIM 9.0 DENGAN METODE MKJI 1997 (Studi kasus Bundaran Cunda Jalan Merdeka Timur, Jalan Medan-Banda Aceh)

Congestion and delays often occur in several sections and intersections of Lhokseumawe City roads. Currently the City of Lhokseumawe has implemented a regional traffic control system at several intersections, but at the Cunda roundabout, Jalan Merdeka Timur (direction out of town), Jalan Medan - Banda Aceh (National Cross Road), which does not yet have traffic control or signs. other warnings causing traffic jams. This research was conducted at the Cunda Roundabout in Lhokseumawe City with the aim of seeing the condition and performance of the roundabout. The data needed in this study include vehicle volume characteristics, road geometry and other secondary data. The method used for this research is the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual and a 3-dimensional simulation based on Vissim. The results of the analysis show that the peak hour on Monday at 17.00-18.00 WIB is 7616 vehicles/hour with a degree of saturation of 1.104, based on MKJI the DS value for roundabouts < 0.75, the roundabout performance is no longer able to accommodate traffic loads and long queues. , especially from Jalan Merdeka Timur and Jalan Medan – Banda Aceh. After re-planning the roundabout from unsignaled to signaled by adding traffic light settings, so that a better degree of saturation is obtained, which is 0.78. The obtained value of the degree of saturation indicates that the intersection is not close to saturation, and the performance is starting to stabilize with a value of DS is still smaller than 0.85 (the 1997 MKJI requirement for signalized intersections), so the roundabout performance becomes more effective.

Peningkatan Kinerja Ruas Jalan Akibat Aktivitas Pasar dan Pedagang Pada Bahu Jalan (Studi Kasus: Jalan Benteng Pancasila, Kota Mojokerto)

Benteng Pancasila street often experiences congestion caused by excessive side barriers due to the large number of parked vehicles and vendors selling on the shoulder of the street. This study aims to improve Jl Benteng Pancasila section performance and forecasts for the next five years. This research is quantitative descriptive research that produces quantitative data and being analysis based on descriptive situation. This study shows that based on peak time and side resistance calculations, the final saturation (DS) value is 0.75 at LOS D. After implementing the improvement alternatives, the DS values are 0.71 for LOS C in 2022 and 0.82 in 2026. LOS value of D. This condition needs to alternative improvement to improve road performance Benteng Pancasila street.

Assessment of the Chemical Profile and Potential Medical Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Eclipta prostrata L. Collected in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.

Eclipta prostrata L. (EPL), a medicinal plant, is widely utilized in the central highlands of Vietnam. This study aims to assess the chemical profile and potential medical effects of an EPL extract rich in flavonoids. A total of 36 secondary metabolites were identified from the EPL extract through GC-MS and UHPLC-UV analysis. Among them, 15 volatile compounds and several phenolic and flavonoid chemicals, including salicylic acid, epicatechin gallate, isovitexin, and apigetrin, were reported in EPL extract for the first time. This herbal extract demonstrated moderate inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and high anti-oxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities (IC50 = 76.8 ± 0.8 μg/mL). These promising attributes can be likely attributed to the high levels of major compounds, including wedelolactone (1), chlorogenic acid (3), epicatechin gallate (6), salicylic acid (8), isovitexin (9), apigetrin (11), and myricetin (12). These findings align with the traditional use of EPL for enhancing memory and cognitive function, as well as its potential benefits in diabetes management. The results of the molecular docking study reveal that the major identified compounds (1, 6, 9, and 11) showed a more effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect than berberine chloride, with good binding energy (DS values, -12.3 to -14.3 kcal/mol) and acceptable values of RMSD (1.02-1.67 Å). Additionally, almost all the identified major compounds exhibited good ADMET properties within the required limits.

Selülozun TBAF/DMSO Çözücü Sisteminde KH2PO4 ve Na2HPO4 Tuz Karışımı Yerine Transesterifikasyonunda Katalizör Olarak Potasyum Karbonat

Aim of study: This study's goal is to evaluate potassium carbonate as a catalyst for the transesterification of cellulose dissolved in TBAF/DMSO and to identify the optimal reaction conditions. Material and methods: First, a solvent system consisting of 33 g TBAF and 165 g DMSO was prepared for 10 g dissolving pulp in this solvent system for one hour, then the cellulose solution was generated. The catalysts were added to the solution. At reaction temperature, vinyl acetate was added to the solution and the 70-h transesterification process was started. The product was precipitated in ethyl alcohol and washed with water on a sieve, and then dried at room temperature. The effects of changes in catalyst ratio and temperature on bond acetyl groups were investigated by heterogeneous saponification method, FTIR, XRD, DSC, viscosity and solubility test. Main results: The samples' DS values ranged from 1.39 to 2.37 and using phosphate salt mixture catalyst and increasing the ratio of catalyst increased the DS. FTIR and XRD data revealed that acetylation was effective. DSC thermograms showed a minor endotherm at 283.3-291.2°C, and it was identified as the melting point. With potassium carbonate, the viscosity and the solubility of the products increased. Highlights: Cellulose in TBAF/DMSO could be acetylated using potassium carbonate as the catalyst. Potassium carbonate's catalyst activity was weak on DS.

The Effect of Filament Density on the Build-Up Region Responsiveness of 3D Printed Boluses in High-Energy Photon Radiotherapy

Due to the inability of commercial boluses to fully replicate the body's curvature during radiation treatments, introduction of 3D printed boluses can be a solution for avoiding the skin sparing effect for irregular body shapes. The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of a uniformly thick 3D printed bolus. We report the influence of 6 different 3D printed boluses on the surface dose (Ds) delivered by a 6 MV photon beam linear accelerator. Six distinct types of filaments used in 3D modelling were evaluated. The selection of materials was determined by the filament's density, to be comparable with a commercial bolus used in clinical practice (tissue equivalent). Bolus plates of 21.5x21.5x0.5cm were designed, printed and exposed to high energy photon beam with field apertures of 5x5cm, 10x10cm, 15x15cm, and 20x20cm. We used a water tank phantom, which gives precise beam data visuals to confirm the delivered dose. The behavior of the profile depth dose (PDD) was analyzed for different air volumes between the bolus surface and water characterized by bolus-water distances of 0cm, 0.5cm, 1cm, and 1.5cm. A conventional beam geometry with SSD = 100cm and scanning depths of 15, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mm was used. The initial validation of the materials was performed by evaluating the CT attenuation properties (mean Hounsfield Units - HU) of the six 3D printed boluses and the commercial one. The commercial bolus had -34.89HU, whereas the ABS (-144.53HU), ASA (-124.40HU), Premium PLA (9.55HU), Polycarbonate (-140.79HU), Standard PLA (-68.58HU) and PET-G (-113.159HU) had comparable attenuation values. The PDD reference measurements without bolus resulted in the following surface dose (Ds) values: 54.42% for the 5x5cm field, 57.94% for 10x10cm, 61.29% for 15x15cm, and 65.44% for 20x20cm, respectively. We observed a proportional increase of Ds with the field size. Even more, when the bolus was in direct contact with water (0cm airgap), an influence of the material density on the Ds values was evidenced. For the commercial bolus (ρ = 1.01) we obtained a Ds = 95.59%, while ABS (ρ = 1.04) had Ds = 89.12%, ASA (ρ = 1.07) Ds = 86.51%, Premium PLA (ρ = 1.17) Ds = 90.89%, Polycarbonate (ρ = 1.19) Ds = 88.55%, Standard PLA (ρ = 1.24) Ds = 89.15%, and PET-G (ρ = 1.27) Ds = 88.78%, respectively. The Ds value dropped following the increase of the introduced air volume. The Ds values and the analysis of the buildup regions in the depth dose profile revealed the significance of the air present between the skin surface and the bolus in the clinical setting, as well as the need to reduce these air gaps. We confirmed from a dosimetric perspective, that the materials used for the 3D printed bolus plates are suitable to be used as a clinical bolus. Further validation studies are warranted to exploit the potential of these 3D printed boluses in real clinical scenarios.